ʻO ka ptfe reactor hoʻonāukiuki

Ma ke ʻano he mea nāna ka hana e mālama i nā kumulāʻau, ʻike wau he mea hoʻohenehene i kēlā me kēia hihia ke hoʻopakele nei au iā lākou mai kā mākou.Hoʻopilikia mākou i ko lākou mau aʻa, hahau iā lākou me nā mea ʻoki a me nā mea ʻai nahele, kanu hohonu iā lākou, a hana i nā mea he nui e hoʻopilikia i ko lākou olakino.He mea weliweli inā hiki iā lākou ke hakakā e like me ke ʻano o ka nahele Fangorn kupua a Tolkein.ʻO ka mea hoʻokahi, ʻoi aku ka pōʻino o ka hana lāʻau ma mua o ka hana.

Akā hiki i nā lāʻau ke pale aku iā lākou iho i nā mea ʻeha a me nā maʻi.Loaʻa iā lākou nā hale pale a me nā kaʻina hana pale, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano me kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale.Mahalo nui i ka noiʻi i hana ʻia mai ka waena o 1960s a hiki i ka 1980s mua e Kauka Alex Shigo o ka US Forest Service, ua ʻike nui mākou i ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana o nā lāʻau iā lākou iho ma mua o nā makahiki he kanalima i hala.

Ua ʻike lōʻihi mākou pehea, e like me ka mālama ʻana o ko mākou ʻili i nā maʻi maʻi ʻino ma waho, e hana ana ka ʻili i pale i nā pathogens lāʻau.No ka mea, ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻano maikaʻi o ka neʻe ʻana e pale aku i nā pōʻino, pono nā lāʻau i ka "ʻili" mānoanoa ma mua o mākou.ʻO nā papa o nā mea ola a me nā mea olaʻole e pale i nā kumu lāʻau, nā aʻa a me nā lālā mai kaʻeha mechanical, maloʻo, a me nā maʻi.

Akā i ka wā e uhaʻi ai kekahi mea i kēia lālani pale mua - waimaka ma ka ʻili - he mea hoihoi loa ka mea i loko.Ke loaʻa kahi ʻeha, e hoʻololi ke kumulāʻau i kekahi o kāna mau kō i mālama ʻia e hana i kahi ʻano o nā kemika pale.A laila puʻunaue a waiho i kēia mau pūhui i loko o kahi ʻano kikoʻī a puni ka ʻeha.ʻO Kauka Shigo ka mea mua i kākau i kēia ʻano, i kapa ʻia ʻo CODIT - ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka palaho i nā kumulāʻau.

I ka hana ʻana i kēia mau keʻena CODIT, hana nā kumulāʻau i ʻehā mau pā kemika ʻokoʻa - ʻelua pōʻai, hoʻokahi radial, a hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe a liʻiliʻi paha i palahalaha ma ke alo.ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia mau pā he mea esoteric, a ʻoluʻolu paha, akā inā makemake ʻoe i nā kikoʻī, ʻoi aku kēia palapala US Forest Service https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/misc/ne_aib405.pdf. .

Makemake au e kuhikuhi i ka pani ʻana o ka ʻeha, i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ʻo "healing over," ʻaʻole pili pili i ka nui o ka pohō.ʻO ka nui o ka pala e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka lāʻau e pale aku i nā maʻi.Maikaʻi ka pani ʻana e like me ka mea ʻaʻole pono ke kaʻe ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana vascular a puni kahi ʻeha, akā ʻaʻole pale ka pani ʻana i ka pala o loko inā nāwaliwali loa ka lāʻau no ka pale kemika iā ia iho.

ʻO ka holomua o kēia pākuʻi e hilinaʻi nui i ka ʻano.Hiki i ka maple paʻakikī a me ka ʻoka keʻokeʻo, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hana i kahi pane CODIT ikaika.ʻO ka poplar a me ka willow, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i nā paia kemika, ʻoiai nā ʻano e like me ka ʻoka ʻulaʻula a me ka maple palupalu e hana maʻamau.

ʻO ke ola o ka lāʻau holoʻokoʻa kekahi mea nui.Ua ʻike mākou inā pilikia mākou i ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻohe meaʻai maikaʻi ʻole, ʻeleʻele ʻole ka wai a i ʻole e holo i lalo, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka maʻi.ʻAʻole hiki i ka maple kō ke hana i nā paia kemika ikaika inā he nāwaliwali.Ma ka wehewehe ʻana, koʻikoʻi nā lāʻau ʻāina i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ko lākou mau hoahānau noho nahele.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lāʻau alanui, ke alo i ka wela i ʻike ʻia, ka palena o ka aʻa, ka paʻakai alanui, ka haumia ea a me nā mea hou aku.

Aʻo ka nui o kaʻeha e hoʻololi.ʻO kahi lāʻau hauʻoli a olakino hiki ke hoʻopau i kona mau pale i kahi ʻeha nui.ʻIke mākou i nā manawa he nui, nalo ka lāʻau i kāna kaua me ka pala.

ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā lāʻau i nā pest insect.Ua ʻike mākou i ka pale ʻana o nā kumulāʻau i nā pest insect ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kā lākou kemika kūloko i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e synthesize i nā pūhui, i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻo Bad Tasting Stuff, e hoʻokuke aku iā lākou (nā pepeke, ʻo ia - ʻaʻole nā kānaka ʻepekema).I nā manawa he nui hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi i kā lākou repellant kūlohelohe i kahi kiko kikoʻī.Akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi kēia mau mea hoʻolālā hoʻolālā – e nānā wale i ka hana a nā enuhe hale lole a me nā mu gypsy.

Ua ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa he ʻano ʻano ʻōnaehana hoʻomaka mua ka lāʻau.ʻIke ʻia hiki iā lākou ke hōʻailona kekahi i kekahi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka pest i hiki mai ma ke kahua e ʻai i nā lau.Hana ʻia kēia kamaʻilio ʻana ma lalo o ka lepo ma o nā kumu kumu, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i noiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka mīkini.Ke manaʻo nei kekahi poʻe mea olaola e lawe pū paha nā kemika i ka lewa i nā memo e pili ana i nā pests, a i ʻole nā maʻi.

Loaʻa i nā kumulāʻau nā hale pale i kapa ʻia nā kola lālā, aia ma ke kumu o kēlā me kēia lālā.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kola lālā ma mua o ke kino kumu maʻamau i ka hana ʻana i nā fungicides e hana i nā pale pale.He apo “donut” i hoʻonui iki ʻia kēia kola ma ke kumu o ka lālā – pono ʻole e wehe i ka wā e ʻoki ai.ʻOi aku ma luna o nā lāʻau paʻakikī, ʻaʻole pono e ʻoki ʻia nā ʻokiʻoki me ke kumu;akā, pono e hana ʻia ma waho o ke kola lālā.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka "immune system" o kāu lāʻau ma ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka wā maloʻo, ka mulching i waho o ka dripline, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā kaʻa ma waho o ke aʻa.I ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana, e kōkua kāu lāʻau e mālama iā ʻoe i ke olakino maikaʻi loa ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka malu, ka nani a me ka pilina.

ʻO Paul Hetzler he kanaka naturalist, arborist, a me ka mea hoʻonaʻauao mua me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County, NY.ʻO kāna puke "Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World," aia ma Amazon.

ʻO kekahi o nā pōmaikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumulāʻau ma kahi kokoke, ʻaʻole pili nā lula pili i ka nohona - hiki iā ʻoe ke puliki i nā mea a pau āu e makemake ai me ka ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻana o Covid-19.ʻO kekahi pōmaikaʻi, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka malu.Ke kau ka wela a pono ʻoe e moe haʻahaʻa no kekahi manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi inā he mau ʻano malu kekahi o kou mau hoaaloha.ʻOi loa inā he kiʻekiʻe lākou, ʻano ʻano makua me nā hale paʻa.ʻAe, ʻoluʻolu nā lāʻau.

Ke piʻi ka thermometer, hoʻokipa ʻia kēlā me kēia malu.Inā laki ʻoe i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumulāʻau nui ma kou wahi e noho ai, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaha mai ka lā, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalili o ka ea - e like me ka ʻumi degere - ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me waho ma waho.He ʻano maikaʻi, kūlohelohe, a manuahi ʻole o ka ea ea.

Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana, inā ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka ea, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu lāʻau malu ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ke komohana o kou home e hōʻemi i kāu kumukūʻai hoʻomaha ma ka liʻiliʻi o 30%, a hiki paha i ka 50%.Ua like ia me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka uku hoʻihoʻi ma kekahi ʻāpana o kāu bila uila.He kūpono nā lāʻau deciduous no ka mea pale lākou iā ʻoe i ke kauwela akā e ʻae i ka lā i ka hoʻoilo ke makemake ʻoe.

I kēlā mau lā kau wela ke manaʻo nei ʻoe he wela loa ka hana ma waho, ʻaʻole ʻoe wale nō - like nā kumulāʻau i kou manaʻo.ʻO Photosynthesis, ʻo ia kaʻina hana kupanaha e hoʻohuli ai i ke kalapona kalapona a me ka lā i ke kō (ma laila e mālama ai i ke ola o nā kumulāʻau) a me ka oxygen (ma laila e kōkua ai e mālama iā mākou i ke ola), ʻaʻole hana maikaʻi ma luna o 85 degere.E pau ana kēlā ikehu lā!Eia naʻe, hiki i nā lau ke wela loa i ka lā piha ʻoiai he haʻahaʻa ka mahana o ka ea, e like me ke ʻano o kahi kaʻa asphalt e wela i ka lā.

ʻO ia ke kumu e pono ai ka uhi o loko o ka lāʻau.Ma kahi mamao loa mai ka noho pōʻino o kahi kaiāulu makemake ʻole, nā lau i uhi ʻia, a no laila i hoʻoluʻu ʻia, e ka canopy luna he mau mea pāʻani nui i ke ola ʻana o kahi lāʻau, ʻoiai ʻo lākou wale nō ka mea ma ka hana i ka wā wela loa no ko lākou papa luna. mau hoalauna e hana.No laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻaʻole e ʻoliʻoli nui i ka ʻohi ʻana.ʻAʻole makemake nā kumulāʻau i ko lākou uhi i loko e "hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia" i ka nui.

Manaʻolana ʻoe e inu nui ana i ka wai i ka wela o ke kauwela.Hiki paha iā ʻoe ke kahaha i ka hiki ʻana o nā kumulāʻau i ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā kau wela a maloʻo e like me 2016 a me 2018. ʻOiai mākou e manaʻo e luʻu hohonu nā aʻa kumulāʻau i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea inu ʻoluʻolu, aia ka 90% o nā aʻa lāʻau ma luna o 10 iniha. o ka lepo, a 98% aia ma ka 18 iniha luna.

E ola hou ka lau ʻulaʻula mai ka maloʻo i loko o kekahi mau pule, no ka mea he ʻano hana ka mauʻu e moe me ka ʻole o ka pōʻino.ʻO nā kumu lāʻau, akā naʻe, he mau makahiki e ola hou ai mai kahi maloʻo maloʻo lōʻihi.Hoʻonāwaliwali ke kaumaha o ka maloʻo i kahi lāʻau, e lilo ia i mea maʻalahi i nā maʻi a me nā pepeke.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka nui o nā mea malu i ka wai ʻana, e mahalo ana kāu kumulāʻau i ka wai piha i kēlā me kēia pule.E poina i ka lau nahele - hiki iā ia ke pale iā ia iho.E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomanaʻo i kāu mau lāʻau, a e hoʻoinu pono iā lākou inā ʻaʻole ua ua i loko o hoʻokahi pule.

Ma ka liʻiliʻi mai ka manawa o Shakespeare, ua hoʻohana nā kāne i ka huaʻōlelo "ʻo ka wahine maikaʻi (a ʻoi aku paha)" e kuhikuhi i nā wahine.He mea hoʻohenehene loa kēia, no ka mea, ua makemake nui nā kāne e hana pono ʻole i nā wahine mai ka wā kahiko a hiki i kēia manawa.Hōʻike ʻia nā wahine i kekahi manawa - e nā kāne, ʻoiaʻiʻo - ʻoi aku ka palupalu a nāwaliwali paha.Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne i ka wā e hakakā ai i nā maʻi e like me Covid-19.Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā wahine o nā ʻano mammal a pau i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaumaha ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa kāne.

ʻIke mākou he mea maʻalahi ka testosterone i nā kāne e ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kino ma mua o nā wahine.Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kahi hoʻololi i koho ʻia ma o ka evolution e hiki ai i nā kāne ke pale i nā wahine - ʻoi aku ka mea nui ma mua o nā kāne ma ke ʻano o ke ola ʻana o nā ʻano - a me nā pēpē i kā lākou mālama.Ma waena o nā kānaka, ʻike wau he mea ʻehaʻeha ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano (a i ʻole ke Akua, inā makemake ʻoe) i hoʻolālā i nā kāne e mālama i nā wahine, he nui nā kāne e hoʻopōʻino i ke ʻano o nā mea i manaʻo ʻia ma ka hana ʻino ʻana i nā wahine.

I ka hiki ʻana mai i ka noho ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi, akā naʻe, ʻelua manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne.Wahi a kahi ʻatikala ʻApelila 18, 2020 ma ka nūpepa Pelekane ʻo The Guardian, ʻelua mau kāne i make i nā wahine mai Covid-19 ma Sepania.Ua haʻi pū ka Guardian ma Italia, ʻo 10.6% ka nui o ka make no nā kāne a me 6.0% no nā wahine, a ua hōʻike ka ʻike mua mai Kina i ka make o 2.8% ma waena o nā kāne i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 1.7% no nā wahine.ʻOiai ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hopena o ka nohona e like me ka ʻoi aku o ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa.

ʻOiaʻiʻo ma kekahi mau wahi, Quebec no ka laʻana, ua make nā wahine ma kahi kiʻekiʻe.He pilikia pili kanaka kēia.Ua hōʻike ka Montréal Gazette he 80% o nā limahana mālama olakino ʻo Québec he wahine, a ʻo nā wahine he 85% o ka poʻe i loko o nā hale kahu hānai, kahi i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia e Covid-19.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o Québec a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo Global Health 50/50, kahi institute e mālama ana i nā hihia o ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e ʻōlelo ana ʻo ke ʻano maopopo o ka honua ka nui o nā kāne e hāʻule ana.

I loko o kāna puke ʻo The Better Half (i paʻi ʻia ma 2020 akā kākau ʻia ma mua o ka puka ʻana o Covid-19), ua wehewehe ke kauka ʻo Sharon Moalem ʻo ka hapa nui o nā genes e hoʻoponopono ana i ka ʻōnaehana immune aia ma ka X chromosome.E like me kā mākou i aʻo ai i ka papa Biology kumu, loaʻa i nā kāne kahi pālua chromosome XY aʻo nā wahine he XX hoʻohui.ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā chromosomes X ʻelua i nā wahine i kēlā me kēia cell i loko o ko lākou kino, a e like me ka Dr.

ʻAʻole wau e komo i loko o ka mīkini (no ka mea ʻaʻole maopopo iaʻu iā lākou) o ke ʻano o ka maʻi Covid-19 "wehe" i kahi protein receptor i kapa ʻia ʻo ACE-2, a laila e loaʻa ai ka carte blanche e holo amok i loko o ko mākou kino.ʻO ka mea nui ke hilinaʻi nei ka protein ACE-2 i kahi pūʻulu o nā genes i loaʻa ma ka X-chromosome kanaka.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka Moalem, i ka wā e hoʻopuni ai ka maʻi i kēia pūmua i loko o ke kāne, hiki i ka maʻi maʻi ke hoʻopaʻa i kekahi cell o kekahi okana i loko o kona kino.Me nā wahine, pono ka maʻi virus e hack i ʻelua mau protein ACE-2 ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ʻelua mau X chromosomes, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻōnaehana pale wahine i kahi kākoʻo a i ʻole "manawa lua" e pale aku i kona kino mai ka maʻi.

Ua ʻike lōʻihi ʻia ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā ʻiole lab wahine a me nā ʻiole mai kahi hanana koʻikoʻi ma mua o nā kāne, e mālama ana i nā pae kiʻekiʻe cortisol a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe no ke koʻikoʻi ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma hope o nā traumas i kipa ʻia ma luna o lākou i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua like ʻole.Akā ma ke aupuni kanaka, ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina i hana ʻia ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Los Angeles i ka makahiki 2000 ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne.

Ma ka hōʻike hope loa, kākau ʻo Shelley E. Taylor ka mea kākau kumu ʻoiai ʻo ka pane "hakakā a hakakā" i kākau maikaʻi ʻia (a hiki i kēia manawa, 80% o nā noiʻi koʻikoʻi āpau i hana ʻia ma nā kāne), he ala ʻē aʻe nā wahine.Ke kapa ʻia nei he pane "mālama a hoaloha", ʻōlelo ʻo Dr. Taylor, ʻo ka maʻalahi o nā wahine e hana a mālama i nā pilina pili kanaka e kōkua iā lākou e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pilikia ma mua o nā kāne.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia "... ʻo ka oxytocin, i hui pū ʻia me nā hormones reproductive wahine a me nā mīkini peptide opioid endogenous, aia paha ma kāna kumu ['tend and befriend' pane]."Mai ka manawa o ke aʻo ʻana a Kauka Taylor, ua noiʻi hou ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia ʻano hana aloha wahine, ʻo ia hoʻi e Lauren A. McCarthy o Rochester Institute of Technology.

Me he mea lā ua loaʻa i ka wahine maikaʻi kekahi mau pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi loa i ka wā e ola ai nā maʻi maʻi a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe.

Ua ʻike paha ʻoe i kēia mau chimera liʻiliʻi he ʻumikūmāhā wāwae i kekahi manawa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole paha ʻoe i uku iā lākou mai kou wā kamaliʻi.ʻO kekahi hapa o ka ʻōpae, ʻāpana kangaroo, a me kekahi ʻāpana armadillo, ʻo ka pill bug (Armadillidium vulgare) he mea ʻino ʻole, inā hoʻonāukiuki i kekahi manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka manu e ʻai ana i nā mea kanu make i ka pō.ʻIke ʻia hoʻi he ʻuala ʻuala a i ʻole roly-polys, ʻo ia ka poʻe e huki iā lākou iho i loko o kahi pōpō liʻiliʻi no ka pale ʻana ke hoʻopilikia ʻia.

ʻAʻole nahu, ʻuʻu, lawe i ka maʻi, nau i kou hale, a i ʻole hana i kekahi mea ʻoluʻolu ʻole, a makemake nā keiki i ka pāʻani me lākou.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hana lākou (nā ʻōpala pila, ʻaʻole nā keiki) i nā holoholona maikaʻi inā ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe kou mau manaʻo e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana.I kekahi manawa ʻike lākou i ko lākou ala i loko o nā hale waihona a lilo i mea hoʻopilikia, akā maʻalahi lākou e hoʻokele.

Kākau ma luna o ka lāʻau, hāpai i ka pōhaku pālahalaha, a nānā paha ma lalo o kahi mea kanu pua, a ma ka hapa nui o nā wahi e loaʻa ai kēia mau crustaceans.No ke aha lākou i kolo ai i waho o ke kai a hoʻololi i ka noho ʻana ma ka ʻāina, ʻo ia ka manaʻo o kekahi - malia paha ua piha ka moana i kekahi manawa.ʻAʻole makemake e haʻalele i kā lākou mau ʻano wai a pau, hanu maoli nā ʻōpala pila ma nā gills.ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻike ʻia ai lākou ma nā wahi pulu – pono lākou e hoʻomau mau ʻia nā gills maʻemaʻe, a i ʻole e hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka oxygen a pau lākou.

Mai ka 8.5 mm a hiki i ka 17 mm (e pili ana i 3/8 a 9/16 o ka iniha) ka lōʻihi, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele nā pōpoki pila, me ka ʻike kino convex.ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona hope pehea e hiki ai i kekahi ke haʻi aku iā lākou ma waho o ko lākou mau hoahānau i ka lūlū lūlū, e noho ana i kahi niche kaiaola like ʻole me nā pill bugs.ʻO ka lūlū lūlū he mau lāʻau lāʻau i loko o ka genera Oniscus a me Porcellio, a ʻoi aku ka palahalaha o ke kino.Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki i ka lūlū lūlū ke pōpō i luna no ka pale.Ua kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ʻōwili ʻia ʻo conglobation, kahi huaʻōlelo i hoʻokumu ʻia e kōkua i nā mea pāʻani Scrabble.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kangaroo o nā pill bugs he ʻeke ko ka wahine ma kona ʻōpū i kapa ʻia he marsupium kahi āna e waiho ai i kāna mau hua.Hāpai ka ʻōpio i loko o kāna marsupium i piha i ka wai a noho i laila a hiki i ka nui o lākou e hoʻoikaika iā lākou iho.

ʻOiai ua hele mua ʻia mai ʻEulopa mai nā pōpoki pila, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokō i nā pae hoʻohālike āpau no kahi ʻano invasive.ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻopilikia nui i ke olakino kanaka a / a i ʻole ka hoʻokele waiwai a / a i ʻole ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, kahi mea e ʻike ai i nā ʻano invasive.Ke kānalua nei au i ka manaʻo ʻino ʻole o ka ʻae ʻia i loko o ka hui.ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, kōkua lākou i ka hana hou ʻana i nā meaʻai, no laila ke kōkua nei i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka topsoil maikaʻi.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i ka ʻenehana, he pilikia liʻiliʻi lākou i kekahi manawa inā e makani lākou i loko o ka hale.ʻO ka hoʻomalu ʻana iā lākou e pono ai i kahi pū, kahi ʻāina, a i ʻole kahi dehumidifier.No ka mea pono lākou e noho i nā wahi pulu, ʻo ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka haʻahaʻa ke kī.E wehe i nā puka makani o lalo a hoʻohana i nā mea pā a i ʻole nā dehumidifiers e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka haʻahaʻa o ka hale.

E mālama i ka pōhaku i ʻoki ʻia (a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe e maloʻo koke) a puni ke anapuni o kou home e mālama i nā mea kanu a me ka mulch mai ke kumu.ʻO ka hope loa, e wehe i ka pū pahu e hoʻopaʻa i nā māwae ma waena o nā poloka kumu a me nā wahi komo ʻē aʻe.ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hōʻike nui i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea ʻino - e loaʻa iā ʻoe nā makahiki o ka hoʻokele pest me hoʻokahi hana piha o ka sila ʻana i nā māwae.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo kahiko "Ua paʻa ke alanui i Gehena me nā manaʻo maikaʻi" he mea hōʻoluʻolu nui iaʻu i nā makahiki, ʻoiai ke manaʻo nei au ʻo ia ke ala i ka lani i paʻa i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole, kahi maʻalahi ke hele mai.Mai ka wā kahiko mai, ua kūkulu mākou i nā ʻano ala āpau, nā alaloa, nā alahele, nā alahele, nā ʻanuʻu, nā turnpike, nā ala huki, a me nā ala kaʻa.Akā ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka pollinator maoli, he manawa koʻikoʻi kēia e puhi ai i kahi ʻano alanui hou.He ala, e kikoʻī.

He ʻumikūmālua makahiki aku nei, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Sarah Bergmann i ka manaʻo o ka Pollinator Pathway.Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he "participatory art, design and ecology social sculpture," he wahi noho laina e kōkua ai i nā inike pollinator e ʻimi i ka meaʻai i ko lākou hele ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā ʻāina paʻakikī ʻē aʻe.Mai ia manawa, ua laha ka manaʻo ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a ma waho.

Hiki ke maʻalahi nā ala pollinator e like me ka laina o nā mea kanu pua ma waena o kekahi kua a me kekahi, a i ʻole e like me ka "kāʻei pua" e hoʻopili ai i nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma waena o ke kikowaena kūlanakauhale nui.Loaʻa i ka pūnaewele http://www.pollinatorpathway.com/criteria/ nā mea hana a me nā kumu waiwai, a e papa inoa i nā kumu nui e like me ka pono e hui pū me nā hui like ʻole a me nā keʻena, hoʻohana mua i nā mea kanu maoli, a loaʻa kahi hoʻolālā mālama lōʻihi.E like me ka nui o nā manaʻo maikaʻi, ʻo ka manaʻo pollinator alahele ua "holoholona," a ke hāpai ʻia nei e ka poʻe i kamaʻāina mau i ka hana a Ms. Bergmann.

I ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke ala nui e pono ai nā pollinators, pono e hoʻokomo i nā pūʻulu mea kanu o nā kala, kiʻekiʻe, a me nā ʻano pua.ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka pua i ka wā ulu a pau ke kī pū kekahi.ʻO kēia mau noʻonoʻo e kōkua i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻano pepeke pollinating hiki ke hoʻohana pono i ka nectar a me ka pollen.

Malia paha, ua kāpae ʻia nā pollinators non-insect mai kēia mau hana.ʻO nā lemur, nā moʻo, nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa, nā keʻa, nā opossums, a ma kahi o kanalima mau ʻano vertebrate ʻē aʻe kekahi e pollinate i nā mea kanu.Manaʻo wau he mea ʻoluʻolu ke ʻimi ʻana i nā lemurs, monkeys a moʻo paha i nā ala pollinator kūlanakauhale, akā hiki iaʻu ke noʻonoʻo i kekahi mau hemahema.

ʻOiai ua hana ka nalo meli i ka meli o ka pollinator poster-child, ma ke ʻano nui o nā mea he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia i ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai kūloko a me nā meaʻai hihiu.I loko o kahi kaiapuni olakino, a i loko o nā mea he nui i hoʻopili ʻia, ʻo kā mākou moth maoli, nā peʻapeʻa, nā nalo, nā nalo, nā nalo a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana kokoke i ka pollinating āpau o nā mea kanu hihiu a me nā mea kanu home.Ma kahi ʻāpana e like me ka mokuʻāina ʻo New York State, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ka hopena o ka meli meli i ka pollination, koe wale nō nā māla nui loa ma ke awāwa ʻo Champlain.

ʻAʻole mākou e ʻōlelo ʻaʻole pono mākou e hānai i ka meli a hopohopo i ko lākou olakino - ʻo ka meli a me nā hua pi ʻē aʻe nā mea kanu koʻikoʻi - akā pono e loaʻa iā mākou ke kiʻi pololei o ka mea nāna kā mākou pollinating.He mea nui ka nalo meli i ka wā i hoʻopau ai ka mahiʻai koʻikoʻi i nā mea kanu kahi e hilinaʻi mau ai nā nalo maoli, e like me nā ulu ʻalemona o Kaleponi, a ma kekahi mau wahi ulu hua a puni nā Lakes Nui.

ʻO ke kumu o ka pollinators i loko o ka pōʻino nui e koi ai lākou i nā ala kūikawā e hele ai ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ke kaona he paʻakikī, akā nui kā lākou hana me nā pesticides.ʻO kahi papa o nā insecticides i kapa ʻia he neonicotinoids, neonics no ka pōkole, ua lōʻihi ka pili ʻana i ka emi ʻana o ka pollinator.Hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea āpau mai ka mālama ʻana i ka lawn-grub a i ka soybeans, hoʻohana kēia mau mea kemika i kahi mea kanu holoʻokoʻa, me kāna pollen.ʻO nā lono maikaʻi ʻole no nā ʻōpala, a me nā nalo meli a me nā lele.I ʻApelila 2018, ua pāpā mau ka European Union i ʻekolu o nā neonics kaulana loa i mea e pale ai i nā pi.

A ʻo nā fungicides, i manaʻo ʻia he palekana no ka nalo, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ke kumu i manaʻo ʻia o ka emi ʻana o ka pollinator.I loko o kahi hōʻike o Nowemapa 2017, ua hoʻoholo kahi hui noiʻi alakaʻi ʻia e Cornell mai ka ʻĀkau Hikina ʻo ka hoʻohana maʻamau o nā fungicides i ka mahiʻai e hoʻonāwaliwali ai i ka pi a hiki i ka manawa e hāʻule pinepine ai lākou i nā maʻi ʻino a i ʻole nā maʻi maʻamau, nā mea maʻamau ʻaʻole i make.I kēia lā, ua manaʻo ʻia he 49 mau ʻano nalo maoli i ka pōʻino, me nā bumblebees ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī.

Inā loaʻa kahi makana pollinator, e hele ana paha ia i kā mākou ʻano bumblebee maoli.ʻO ka lauoho kekahi kumu i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pollinators ma mua o ka lole melemele, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pollination.ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā bumblers ke hana i nā mahana anuanu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā pepeke ʻē aʻe - inā paha e kōkua kā lākou ʻaʻahu hulu nani i kēlā, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole wau ʻike.

Eia kekahi, ʻo kā lākou "bumble" kahi ʻāpana o ko lākou nani.Ua ʻike ʻia e hoʻoluliluli lākou i ka ea ma ke alapine Goldilocks, kahi kūpono e lulu i ka pollen i loko o kekahi mau pua e like me nā tōmato.I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka drive-by pollination me ka ʻole e pae i ka pua.A no ka pono ole, e kuhikuhi aku au ua a'o aku ka poe epekema ma Queen Mary University o Ladana i ka bumblebees pehea e olokaa ai i ka poepoe liilii iloko o kekahi puka li'ili'i e loaa ai ka uku wai-ko.Manaʻo wau e paʻahana nā mea noiʻi i nā hoʻokūkū kolepa bumblebee.

Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe mākaukau e kaha i kahi ala nui pollinator, hiki iā ʻoe ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kou kaiāulu i ʻoi aku ka nalo-a me ka pipi-a-lele ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i kēia mau pilikia.E noi i kou mau luna kūloko e hoʻololi i nā kānāwai zoning e ʻae i nā ʻāina like ʻole i ko mākou mau kūlanakauhale, nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale.He mea make nā lau nahele i nā pollinators – waiho i kēlā mau dandelion, no ka maikaʻi.E ʻoluʻolu, e kōkua i ke kāpae ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe!E paipai kēia i ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea kanu a pōmaikaʻi nui i nā pollinators - a ʻo ka mea hope loa, iā mākou.

Hāʻawi ka ua ʻo ʻApelila i nā pua Mei, akā ʻaʻole nā poʻe āpau i ʻike ʻia.ʻOiai hiki i nā dandelions ke hōʻea i ka Mayflower, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā lākou ka manaʻo e pono ai lākou ma ke ʻano he poʻe malihini i hoʻopaʻa i nā aʻa paʻa i loko o kahi ʻāina hou, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he meaʻai meaʻai i piha i ka huaora, a i ʻole he lāʻau lapaʻau multi-purpose.

Ma kēia wahi hope, mahalo nui ʻia ka dandelion a loaʻa iā ia ka inoa Latin Taraxicum officinale, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano "ka lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi āpau."He nui nā pono olakino i hōʻike ʻia o ka dandelion, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke ʻano he kākoʻo o ke ake a no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pōhaku ʻāʻī a me ka ʻōpū, a me waho ma ke ʻano he poultice no ka ʻili ʻili.ʻAʻole wau e hoʻohālike i ka ʻike i kēlā me kēia lāʻau lapaʻau i hala a me kēia manawa o ka mea kanu, a ke paipai nui nei au e nīnau i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau kaulana, a me kāu mea mālama ola, ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e mālama iā ʻoe iho.

ʻO kēlā ʻōlelo, ua hāʻawi ka University of Maryland Medical Center i kahi ʻaoʻao pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa i ka dandelion, a haʻi ʻo ia i kekahi mau noiʻi loiloi ʻia e nā hoa.Ua lohe mua au ua hoʻohana ʻia ka dandelion ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau maʻi diabetes, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā kuhikuhi.Eia naʻe, ʻōlelo ka U o M Medical Center:

"Ke hōʻike nei nā haʻawina holoholona mua e hiki i ka dandelion ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā pae kōpaʻa koko a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka cholesterol a me nā triglycerides i ka wā e hoʻonui ai i ka cholesterol HDL (maikaʻi) i nā ʻiole maʻi maʻi.Pono nā mea noiʻi e ʻike inā e hana ka dandelion i nā kānaka.Ua hōʻike pū kekahi mau noiʻi holoholona e hiki i ka dandelion ke kōkua i ke kaua ʻana i ka mumū.

E ʻōlelo wau ʻaʻole maikaʻi ia no ka mauʻu.Hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i ka aʻa dandelion maloʻo a ʻokiʻoki ʻia ma ka nui a i ʻole ke ʻano capsule ma ka hapa nui o nā hale kūʻai meaʻai olakino, a i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi me ka manuahi ma kou pā kua, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻohana i nā kemika lawn.

ʻO ka inoa maʻamau o Dandelion mai ka ʻōlelo Farani "dent de lion," a i ʻole ka niho liona, e pili ana i nā serration ikaika ma ko lākou mau lau.ʻOkoʻa ka helehelena o nā lau, akā, ma waho o ko lākou mane melemele, ʻaʻole like kēlā me kēia dandelion i ka leonid e like me ka mea e hiki mai ana.ʻIke ʻia he kihi ka poʻe Farani ma ka mākeke inoa maʻamau, no ka mea, ʻo ka moniker dandelion ʻē aʻe he "pis en lit," a i ʻole "hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka moena," no ka mea he diuretic ikaika ke aʻa maloʻo.ʻOi aku ma hope.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo Dandelion i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka pua.ʻO ka ʻohi ʻana i ka hopena o ke kau ʻano like me ka ʻohi ʻana i ka letus a me ka spinach ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana - hiki ke ʻai, akā ʻaʻole i ka maikaʻi loa.Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi mau dandelion i aʻa i kāu māla i ka makahiki i hala, ua mākaukau paha lākou e uhuki a ʻai i kēia manawa.He ʻano ʻano hou o ka huaʻōlelo "weed-and-feed."

Hiki ke ʻoki ʻia nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōpio a lawelawe ʻia i loko o ka saladi, a i ʻole e hoʻolapalapa ʻia, akā makemake wau iā lākou ke ʻoki ʻia a ʻoki ʻia.Hele maikaʻi lākou i loko o nā omelets, stir-fry, soup, casserole, a i ʻole kekahi meaʻai ʻono no ia mea.Hiki ke ʻili ʻia nā aʻa hou, ʻoki ʻia a ʻoki ʻia.ʻO kahi meaʻai maoli ka lei dandelion.ʻO ke kumu o ko lākou pua ʻana i ka wanaʻao, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ke kikowaena o ka lei aʻa, a ʻo nā pua ʻē aʻe he nui i ka ulu hou.Ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana i nā lau, e lawe i ka pahi ʻoki a ʻoki i nā lei aliʻi, hiki ke hoʻomoʻi ʻia a lawelawe ʻia me ka pata.

ʻO nā aʻa dandelion i kālua ʻia ke pani kofe maikaʻi loa aʻu i ʻono ai, a ke ʻōlelo nei i kekahi mea no ka mea makemake nui au i ka kofe.E holoi i nā aʻa hou a hohola ma luna o ka umu i ʻole e pā kekahi i kekahi.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokolohua me nā hoʻonohonoho kiʻekiʻe, akā hoʻomoʻa wau iā lākou ma kahi o 250 a hiki i ka ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a puni.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke haʻi i ka lōʻihi, ma waena o 2 a 3 mau hola.I kēlā me kēia ʻano, ʻānai mau wau iā lākou i ka wā e pono ai au i loko o ka hale, a nānā pinepine iā lākou ma hope o ka hōʻailona ʻelua hola.E wili iā lākou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mīkini meaʻai a i ʻole ka mortar a me ka pestle.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kofe, hoʻohana ʻoe i ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumu kumu no ke kīʻaha.

He ʻono ka mea inu, akā e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ʻoi aku ka diuretic ma mua o ke kofe a i ʻole ke kī ʻeleʻele.ʻAʻole loa au i ʻike he pilikia kēia, akā inā pili pinepine kāu huakaʻi kakahiaka i kahi snarl kaʻa, koho i kāu inu ʻaina kakahiaka e like me ia.

ʻAʻole au i hoʻāʻo i ka waina dandelion, kahi kuʻuna i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā kenekulia ma ʻEulopa, a no laila ʻaʻohe ʻike mua e hōʻike ai, akā hiki ke loaʻa nā scads o nā meaʻai ma ka Pūnaewele.Ua ho'āʻo kekahi mau hoaaloha a me nā ʻohana, me nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole a maikaʻi hoʻi i hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻia.ʻAʻohe oʻu manaʻo inā ʻo ia ka makemake pilikino a i ʻole ke akamai hana waina i māhele like ʻia.

Ma muli o nā pono a pau o nā dandelion, he mea kupanaha ka nui o ka manawa a me ka waiwai o kā mākou moʻomeheu e hoʻopau iā lākou.Me he mea lā ke nānā aku nei i kekahi poʻe, e hoʻoinu i ko lākou mauu me nā lāʻau lapaʻau lau ākea e like me 2,4-D, dicamba a me mecoprop.Hele mai kēia mau mea me nā pilikia olakino, ʻaʻole e haʻi i nā hōʻailona kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.

No ka poʻe i lawe i ka pilina liona holoʻokoʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke hiamoe i ka pō inā he mau dandelion e peʻe ana ma ka hale, e haʻi aku wau i kahi huna no ka lawe ʻana iā lākou mai ka ʻāina.E hoʻonoho i ka ʻoki ʻoki i ʻehā iniha ke kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka hana ʻana pēlā e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka nui o nā nāhelehele, a e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ka maʻi a me ka pōʻino pū kekahi.

Ke ʻōlelo nei au, ua pau ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e pepehi i ka liona ʻAmelika ʻĀkau wale nō ʻaʻole i hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia, a aʻo i ka mahalo a hoʻohana hou aku.

ʻO nā kumulāʻau kiʻekiʻe loa ma kēia ʻaoʻao o nā Rockies, ʻo kā mākou paina keʻokeʻo hikina (Pinus strobus) kekahi o nā mea nui loa - inā ʻaʻole ʻoi loa - nā ʻano waiwai waiwai a me ka moʻomeheu ma ka Hikina ʻĀkau.ʻOiai ʻo ka poʻokela o ʻAmelika i kēia manawa he kanaka nunui ʻo North Carolina e ana ana he 189 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻopaʻa nā mea kālai lāʻau mua i nā pine keʻokeʻo a hiki i 230 kapuaʻi.Kaulana ʻia ka paina keʻokeʻo no kona laula ʻokoʻa ākea a me ka maopopo (no ka ʻole), ka lāʻau kala ʻulaʻula i hoʻohana ʻia no ka papahele, paneling a me ka uhi a me nā lālā hoʻolālā.Ua kūkulu ʻia ʻo ʻEnelani hou ma luna o ka paina keʻokeʻo, a ma kekahi mau hale kahiko, hiki ke loaʻa nā papa papahele paina mua he iwakālua a ʻoi paha ʻīniha ka laulā.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka hale pule e like me ke kū ʻana o nā pine keʻokeʻo oʻo e hoʻoulu i ka mahalo i ke ʻano, inā ʻaʻole ka manaʻo weliweli a me ka mahalo.Ma keʻano o kaʻikeʻana, maʻalahi ka pine keʻokeʻo.ʻO ia wale nō ka pine maoli ma ka hikina e lawe i nā nila i loko o nā pūʻolo ʻelima, hoʻokahi no kēlā me kēia leka ma ka "keʻokeʻo."No ka maopopo, ʻaʻole i kākau maoli ʻia nā leka ma nā nila.ʻO kāna mau cones nani, ʻeono iniha ka lōʻihi me nā unahi resin-tipped, kūpono ia no ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ke ahi, a no nā lei a me nā mea hoʻonani ʻē aʻe.

Ma muli o kona mau ʻano waiwai, ua hāʻawi mai ka pine keʻokeʻo iā mākou i nā makana liʻiliʻi, akā ʻoi aku ka makamae.Me kona mau nila ʻelima i hui pū ʻia ma ke kumu, ua kōkua ka pine keʻokeʻo i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ʻelima mau ʻāina ʻōiwi e waiho i ko lākou mau lima i hoʻokahi kaukani makahiki aku nei, a hui pū i kahi hui democratic novel i kapa ʻia ʻo Haudenosaunee a i ʻole Iroquois.Me kāna mau aliʻi i koho ʻia he kanalima, ʻelua hale o ka ʻahaʻōlelo, a me ka ʻōnaehana nānā a me ke koena, ua lilo kēia ʻano paʻakikī a paʻa i ka hoʻolālā no ke Kumukānāwai US.

Ua kākau ʻo Jefferson, Franklin, Monroe, Madison a me Adams i ko lākou mahalo i ka Haudenosaunee Confederacy.Ua hauʻoli loa ʻo Franklin lāua ʻo Madison iā ia, a ua paipai i nā kolone he ʻumikumamākolu e hana i kahi hui like ʻole.Ma waena o nā hae Revolutionary mua loa he pūʻulu o Pine Tree Flags, a ʻo ka ʻaeto, ʻoiai ua wehe ʻia mai kāna pine perch, ua noho mau ia ma ke kālā US.

Hōʻike mau ka Haudenosaunee i ka pine keʻokeʻo, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka lāʻau o ka maluhia, me ka ʻaeto ʻōhule ma luna.Aia ka ʻaeto e nānā i nā ʻenemi e like me ke kuko a me ka ʻike pōkole.I loko o kona mau huelo, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi pūʻolo pua ʻelima e hōʻailona ai i ka ikaika i ka lokahi.ʻAʻole ia he mea kuhi wale ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā pono wahine o kēia wā ma Seneca Falls, NY ma ka malu o ka paina keʻokeʻo.Ua kākau ka poʻe koho mua e like me Matilda Jocelyn Gage i ko lākou kahaha nui ma nā kauhale ʻo Haudenosaunee, ua mālama ʻia nā wahine me ka mahalo like me nā kāne, a ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia ka hana ʻino i nā wahine.

Me nā kumu he nui e makemake ai i nā paina keʻokeʻo, ua pilikia wau i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā pine keʻokeʻo e hōʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka pilikia ma nā wahi he nui o ko lākou ākea.Hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 2009, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻili melemele a hāʻule i ka wanaʻao, a ua keakea ka ulu hou.I ka wā mua, ua kaupalena ʻia kēia mau hōʻailona ma nā wahi pāpaʻu a ʻilihune paha, a ma nā alaloa o ke ala nui kahi i hoʻoikaika ʻia ai nā kumulāʻau ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka paʻakai, kahi e puhi ai i nā lau a me nā aʻa.ʻO nā maloʻo o 2012 a me 2016, i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka lepo, hoʻihoʻi hou i nā pine.Ma ka makahiki 2018, ʻo kekahi mau pine ma nā wahi waiwai e nānā maʻi nei.

E like me ka nui o nā maʻi hou i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole maopopo loa kēia emi ʻana, i kapa ʻia ʻo White Pine needle maʻi (WPND).ʻO ka mea i ʻike ʻia he pūʻulu o nā fungal pathogens e pili ana.ʻEhā mau maʻi e pili ana i nā nila i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, ʻoiai ma ka maʻamau ʻelua a ʻekolu wale nō i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hihia.ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka huikau, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka lima o nā pathogens nila, akā ua kaupalena ʻia kēlā me kēia i nā wahi kikoʻī.Ua ʻike ʻia kahi pathogen aʻa, a ʻo kekahi mea e hoʻopōʻino i ka ʻiʻo o ke kumu, ʻike ʻia e laha ʻia e kahi ʻinikene unahi.

I ka wā ma mua, ʻo ka hāʻule koke ʻana o kekahi ʻano lāʻau ma muli o ka pest non- native a pathogen like Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, a i ʻole ka emerald lehu borer.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana iā WPND, ma waho aʻe o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma waena o ʻeono a me ʻumi mau mea ola e hana ana, ʻo ia ka poʻe ʻōiwi āpau o ka wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia.Ua ʻike ka New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) i kahi mea i puka mai ma waho o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, akā ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia kēia.

Ke wehewehe nei ka UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry website "ʻO ka nele o kahi pathogen a i ʻole nā mea ʻōiwi e alakaʻi i nā mea noiʻi e noiʻi i ke kuleana o nā kūlana kaiapuni, i hoʻololi ʻia e ka loli ʻana o ke aniau.ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana a me ka ua mai Mei a Iulai i kōkua i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi WPND.E hoʻomau ʻia nā pilikia e pili ana i ka paina keʻokeʻo hikina, akā aia nā koho hoʻokele e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke olakino a me ka ikaika o nā paina keʻokeʻo.

Ma nā ʻāina home, ʻōlelo ka Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory "Mulching a puni nā paina keʻokeʻo a me ka hoʻoinu hohonu ʻana i hoʻokahi pule i ka wā wela.Pono e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papahana fertilization, a mālama ʻia ka pH lepo ma waena o 5.2 a me 5.6.E hoʻoponopono i nā hemahema micronutrient (e like me ka hao), a e hoʻēmi i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lepo me nā ʻano hana aeration.ʻAʻole hauʻoli nā pine keʻokeʻo no ka lōʻihi ma nā lepo pālolo, a i ʻole nā mea me ka pH ma luna o 7.0.Eia kekahi, e kanu pono i na paina a pau ma waho o ka laula o ka paakai paakai alanui, a e haawi ia lakou i wahi nui.

Hiki i nā luna ulu lāʻau ke kōkua ma ka hoʻomāmā ʻana i nā kū paina keʻokeʻo.Hōʻike nā hōʻike mua e hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻohana māmā ʻana i ka nitrogen.No ka ʻike hou aku, e kelepona i kahi ISA-Certified Arborist, kahi NYSDEC Forester, Private Consulting Forester, a i ʻole kāu keʻena Extension kūloko.Hiki ke loaʻa ka heluhelu hohonu hou aku ma https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/forest-ecology-and-management/vol/…

I kēia manawa o ka makahiki i ka wā ʻaʻole nui ka pua ma waho o nā dandelions a me nā daffodils, ʻaʻole i hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ka pollen e like me ke ʻano ma hope o ke kau ʻana o ka goldenrod ma nā wahi āpau.He aha ke ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻē, ʻo nā pua a mākou e ʻike koke ai - he mau laʻana maikaʻi nā dandelion a me ke gula - he mau hua pollen nui a paʻa ʻole e lele maʻalahi i ka makani a hoʻohenehene iā mākou.

No ka ʻoiaʻiʻo inā maʻa ʻoe i ka "hay fever" a hele i kahi māla gula i ka mohala piha, e pane paha ʻoe.E mālama i kahi mamao mai nā pua nani inā he pilikia ka pollen.ʻO nā pua i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka mea e makaʻala ai.E kali – ʻaʻole i puka pololei.

ʻO ka pollen ka hāʻawi kāne i kahi hua.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano ʻano he ʻāpana hānau kāne a he wahine i kūpono i ka mea kanu hoʻokahi.ʻO kekahi, e like me nā ʻāpala, aia ka shebang holoʻokoʻa i ka pua hoʻokahi, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me nā melons he pua kāne a wahine ʻokoʻa.ʻO kekahi mau ʻano - he laʻana ka holly - loaʻa nā mea kanu kāne a me nā mea kanu wahine.

ʻO ke kumu o ka pāpaʻi ʻana o kekahi mau pua me nā waihoʻoluʻu, ʻala, a me ka nectar no ke kiʻi ʻana i nā iniseti, nā manu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e lawe i ka pollen mai ka ʻāpana pua kāne a i ka wahine i hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā mea kanu pēpē.He hoʻolālā maikaʻi loa ia.ʻO ka ʻaoʻao i lalo, ʻo ia ka nui o ka ikehu.

Ua hoʻoholo kekahi hui o nā mea kanu he hana koʻikoʻi ka huki ʻana i nā pollinators, akā maʻalahi ka huki ʻana i ka makani, hiki ke hoʻopuka i ka pollen.Akā ʻaʻole kūpono kēia hoʻolālā, no laila pono nā mea kanu e like me nā paina e hoʻokuʻu i nā ukana o nā mea (pollen, ʻaʻole makani).He ʻano liʻiliʻi kēia ʻano ʻano pollen e hiki ke neʻe i 400 mau mile i ke kai.ʻO nā mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻia e ka makani, aia nā kumulāʻau he nui i kēia manawa i ka "mohala," he mau pua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻano like ke kala me ka mea kanu - ʻike ʻole ʻia.

ʻO ka willow, ka poplar, ka elm a me ka maple nā mea a pau i pollinate ʻia e ka makani, a ua pua lākou i ke kakahiaka nui.He mea maikaʻi nō hoʻi, no ka mea, pono nā pollinators e ala aʻe nei e like me ka bumblebees i nā kumu pollen inā ʻaʻohe pua i ʻike ʻia.ʻOiai ʻaʻole māmā e like me ka pollen mai ka ragweed, hiki i ka pollen mai nā willows a me nā poplars ke hoʻoulu i nā hōʻailona allergy.

ʻO ka ua, maopopo, holoi i ka lepo, nā spores a me ka pollen mai ka lewa, aʻo nā kūlana maloʻo e alakaʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā allergens ea.ʻO ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka maʻi allergies hiki ke loaʻa kahi hōʻoluʻolu ma ke komo ʻana i kahi pāpale ākea ākea e mālama i ka lauoho mai ka lilo ʻana i pollen.Hiki ke kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka pollen mai loko mai o nā pōpō maka o kekahi.A ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lole i hoʻomaloʻo ʻia, mai kau i kāu holoi lole i nā lā kiʻekiʻe o ka pollen no ka mea e ʻaʻahu ana ʻoe i kou pōʻino.

Hiki ke loaʻa nā kūlana pollen ma nā pūnaewele he nui - airnow.gov a me aaaai.org ʻelua mau laʻana maikaʻi.Ma ka ʻōlelo pili, ua haʻahaʻa loa ka helu pollen i kēia manawa, no laila, i ka wā e pumehana ai, mai kānalua e hele i waho.Hiki paha ke kanu i nā pua ʻālohilohi.

ʻO ka lā honua kahi manawa e hoʻāʻo ai mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka honua nāna e mālama iā mākou.Nui ka poʻe o mākou e komo i ka piʻi, kaʻa kaʻa, a kōkua paha i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke kahakai a i ʻole ke alanui.Ua ʻike mākou a pau he mea maikaʻi ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ke ʻano.ʻO ka hope, ua loaʻa ka ʻepekema i ka noʻonoʻo maʻamau, a ua nui nā hōʻike i kēia manawa ʻaʻole nā lāʻau, mauʻu a me nā ala wai e hōʻoluʻolu wale iā mākou, akā he mea nui no ke olakino e like me ka meaʻai maikaʻi a me ka wai maʻemaʻe.

ʻO nā holoholona i hoʻonele ʻia i ka nohona kūlohelohe, lilo i mea ʻino.Hoʻomaka lākou e hōʻike i nā ʻano like ʻole i ko lākou ʻano;hemo ka pili pili kanaka a piʻi ka maʻi.He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no nā holoholona āpau, ʻoiai nā mea maʻamau.

ʻAe, e koho i kēia holoholona: Aia i loko o ka phylum Chordata, ʻo ia hoʻi he iwi kuamoʻo kona, nāna e hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻōpala a me nā kolo, ʻaʻole ia he ʻike nui.ʻO kona papa ʻo Mammalia;ʻO nā wahine o kēia ʻano ʻano hana waiu e hānai i kā lākou ʻōpiopio.Aia ia ma ke kauoha Primate, kahi e hōʻemi nui ai.ʻO Hominidae kona ʻohana, ʻo Homo kona ʻano, a ʻo Sapien ka ʻano.

Nīnau hoʻopunipuni (e kala mai);ʻo mākou.He ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kanaka mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ma nā ʻano koʻikoʻi loa, akā he mau holoholona mākou.No laila, paʻakikī mākou e komo i loko o ke ao kūlohelohe.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka Frances Kuo mai ke Kulanui o Ilinoi ma Champaign-Urbana, ʻo nā kānaka e noho ana ma nā ʻāina i nele i nā lāʻau a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe e loaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pōʻino pilikanaka, noʻonoʻo a me ke kino e like me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i hoʻonele ʻia. wahi noho maoli.

Ma waena o nā ʻike ʻē aʻe, hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi a Kauka Kuo e ola lōʻihi ka poʻe ʻelemakule inā kokoke ko lākou mau home i kahi paka a i ʻole nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻē aʻe, me ka nānā ʻole i ko lākou kūlana pilikanaka a waiwai paha, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā haumāna kulanui ma nā hoʻokolohua cognitive ke nānā ko lākou mau puka makani dorm i nā hoʻonohonoho kūlohelohe. .

Hōʻike pū kāna noiʻi ʻana he liʻiliʻi nā hōʻailona o nā keiki me ADHD ma hope o nā hana waho i nā wahi lush.

Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, huki ʻia nā kānaka i ke ʻano, ʻoiai he kiʻi wale nō.ʻO ka mea nui, ʻike mākou i ka savannah, kahi i lilo ai mākou i kanaka 200,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻoluʻolu loa.Kūleʻa mākou i nā ʻāina like e like me nā paka, a hoʻohālike mākou i kā mākou pā i ke ʻano like.Ma o kā mākou DNA, a me nā mea genetic ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo epigenes, pili ʻole mākou i ke ao kūlohelohe.

Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia wili paʻakikī e ka lolo kiʻi manawa maoli.ʻO nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona e ʻike ʻia e kekahi ma ke ʻano, inā i loko o nā cones paina, nā pūpū nautilus, nā diatoms, nā hau hau, nā lālā lāʻau, a i ʻole nā puʻu one, ua kapa ʻia ʻo fractal patterns.ʻO ke mele manu a me ke kani ʻana o ka nalu he mau ʻano like.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona Fractal, ua hoʻololi ʻia, pili nui i ko mākou lolo i nā ala maikaʻi.

ʻO kahi ʻatikala o Pepeluali 2014 ma ka guardian.com e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka poʻe maʻi o ka haukapila i loko o nā lumi me nā hiʻohiʻona kumu lāʻau i ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka noho ʻana o ka haukapila a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka pono no ka lāʻau ʻeha ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā poʻe maʻi me ka ʻole o ia mau hiʻohiʻona kūlohelohe.Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻōlelo ʻana ma hope o hoʻokahi hola i kahi kūlana kūlohelohe, hoʻomaikaʻi ka hana hoʻomanaʻo a me ka lōʻihi o ka nānā ʻana i ka 20%.

Hōʻike nā mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o Rochester ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ke ao kūlohelohe e alakaʻi i ka poʻe e hānai i nā pilina pili, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ke kaiāulu, a i ʻoi aku ka lokomaikaʻi.

Ma ke ʻano he arborist, ua haʻi lōʻihi wau i ka noiʻi e hōʻike ana i ke kanu ʻana i nā kumulāʻau e hōʻemi nui i ka hewa.Hoʻonui nā kumulāʻau i nā waiwai waiwai, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kānaka e hoʻolilo kālā.Inā nā mea kanu ma ka hale kūʻai a i ʻole nā kumu lāʻau ma nā wahi kūʻai kūʻai o ke kaona, hoʻonui ka poʻe i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo.

ʻAʻole wale mākou e pane i ke kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole i nalowale ko mākou hiki ke komo pū me ia.Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou hiki i ke kanaka ke hahai maikaʻi ma ka ʻala.Ke hoʻohana nei ka poʻe me nā hemahema ʻike i ka echolocation no kekahi mau makahiki i kēia manawa, akā ʻo kahi ʻike hou e hiki ai iā mākou ke echolocate kokoke e like me nā ʻōpeʻa.

I ka nīnau ʻana inā pono ke kanaka i ke ʻano, ua pane ʻo Kauka Kuo “Ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke haʻi aku iā ʻoe.ʻAʻole wau mākaukau e ʻōlelo pēlā, akā ma ke ʻano he makuahine i ʻike i ka palapala ʻepekema, ʻōlelo wau, ʻae.Inā makemake mākou a makemake wale paha, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko mākou ʻano, no laila e hoʻohana pono i nā pono he nui.

ʻO ka hoʻokele kaʻa ʻana i nā hopena pule puna ke kaumaha iaʻu.No ka mea, ke hele mau nei au ma kahi o hoʻokahi ʻohana ma ka lau nahele ma kahi hoʻonohonoho Gothic ʻAmelika: ʻo ka ʻōpala ma ka lima, malia paha me kā lākou kāne a me nā keiki.Aia kekahi lāʻau liʻiliʻi maikaʻi mai ke kikowaena māla ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o lākou, a he lua hohonu hewa i ka lepo ma kekahi ʻaoʻao.Inā ʻaʻole wau i hilahila loa, e kū wau a hāʻawi i koʻu ʻoluʻolu.Akaka, he hoolewa ko lakou no ka laau.

E hiki mai ana ka lā Arbor i ka Pōʻalima, ʻApelila 24, no laila e noʻonoʻo e kanu i kahi lāʻau me kou ʻohana a i ʻole nā hoaaloha.Akā e hana ʻoe i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka mea ma mua o ʻoe.ʻAʻohe manaʻo o ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i kahi lāʻau i loko o kahi lua kanu hohonu inā hiki iā ʻoe ke kanu i kahi kumu kūpono.

He ākea nā ʻōnaehana kumu lāʻau - ʻekolu manawa o ka lōʻihi o ka lālā, ʻaʻole i pilikia - a pāpaʻu.He kanaiwa pākēneka o nā aʻa lāʻau i loko o ka ʻumi ʻīniha kiʻekiʻe o ka lepo, a ʻo 98% aia ma ka ʻumikūmāwalu iniha luna.He pāpaʻu nā aʻa lāʻau no ka mea makemake lākou e hanu mau.Manaʻo wau hiki iā mākou ke pili i kēlā.

Hiki i nā pores lepo ke loaʻa ka oxygen i nā aʻa, e hele mai ana mai ka ʻili lepo.E hāʻule ana ka nui o ka oxygen me ka hohonu o ka lepo, a hiki i kahi kokoke-zero.I loko o ka lepo lepo, lepo a lepo paha, hiki ke emi ma lalo o ka wāwae.ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka compost a i ʻole ka manure i loko o kahi lua kanu hohonu e hōʻoia ai e ʻeha nā aʻa, no ka mea, e hoʻopau nā microbes e wāwahi i nā mea olaola i ke koena o ka oxygen.

Hele mai kēlā me kēia lāʻau me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kanu, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻohe inoa.No ka heluhelu ʻana i kēia mau kuhikuhi, e ʻimi i kahi kokoke i ke kumu kahi e ākea ai ke kumu a hoʻomaka ke aʻa.Kapa ʻia kēia ʻo ka ʻala ʻala, a ʻo ia ke ana hohonu.Pono e ʻike ʻia ka lapalapa o ke kumu ma ka ʻili lepo.Me kahi hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi loa, ʻoi aku ka lāʻau liʻiliʻi i grafted, hiki ke paʻakikī kēia.E ʻimi maʻamau i ke aʻa luna loa a paka ia ma kahi o hoʻokahi ʻīniha ma lalo o ka ʻili.

ʻAʻole make nā kumu lāʻau a pau i kanu nui ʻia, akā ʻeha nui lākou a pau, a i nā hihia maikaʻi loa, he mau makahiki ia e hopu ai i kahi kumulāʻau like i kanu pono ʻia.Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā lāʻau nui.I kekahi manawa hiki i kahi lāʻau liʻiliʻi ke ola ma ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā aʻa fibrous (adventitious) mai kona kumu ma lalo pono o ka ʻili lepo.Hana nā lāʻau nui i kēia, akā ʻaʻole e kākoʻo nā aʻa hou i ka piko nui.

Aia kekahi ʻōlelo kahiko, "e ʻeli i kahi lua kanalima kālā no ka lāʻau ʻelima kālā."Pono paha e hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka hoʻonui kālā akā aia nō ke kālā i ka manaʻo.He ʻano saucer ka lua kanu a he 2-3 manawa ke anawaena o ka ʻōnaehana kumu, akā ʻaʻole hohonu, a i ʻole e hiki iā ʻoe ke kiki iā ʻoe e nā mākaʻi kanu.ʻAʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā inā e hele mai kahi arborist, hiki iā lākou ke ʻakaʻaka iā ʻoe.

Ma mua o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana, e wehe i nā burlap a me nā twine.Pono e ʻoki ʻia nā hīnaʻi uwea ma luna o nā kumulāʻau pōpō a me nā ʻōpala ke kau ʻia ka lāʻau i loko o ka lua.He mau aʻa kaʻapuni paha nā ʻōnaehana kumu lāʻau i ulu ʻia i loko o ka pahu e pono e hoʻohenehene pololei ʻia, a i ʻole e lilo lākou i aʻa kāʻei i nā makahiki ma hope a e ʻoki i ke kumu.

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui o nā mea olaola i ka backfill mai ka wā kahiko, i ka wā e hopu ai nā poʻe i kahi arborist, inā he lima kekahi, a hoʻolei i loko o ka lua kanu.Malia paha i ka pane ʻana i kēia, ʻōlelo ka poʻe arborists i kēia manawa i ka liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe i nā mea organik i nā manawa he nui.

Ma ka lepo one a kaumaha paha, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o ka peat moss, compost a i ʻole nā mea hoʻololi ʻē aʻe i ka backfill.Mai hoʻohui i ke one i ka pālolo, akā naʻe-ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā pōhaku lepo, a ʻaʻole ulu maikaʻi ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu i nā pōhaku lepo.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea olaola ma mua o ka hapakolu o ka leo hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka "hopena kīʻaha," a hiki i nā aʻa ke ʻeha.He koʻikoʻi ka Fertilizer i nā transplants hou, no laila e kali i hoʻokahi makahiki ma ia mea.Ma nā ʻāina ʻōiwi maikaʻi, ʻaʻole pono ka lāʻau i nā mea kanu pāʻoihana.

E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai i kou hoʻopiha hou ʻana, a e hoʻopololei i ka lepo me kahi lāʻau a i ʻole ka ʻau ʻōpala e hoʻopau i nā ʻeke ea.Inā ʻaʻole he makani nui ka pūnaewele, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka lāʻau.Pono ka neʻe ʻana no ka ulu ʻana o kahi kumu ikaika.ʻElua a ʻehā ʻīniha o ka mulch ma luna o ke kanu ʻana (akā ʻaʻole pili i ke kumu) e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka makū a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mauʻu.Aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻoinu nui i kahi hoʻololi hou, akā hiki nō.I ke kau mua, e nānā i ka lepo i kēlā me kēia mau lā no ka ʻike ʻana he mākū akā ʻaʻole paʻa i ka wai.

Wehe ʻia kahi mākaʻikaʻi kūloko i kēlā me kēia ʻApelila, a ma kahi o ʻehā pule - ma muli o ka malu, ʻano a me ke kiʻekiʻe - hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ka "hōʻike" ma nā wahi ākea kokoke iā ʻoe.He manuahi ka hana, ʻoiai aia nā matinees wale nō.

ʻO ka hanana o ka pūnāwai ʻo ia ka mohala ʻana o kahi lāʻau laha nui, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia, ka pua mua.Ma muli o ka mea āu e nīnau ai, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia he lāʻau a he kumu lāʻau paha, e noʻonoʻo ai au inā he mea huna ia.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā inoa inoa o kēia mea ma mua o kekahi o ka mea i makemake nui ʻia e ʻAmelika.ʻIke like ʻia ʻo serviceberry, shadbush, shadwood, shadblow, Saskatoon, juneberry a me wild-plum, he lāʻau liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi e pane pū ana iā Amelanchier canadensis, kona inoa botanical.ʻO kēlā mau koho, makemake wau i ka juneberry, ʻoiai ʻo kona hua e ʻō aʻe i ka hoʻomaka o Iulai ma ka ʻĀkau o New York State.

ʻO ia ka mea kanu lāʻau maoli mua i hua mai i nā pua ʻike maka, a ʻike ʻia kona mau pua keʻokeʻo ma nā kapa alanui, ma nā pā a me nā kihi o ka ululāʻau a puni ko mākou wahi i kēia manawa.He nani ka ʻili ʻeleʻele hina-hina ma kona ʻano ponoʻī.Ma muli o nā kūlana, hiki ke ulu nā juneberries ma ke ʻano he puʻupuʻu multi-stem, akā ʻoi aku ka ulu ʻana ma ke ʻano he kumu lāʻau hoʻokahi a hiki i 20 a 40 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe.ʻAʻole wale ʻo kona mau pua mua he mea hoʻonani nani, ke hoʻolaha nei lākou i kahi o kahi kumu o nā huaʻai e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai ma mua o nā huaʻai ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻopoina pinepine ʻia ʻo Juneberries ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai, ʻo kekahi no ka paʻi ʻana o nā manu iā mākou i ka kuʻi, a ʻo kekahi no ka ulu nui ʻana o nā juneberries a ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ka hua i kekahi manawa.Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka makū o nā juneberries ma mua o ka blueberries, ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka protein a me nā haʻahaʻa, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i meaʻai maikaʻi loa no nā mea pāʻani a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.

ʻO nā hua poni ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻelua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka potassium ma mua o ka blueberries me ka nui o ka magnesium a me ka phosphorous.He kumu hao maikaʻi nō hoʻi lākou, ʻaneʻane pālua ka nui o ka blueberries.He nui ka huaora C, thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamina B-6, vitamina A a me E.

Hana ʻo Juneberries i mea kanu ʻāina maikaʻi, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻowalewale i nā manu mele e like me nā kedera waxwings i kou pā hale.ʻO Amelanchier alnifolia, kahi ʻano mai ka Northern Plains e pili kokoke ana i ko mākou ʻĀkau hikina ʻo A. canadensis, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e ulu e like me ke kiʻekiʻe, no laila e hiki mau ka hua.Hiki iā ia ke ʻae i ka laulā o nā kūlana o ka pūnaewele a e ulu maikaʻi ʻo ia ma nā ʻāina ʻilihune.Pono ka lā piha.ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka lau o juneberry e hoʻololi i ka salmon-pink kupaianaha i ka hāʻule, e hoʻohui ana i kona waiwai ma ke ʻano he kumu lāʻau.E nīnau i kāu kahu hānai e pili ana i nā cultivars juneberry.

He mea ʻono nā hua hou, a hana maikaʻi i nā pai.Maikaʻi loa lākou no ka hau hau, no ka mea, hana maikaʻi lākou i nā smoothies i hoʻopiha ʻia i ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia makahiki.He mea kōkua ke hoʻokuʻu mua iā lākou ma nā pepa kuki, a laila e hoʻololi iā lākou i loko o nā ipu nui.Ma ia ala, ʻaʻole lākou e hana i ke ʻano o ka monolithic juneberry glacier e koi ana i kahi chisel, kiaʻi kanaka makua a me kahi pahu kōkua mua e haki i kahi ʻāpana.

Ua mahalo ka poʻe ʻōiwi ma ka ʻākau o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i nā juneberries, a ua hahai nā poʻe ʻEulopa i kā lākou hiʻohiʻona.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kēia huaʻai ʻāhiu i mahalo ʻole ʻia.He manawa maikaʻi kēia e ʻike ai i kahi o nā mea kanu juneberry no ka ʻohi ʻana i kēia kauwela.

ʻO kekahi o kaʻu mea kanu punahele he nui loa, a huikau paha.Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hōʻole nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau e like me nā rabbits a me nā deer e hoʻopā aku iā ia, akā nui ka poʻe, ʻo wau pū kekahi, e ʻoliʻoli lākou i kēlā me kēia lā i loaʻa.ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana he ʻeha ia, ua hōʻoia ʻia e hoʻomaha i kekahi ʻeha mau.Hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o hoʻokahi kaukani makahiki o ka moʻolelo, i kahi manawa i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka mana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hewa, akā ʻike ʻia ka ʻepekema lapaʻau he lāʻau kūpono no nā maʻi he nui.Manaʻo kekahi poʻe māla he mauu pilikia, akā na kekahi poʻe i mahi maoli.

ʻO ka ʻupena, ʻo Urtica dioica, he kamaʻāina ia no ʻEulopa, ʻAsia, a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau akā ua laha ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau mai ka ʻākau o Mexico a hiki i ka ʻākau ʻo Kanada no nā kenekulia.ʻAʻole ʻae ka poʻe akamai i ka nui o nā ʻano ʻupena a me nā ʻano subspecies ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.No ka huikau ʻana i nā mea, ʻo ka nui o kēia mau keʻa kekahi i kekahi e hana i nā hybrids.ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻuʻu kekahi mau ʻano ʻano, inā he ʻupena a hāʻawi iā ʻoe i kahi ʻōhū, kūpono ke kapa ʻia ʻo ia he ʻupena.

Hoʻoulu ka ʻupena i nā nila hypodermic liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻōpala, nā lau, a me nā pua.Kapa ʻia ʻo tricchomes, ʻo kēia mau nila e like me ke aniani-like-silica e hoʻokomo i ka hui ʻana o nā kinikona hoʻonāukiuki ke hoʻopili ʻia.ʻOkoʻa ka cocktail i nā ʻano, akā maʻamau ka histamine, 5-HTP, serotonin, formic acid a me acetylcholine.

No laila, no ke aha e hoʻokomo ai kekahi i kēia ʻenemi ikaika i loko o ko lākou waha?ʻAe, ke moʻa ka ʻupena, pau ka lauoho stinging.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻupena ka mea ʻono loa i kuke ʻia i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻāhiu a home paha, i loaʻa iaʻu.He ʻono ia e like me ka moa.Hoʻohenehene.He ʻono loa e like me ka spinach, koe wale ka ʻono.Hiki ke hoʻolapalapa ʻia ka ʻupena, ka ʻūhū, a i ʻole ka ʻala ʻia.He mea maikaʻi loa lākou ma o lākou iho a i ʻole i loko o nā sopa, omelets, pesto, casseroles, a i ʻole nā mea ʻono a pau āu e hiki ai ke hana.

ʻO kekahi o nā mea aʻu i makemake nui ai i ka ʻupena, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea ʻōmaʻomaʻo mua e hele ai ma hope o ka heheʻe ʻana o ka hau.Pono wau e haʻi aku ʻo ka piko wale o nā mea kanu ʻōpio e ʻohi ʻia e ʻai.ʻO ka mea maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o kāu koho ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻo ʻōpio e ulu hou.I ka hopena, e lōʻihi loa lākou a paʻakikī, akā ʻo ka ʻohi pinepine ʻana e hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ke kau ʻupena a hiki i Iune.

Ma ke kumu paona maloʻo, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻupena i ka protein (ma kahi o 15%) ma mua o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻē aʻe.He kumu maikaʻi lākou o ka hao, potassium, calcium, a me nā Vitamina A a me C, a loaʻa iā lākou ka lakene olakino o Omega-3/Omega-6 fatty acids.Ma muli o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻupena, ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou i mea hānai no nā holoholona ʻohana.I kēia mau lā, hānai ʻia nā ʻupena i nā moa hoʻomoe e hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou huahana.

Ke hōʻike nei ke Kulanui o Maryland Medical Center e kōkua ka ʻupena i ka hōʻoluʻolu i nā hōʻailona, e like me ka paʻakikī o ka mimi ʻana, o Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) i nā kāne.Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻeha e hoʻomaha ai i ka ʻeha, ua ʻōlelo pū ka U o M Medical Center ʻo ka noiʻi "... manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa i kekahi poʻe ke hōʻoluʻolu mai ka ʻeha hui ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lau ʻupena ma luna o ka wahi ʻeha.Hōʻike nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i ka lawe ʻana i kahi ʻāpana waha o ka ʻupena, me nā lāʻau anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal (NSAIDs), hiki i nā kānaka ke hōʻemi i kā lākou NSAID.

E like me kā The Cat in the Hat i ʻōlelo ai, ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō.Manaʻo paha ʻoe e kūʻai aku ana ka U o M i nā ʻupena e like me kā lākou hoʻolaha ʻana iā lākou.E noʻonoʻo i kēia ʻae ʻana: “Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi mua o ke kanaka e kōkua nā capsules nettle i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka sneezing a me ka maʻi ʻana o ka poʻe me ke kuni mauʻu.Ma kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe, 57% o nā maʻi i manaʻo i ka ʻupena i mea maikaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā maʻi allergies, a ʻo 48% i ʻōlelo ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻupena ma mua o nā lāʻau allergy a lākou i hoʻohana ai ma mua.

Hoʻohana ka poʻe māla i ka ʻupena ma ke ʻano he "manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo" no ka mea (nā ʻupena, ʻo ia hoʻi-ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka poʻe māla, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻohui pinepine ʻia i ka lepo.) he kiʻekiʻe i ka nitrogen, a me ka hao a me ka manganese.Hiki nō hoʻi i ka ʻupena ke kōkua i ka huki ʻana i nā iniseti maikaʻi.

He aha ka mea hiki ʻole iā ʻoe ke hana me ka ʻupena?Manaʻo wau ua like lākou me ka "thneed" a Dr. Seuss.Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻaʻahu iā lākou, pū kekahi.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻupena no 2,000 mau makahiki ma ke ʻano he kumu fiber no ka hana lole.I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua hoʻohana ʻo Kelemania i ka fiber nettle e hana i nā lole koa.Ua hana au i ke kaula mai nā kumu ʻupena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenehana maʻalahi i kapa ʻia ʻo reverse-wrapping.

Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi ʻupena, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa e ʻohi ai i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo olakino ke hiki mai ka pūnāwai.Hoʻokahi mea maopopo: Ke hoʻopuni ʻia ʻoe e nā ʻupena, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hopohopo e pili ana i ka hele ʻana i ka nohona!

I kekahi manawa a i ʻole, ua kānalua mākou a pau i kahi palapala i ʻōlelo ʻia i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, akā ua ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo haole e like me ke kānāwai-ese, medical-ese, a i ʻole ʻepekema-ese.ʻO ia mau ʻōlelo hoʻouka kaua hiki ke hoʻokuʻu iā mākou i ka manaʻo ma muli o ka luhi, huikau, huhū a hoʻoweliweli.ʻAe, ua hōʻoia ka ʻepekema i kēia manawa ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi huaʻōlelo nui i ka wā e hana maikaʻi ai ka mea liʻiliʻi he hewa ia no mākou āpau.

ʻO ka paʻi ʻo Pepeluali 12, 2020 o The Ohio State News i hōʻike i kahi noiʻi hou e pili ana i nā pōʻino o ka jargon ʻepekema, alakaʻi ʻia e Hillary Schulman, ke kaukaʻi kōkua o ke kamaʻilio ma Ohio State University.Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Shulman a me kāna hui, "ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo paʻakikī a kūikawā he hōʻailona e haʻi i ka poʻe ʻaʻole lākou.Hiki iā ʻoe ke haʻi iā lākou i ke ʻano o nā huaʻōlelo, akā ʻaʻole ia he mea nui.Ua manaʻo mua lākou ʻaʻole no lākou kēia leka.

Hoʻopiʻi au i kēia manawa a laila e pili ana i ka jargon.E noʻonoʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā holoholona koko pumehana wale nō e moe i ka hoʻoilo.Pono nā mea kolo a me nā amphibians e hōʻoia i kā lākou mau hoaaloha e ʻeha wale lākou i ke kau anuanu, aʻo nā holoholona e hiamoe ana i ka wā wela e pono e ʻōlelo lākou estivate, ma mua o ka hibernate.Haʻalulu au i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i kahi hibernator hibernating ʻole.

Akā ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, he mea hoʻokamani wau, no ka mea makemake malū au i ka jargon, a komo ia i loko o kaʻu palapala ma mua o ke olakino.Ua hoʻomaka ia ma ke Kulanui o Paul Smith ma ka ʻĀkau ʻo NY State i koʻu aʻo ʻana i ka "benthic invertebrates" ʻo ia nā mea kolo i ka lepo a ma lalo o nā pōhaku ma lalo o nā kahawai.Ua lilo koke lākou i mea kūpono i ke aʻo ʻana.Haʻaheo loa au i kaʻu pepa huaʻōlelo, he ʻōlelo hoʻohenehene-Environmental Impact Statement kahi aʻu i haʻi ai i nā mea e like me ka Lloyd, Zar and Carr Modification of the Sorenson Coefficient of Species Diversity and Evenness, kahi i like ai ka huaʻōlelo "C" me 3.321928 (e ʻoluʻolu e nānā. i ka Papa B ma ka Appendix).

Ua ʻike pono koʻu mau polopeka i kaʻu e ʻōlelo nei.Akā ʻo ka pōʻino o kahi kamaʻāina maʻamau e makemake ana e ʻike i ka hopena o ka mega-development i ko lākou kūlanakauhale home ʻaʻole i loaʻa iaʻu i kēlā manawa.ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā haneli a i ʻole mau tausani o nā ʻaoʻao o ka palaka e like me kēlā i loko o ka Environmental Impact Statement ʻaʻole ia no ka poʻe nāwaliwali o ka naʻau.

A laila ua hana au no ka New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) e noiʻi a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka lepo a me ka wai lepo i haumia ʻia e ka ʻaila a me nā solvents.A i ʻole, ma ka jargon o ka ʻoihana, L-NAPL a me D-NAPL.ʻElua ʻano ʻāpala ʻawaʻawa kēlā, manaʻo wau.ʻOiaʻiʻo, kū lākou no "Light, Non-Aqueous-Phase Liquids" a me "Dense, Non-Aqueous-Phase Liquids."Ma hope o kekahi mau hōʻike piha i kēlā mau huaʻōlelo, a me nā mea e like me ka "air-sparging through heterogeneic micro-lenses in glacial outwash formations," a me "seasonal hydrogeological gradient reversals," e hele koʻu mau maka.A ʻo ia nā pepa aʻu i kākau ai.

I loko o kahi ninaninau me CBC Radio's As It Happens host Carol Off i ka lā hoʻokahi i puka mai ai ka hōʻike a Schulman, ua wehewehe ʻo Schulman "ʻAʻole wau i manaʻo e kākoʻo i ka jargon.Manaʻo wau aia ka pololei a me ka maikaʻi me kēia mau huaʻōlelo i hoʻomaopopo ʻia e ka poʻe ʻike.He kumu nui kēia.ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā jargon maikaʻi a pau aʻu i aʻo ai e hoʻohana ma NYSDEC he mea nui i ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā mea aʻoaʻo a me nā mea hana ʻaelike.Ua ʻike au ma hope o koʻu hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana i loko o ka honua o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā makahiki he nui, ua lilo ia i mea ʻelua e kamaʻilio me kēlā me kēia ala.Pono wau e aʻo hou pehea e kamaʻilio maʻamau i ka mea nona ka hale me ka luawai haumia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i hana ʻia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana kānana.ʻO ke koʻikoʻi, pono paha mākou i ka unuhi ʻana o nā hōʻike loea, i hana ʻia e nā mea kākau maikaʻi loa me ka ʻike ikaika ma kēlā me kēia kahua.

E like me kā Hillary Schulman i haʻi aku ai i ka CBC, "Ke hoʻohana maʻalahi ka poʻe ʻepekema i kēia mau huaʻōlelo e hoʻokaʻawale paha lākou i kā lākou poʻe ʻike ma mua o ko lākou ʻike."ʻAʻole wau kūpono ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema, akā kākau wau e pili ana i ka ʻepekema, no laila e hoʻāʻo wau e hōʻemi koke i ka obfuscatory.

No ka ʻatikala piha mai Ohio State University, e hele i https://news.osu.edu/the-use-of-jargon-kills-peoples-interest-in-science…

ʻOiai ua aʻo mai koʻu makuahine ʻAmelika-ʻAmelika iaʻu ʻo ka prefix O' (ka mamo a) he ʻāpana mua ia o nā inoa inoa Irish maʻamau e like me Kelly, Murphy, Hogan a me Kennedy, he mea kupanaha i koʻu mau pepeiao ke huli koke kēia mau ʻohana i ka Old. -ʻAno honua.Loaʻa iaʻu ka pilikia like me ka marsupial New-World, ka opossum.Ma ke awāwa ʻo Genesee o New York State kahi aʻu i ulu ai, ua ʻike ʻia kēia poʻe poʻokela ma ke ʻano he possums, a he mea ʻē aʻe ka lohe ʻana i ko lākou inoa i haʻi ʻia me ʻekolu syllables.

ʻO nā ʻano opossums he 103 i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua, kokoke nā mea a pau e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hema a me Central America (no ka moʻolelo, ʻaʻohe posum a ʻaʻohe opossums ma ʻIlelani).Ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, hoʻokahi wale nō kā mākou, ʻo Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana).

Me he mea lā ua ulu kēia holoholona ma ʻAmelika Hema, i ʻike mua ʻia ma ka moʻolelo mōʻalihaku ma kahi o 20 miliona mau makahiki i hala.Ua auwana ʻo ia i ka ʻākau ma kahi o 2.7 miliona mau makahiki i hala i ka wā i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Great American Interchange," i ʻike ʻia he ʻano papahana hoʻololi haole mua.ʻO ia ka manawa i hoʻouka ʻia ai nā ʻano ʻano ʻākau e like me nā dia, nā alopeke, nā lapeti, nā bea, nā ʻīlio hae a me nā ʻotters i ʻAmelika Hema.Ma waho aʻe o nā possums, ʻo nā mea ʻino o ka hema i neʻe i ke kūkulu ʻākau, ʻo ia nā anteaters a me nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa vampire, a me ka puʻu o nā ʻano mea makemake ʻole i ko mākou wā, a ua pau koke i kēia.

E like me ka skunk, moose, muskrat, woodchuck a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe he nui maoli i ka ʻAmelika, ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea momona i ʻike ʻia e mākou he poʻe malihini ʻEulopa e kekahi o ko lākou inoa maoli.I kēia hihia, ʻo ka opossum he huaʻōlelo Powhatan, i kākau mua ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania e Kāpena John Smith ma kahi o 1609 ma Jamestown ma ka kolone o Virginia.Ua heluhelu au e pili ana ka hua'ōlelo Powhatan "apassum" i kahi mea keʻokeʻo a like me ka ʻīlio, akā ua wehewehe ʻo Smith i ka nui o ka holoholona i ka pōpoki, me ka huelo o ka ʻiole, a me ke poʻo e like me ka puaʻa.

ʻOiai i kēia mau lā, ʻakaʻaka ka poʻe i ka hui ʻana o ka opossum me nā ʻāpana koena, ʻoiai ke manaʻo nei au e lawe ka platypus i ka makana no ia, (webbed) lima iho.Pono wau e ʻae aku i ka nui o ka posum: He mau manamana lima kūʻē lākou e like me nā ʻoki, nā koalas a me nā pandas, ʻoiai ʻo ko lākou mau wāwae hope, ʻaʻole i mua, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi.ʻO ka marsupial ʻAmelika wale nō, loaʻa iā lākou kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻa pēpē i kūkulu ʻia e like me nā kangaroos a me nā wallabies.He paʻa ko lākou huelo, hiki iā ia ke ʻōwili a hopu i nā mea e like me ka hiki i ka monkey.A me ka waha i piha i 50 niho like me ka nila, ʻo ka possum ka niho niho loa o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.He ʻuʻuku paha lākou o nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, a ʻoi aku ka like me ka holoholona nui.

Maikaʻi paha kēlā ʻano hoʻohālikelike, no ka mea, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā possums, ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo i ka mea a lākou e ʻai ai a i ko lākou wahi e noho ai.Hiki i kā lākou meaʻai ke komo i kekahi mea mai ka ʻōpala a me ka ʻiʻo popopo, i nā huaʻai hou a me nā mea kanu, i nā amphibians ola a me nā hua manu.Aia ka ʻohana opossum a hiki i ka ʻumikūmākolu pēpē joeys ma ka home i loko o kahi kumulāʻau lua i loko o ka ululāʻau, kahi lua lāʻau i haʻalele ʻia ma kahi mahiʻai, a i ʻole ma lalo o ka lānai hope o ke kūlanakauhale.

He inoa maikaʻi ʻole ko lākou pili ʻana i ke kino a me nā meaʻai pilau, akā ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻiole, nā raccoons a me nā skunks e mālama nei i nā pahu wai wai a me nā mea pepehi alanui, puka mai lākou me ka ʻala e like me ka rose.ʻO ka mea hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole loaʻa nā possums i ka rabies.Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ko lākou haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kino e paʻakikī ai ke ola ʻana o ka maʻi, ʻo ia ke kumu i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ai lākou he vector rabies.Maʻa mau lākou, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e hoʻopilikia i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, inā paha e huhū ʻino ka posum, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hakakā hou.ʻO ka "pāʻani possum" ʻaʻole ia he hoʻolālā, akā he pane neurological e like me ka hopu ʻana.I ka wili ʻana o kona kino a ʻoʻoleʻa, huki hou kona mau lehelehe e hōʻike i nā niho, i uhi ʻia i ka huʻa kohu.ʻO ka ʻaoʻao leʻaleʻa ʻo ia ke kahe ʻana o ka wai pilau mai kona mau ʻōpū anal.He mau minuke a hiki i kekahi mau hola no ka ʻike hou ʻana o ka holoholona.ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia hana koʻikoʻi i ka DNA possum.ʻOi aku ka ikaika o kēia ʻano hana ʻole me ka makahiki, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i kahi ʻōpio ke maule i ka memo no kekahi mau minuke i loko o kahi pāʻani hoʻohihi.

I kēia manawa ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka maʻi ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka deer tick ma ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo ka maʻi Lyme a me kona mau ʻano like ʻole, a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe i lawe ʻia i ka tick, he mea hoʻoweliweli maoli.Inā ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu nā opossums iā ʻoe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kou makemake iā lākou ke aʻo ʻoe ua ʻai lākou ma kahi o 95% o nā ticks i loaʻa iā lākou ma ko lākou kino.Ua paʻa pū ʻia lākou i ka pahupaʻikiʻi e ʻai ana i nā ʻaʻa ʻāʻī mai nā maka o ka dia.Ma muli o ka pehu ʻana o ka maʻi wahine i piha i 600 mau manawa i kona kaumaha kino mua, manaʻo wau ʻo ka ʻai ʻana i hoʻokahi ka mea like me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi sausage koko no ka ʻaina ahiahi.

He ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o ka nui o nā ticks a lākou e pepehi ai, akā i ka wā o kona ola ʻana ʻelua a ʻehā makahiki, hiki i ka opossum ke pepehi i ka nui o 20,000 a 40,000 ticks.ʻOiai e like paha ia me he mea lā e hoʻomaka kākou a pau i ka hānai ʻana i nā ʻiʻo puaʻa, e hoʻokomo kākou i kēia i loko o ka pōʻaiapili: ʻo ia mau helu ke hōʻike nei i nā hua o ka 7 a 14 mau ʻiʻo dia wahine wale nō.Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka ʻole.

Wahi a researchgate.net, ua kaupalena ʻia nā opossums i ka hikina hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki i hala.I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻomaka ko lākou laina mai Texas hikina a hiki i ka ʻĀkau ʻo Illinois, a laila hikina, e hele ana ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o nā Lakes Nui ma kahi laina ʻāpiki ma ka ʻākau o Pennsylvania a hiki i kahakai.

I kēia manawa ua loaʻa lākou ma Wisconsin, Michigan, a me New England, a ma ka hema o Ontario a me Quebec pū kekahi.I koʻu neʻe ʻana i ke awāwa ʻo St. Lawrence i ka makahiki 2000, ua hōʻoia ka poʻe kamaʻāina i ulu aʻe ma laila ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā possums ma ia wahi.ʻAʻole hiki i ka makahiki 2016 kaʻu ʻike ʻana i kaʻu opossum i pepehi ʻia i ke alanui ma laila.Mai ia manawa, ua maʻa mau ka ʻike i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

ʻAʻole maopopo inā he laha maoli kēia o ka laha ʻana, a i ʻole ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke aniau e like me ka lōʻihi o ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻoilo mālie.ʻAʻole moe ka opossums, no laila hiki i ke anu nui ke kumu i kaupalena ʻia ko lākou ākea.ʻAʻole naʻe, manaʻo wau e hoʻokipa mākou i nā hōʻea ʻokoʻa akā i kāhiko maikaʻi ʻia.He poʻe malihini mākou a pau i hoʻokahi manawa.

No ka ʻatikala piha mai Ohio State University, e hele i https://news.osu.edu/the-use-of-jargon-kills-peoples-interest-in-science…

Leʻaleʻa pinepine kaʻu wahine francophone i koʻu hoʻomaka ʻana i ka apprendre la langue, e like me ka manawa aʻu i ʻōlelo ai ʻo connard i koʻu manaʻo ʻana i ka canard.No ka poʻe ʻōlelo Pelekania monolingual ma laila, ʻo ka canard ke ʻano o ka ʻiʻo, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻōlelo like ʻole o connard he huaʻōlelo e like me ka "spithead," a ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake e ʻōlelo i kāu mau keiki.Akā ma kahi o nā mallards a me nā puddle-ducks ʻē aʻe, pili nā mea ʻelua.ʻO ka drake a kāne paha he connard loa i kekahi manawa.

ʻO ka manaʻo Darwinian "survival of the fittest" ʻaʻole ia e pili ana i ka mea i lanakila i ka hakakā antler a i ʻole ka hakakā lima.'O ke kino, 'o ia ho'i ke kūpono 'ana i ke kaiapuni o ke kanaka i mea e ola lō'ihi ai e hana hou a ho'oili i kāna DNA.Ma luna o nā mea a pau, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi.

ʻO ka mallard, ʻo ia paha ka ʻiʻo i ʻike nui ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau me ka drake nona ke poʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka pila ʻalani ʻālani a me ke kola keʻokeʻo mua, ʻo ia paha ka mea kūpono loa.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Lee Foote ka mea olaola o ke Kulanui o Alberta iā lākou "ka Chevy Impala o nā pāpaʻi."No ka poʻe i hānau ʻia ma hope o 1990, ʻo ka Impala kahi i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea āpau, kahi sedan kokoke i ka pōkā.

Ma muli o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me Central, Eurasia a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau, ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) i ʻAmelika Hema, Australia, New Zealand, a me ʻApelika Hema.ʻOi aku paha ka lawelawe ma mua o ka Impala.ʻO ka International Union for Conservation of Nature, kahi hui i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, papa inoa iā ia (ka ʻeke, ʻaʻole ke kaʻa) ma ke ʻano he "ʻano liʻiliʻi loa.

hopohopo.”He manaʻo ʻole kēia inoa, akā aia ka hopohopo ma nā wahi e like me South Africa a me New

ʻAʻole like me nā kaʻa, kahi maikaʻi nā hybrids akā kakaʻikahi ka manuahi, mallard hybrids ka mea maʻamau e nalowale koke nā ʻeke ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻokoʻa.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo kahi hiʻohiʻona wehewehe o kahi ʻano ʻano ʻo ia ka hiki ʻole ke hele me nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe e hoʻohua ai i nā keiki, a i ʻole nā mea momona.ʻAʻole i heluhelu ʻo Mallards i ka palapala.Ke inaina nei au i ka hana ʻana o ke ʻano.

ʻO Mallard hyper-hybridization ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o lākou i ka Pleistocene hope loa, i nā huaʻōlelo evolutionary.ʻO Mallards a me ko lākou mau hoahānau "wale nō" i hoʻi i kahi mau haneli haneli mau makahiki.Ua loaʻa i nā holoholona he mau miliona makahiki i hala aku nei e hoʻolaha a hoʻomohala i nā hoʻololi kūʻokoʻa, e komo pū ana me nā loli kino a me nā ʻano hana e hoʻohālikelike ʻole ai lākou me nā ʻano pili i hoʻokahi manawa.

Hoʻopili pinepine ʻo Mallards me nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻAmelika, akā hoʻohua pū kekahi me nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe he ʻumi paha, i kekahi mau mea e hopena ai i ka nalowale a kokoke i ka pau ʻana o nā ʻano.Wahi a ka Global Invasive Species Database (GISD), "No ka hopena [o ka mallard interbreeding], ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka ʻiʻo Mekiko he ʻano ʻano, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ʻelima pākēneka o nā ʻiole hina ʻole o New Zealand i hoʻohuihui ʻole ʻia."

ʻO Mallards kekahi ʻano puddle a dabbling duck, e kuʻi i ko lākou mau poʻo ma lalo o ka wai e ʻai ai i nā mollusks, nā ʻōpala a me nā ilo, ʻaʻole i ka luʻu ʻana ma hope o ka ʻai.ʻAi pū lākou i nā ʻanoʻano, nā mauʻu a me nā mea kanu wai.Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia i nā kānaka, ʻoluʻolu lākou e ʻohi i ka berena kahiko ma nā paka kūlanakauhale.

ʻO kā lākou hoʻolālā male, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ke kuleana o ko lākou kūleʻa, he hōʻailona paha ia.Ma kahi o 97% o nā ʻano manu o ka honua, ʻo ka male ʻana he hanana pōkole a waho kahi e hāʻawi ʻia ai nā mea a ke kāne i ka wahine ma ka hoʻopā ʻana i ko lāua mau hope i ka mea i kapa ʻia (e nā kānaka ma ka liʻiliʻi) he “honi cloacal. ”ʻO ka cloaca ka wehe ʻana o ka manu i hoʻohana ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i nā hua manu, nā feces a me nā mea a pau, inā pono.Ke kani nei kēia hana PG-13 i ke aloha.

Ua hele kekahi mau ʻeke i ka ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, e ʻimi ana i ka X-rated, ka wahine kolohe.Hiki i nā kāne puddle-duck ke loa'a nā lālā i lō'ihi aku ma mua o ko lākou kino, kahi e ho'okomo pono ai i nā mea no mākou.Eia kekahi, he mea maʻamau ka hui pū ʻana o kekahi mau mallard drakes me kēlā me kēia moa, i kekahi manawa i ka manawa hoʻokahi, i kekahi manawa e hopena ai i ka hōʻeha a i ʻole, kakaʻikahi, ka make o ka wahine.

Me he mea lā he ala maikaʻi ʻole kēia e holo ai i kahi ʻano, me nā drake e hana i ka wahine.Akā mai kahi hiʻohiʻona ola pūʻulu, aia kekahi manaʻo.Ua ʻike ʻia nā wahine e hōʻiliʻili ana i nā kāne-pepa ʻaʻohe mea maikaʻi e hana ai.ʻO ke kumu e hoʻouka ai ka moa mallard i ka hale loko wai a i ʻole nā drakehangouts ʻē aʻe e kiʻi iā lākou e hahai iā ia e pili ana i kona ola.ʻOkoʻa me ka kuihi Kanada, ʻike ʻia e ola ana mai ka ʻumi a i ka iwakāluakūmālima mau makahiki ma ke ʻano, ʻo nā mallards hihiu ka awelika o ke ola o ʻekolu a ʻelima mau makahiki.ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka pākēneka kiʻekiʻe o nā wahine, e hoʻomaka ana i ka hānau ʻana i nā makahiki ʻelua, e male hoʻokahi wale nō i ko lākou ola.ʻO nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa lehulehu, ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ka moa, e hōʻoia i ka momona o kāna mau hua.

A he mea huna ko ka ʻiole kaikamahine, inā he ʻano ʻano, hoʻolālā - i ka manawa e loaʻa ai i ka moa ka manaʻo o nā kāne, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke kipaku iā lākou akā hiki iā ia ke koho i ka papa duckling.Inā ʻaʻole kūpono ke kāne iā ia, e alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka penis loser-drake i loko o ka hopena make a hiki i ka hana ʻana, kahi hoʻopunipuni hoʻopunipuni.Akā inā makemake ʻo ia

he drake, e ʻae ʻia ke kanaka laki e hele i nā ʻeiwa iwilei holoʻokoʻa.No laila e ʻōlelo - kānalua wau ʻo ia ka lōʻihi.

ʻIke loa, ʻaʻole pono nā mallards i kā mākou kōkua i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo maikaʻi – a pāpā paha nā kānāwai kūloko iā ia – e hānai i nā moa wai.Hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka haumia o ka wai a me nā maʻi, ʻo kekahi mau maʻi e pili ana i ke kanaka.ʻO ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau," he maʻi pāpaʻi hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka poʻe hele kahakai, ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa o lākou.Ua ʻōlelo ka GISD "… ʻo nā mallard ka mea nui loa o ka H5N1 [ka maʻi maʻi manu] no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ka maʻi ma mua o nā pākē ʻē aʻe me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia i kona hopena… Hāʻawi i kahi loulou i nā manu wai hihiu, nā holoholona holoholona, a me nā kānaka e hoʻolilo iā ia i vector kūpono o ka maʻi make.

ʻO ke ola pōkole o nā mallards i alakaʻi i nā ʻano e hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā e komo pū ana me nā ʻano kāne koʻikoʻi.ʻAʻohe kumu o ke kanaka.He ducky inā hiki iā mākou ke ʻae ʻaʻole e hana e like me ka connard, akā ʻaʻole maoli ia i loko o kahi honua paʻakikī.Hiki paha iā mākou ke hoʻāʻo e lilo i ʻōlelo ʻelua.

I kekahi manawa, noʻonoʻo wau inā ua lōʻihi nā maʻi Baibala o ʻAigupita kahiko i kekahi ʻano a i ʻole.Ke piʻi aʻe nei nā pua o nā algae ʻona, e hoʻololi i ka wai i ʻulaʻula koko.Ua pani ʻia nā makika a me nā makika e nā ʻiʻo dia, aʻu e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ai ʻoi aku ka ʻino, a ʻaʻohe hapa o ka huahekili i ke kau.ʻAʻole paha i loaʻa mai nā palaka mai ka wā o Paraʻo, akā, ʻo nā koʻo ʻawaʻawa i lawe ʻia mai i ʻAuseteralia ke holo nei i laila, e hoʻopau ana i nā ʻano holoholona maoli.A i kēia manawa, hoʻopilikia nui nā ʻūhini i Somalia, ʻAitiopa a me Kenya.

Eia ma ka Hikina ʻĀkau, ua pōmaikaʻi mākou i ke ʻano o nā ʻūhini hānai e hoʻomau nei i ka ʻeha ma ʻApelika.Eia nō naʻe, ua lilo nā ʻūhini i pilikia i ka makahiki 2014 ka New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) i haʻi aku i ka ʻūhini he Regulated Invasive Species, ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi mokuʻāina manuahi."ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo nā ʻūhini wale nō ke kānāwai ma kahi ʻano hiki ʻole ke pakele.

E like me ka mea maʻamau, he wehe hoʻopunipuni kēia, ʻaʻole wau e kala mai.I loko o ko mākou ʻāʻī o ka ululāʻau, ʻo nā ʻūhini e pili ana i ka NYSDEC a me nā hui mālama mālama ʻē aʻe he ʻūhini ʻeleʻele (Robinia pseudoacacia), nā kumu lāʻau i ka Central-Eastern US.

He lālā o ka ʻohana pī, ʻo ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele ma kahi o 60-80 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe, a hana i kāna lako naikokene ponoʻī ma ka "hoʻopaʻa ʻana" i ka naikokene lewa ma o ka hua bacteria lepo symbiotic ma nā nodule aʻa.Hāʻawi kēia mea hoʻomomona manuahi i nā ʻūhini i ka maikaʻi ma nā wahi ʻai ʻole.Eia hou, he poʻe akamai lākou i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā lākou iho ma o nā ʻōpuʻu aʻa a i ʻole nā sprouts, e like me nā poplars.Ma kahi o ka lepo ʻilihune, hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i nā ulu ʻūhini kokoke i ka monoculture.Hāʻawi hou ka ʻūhini i kahi maka ʻeleʻele ʻē aʻe ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kākalaioa ʻoi e hiki ke ʻoki i ka lole a me ka ʻili.

Ma ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻo kahi ʻano invasive mai kahi kaiaola ʻē aʻe (maʻamau ma nā ʻāina ʻē), hiki ke ulu a hoʻololi i nā mea hoʻokūkū maoli, a hoʻoulu i nā hopena waiwai, kaiaola, a i ʻole ke ola kino kanaka.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka emerald ash borer, Asian longhorned beetle, Japanese knotweed, a me swallow-wort i kūpono i kēlā bila, e hoʻopilikia ai i nā piliona, akā ʻaʻohe o nā ʻano hoʻōla.

Manaʻo wau he hewa ke pena ʻana i nā mea invasive āpau me ka pulu hoʻokahi.No ka mea hoʻokahi, no ka mea aia ma mua o 400 mau ʻano invasive ma NY State wale nō, e pau nā bristles ma mua o ka hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hana.He mea kupanaha ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele, i hoʻolaha ʻia e kekahi mau moʻolelo mai kona ʻano ʻōiwi he 500 a ʻoi aʻe paha mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kapa ʻia ʻo invasive i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala.Ma nā pā kula, a me nā wahi noho manu mauu, he pilikia maoli nō ia.Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā wahi ʻē aʻe kahi i maopopo pono ai ka pōmaikaʻi, ʻoihana a me ka ecological.

Ua kākau ʻo Kauka Robert P. Barrett o ke Kulanui Mokuʻāina ʻo Michigan, nāna i noiʻi i nā lāʻau ʻūhini ʻeleʻele mai ka makahiki 1978, "… ma muli o nā flavonoids i loko o ka puʻuwai, [ʻo ka lāʻau ʻūhini ʻeleʻele] hiki ke hoʻomau i nā makahiki he 100 i ka lepo."E neʻe, ʻulaʻula, he 30 makahiki wale nō.ʻO ka pale-rota ka mea i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke koi no nā pou pā ʻūhini ma mua o ka lako i kēia manawa.

ʻO kēia ʻano maikaʻi ke kumu i lawe ʻia mai ai ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele i ʻEulopa i ka makahiki 1600.I ka wā lōʻihi, ua hana ka poʻe ululāʻau ʻEulopa i kahi hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke koho ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka pololei, nā ʻōpala ʻaʻahu, a i kēia lā ʻo nā kumu maikaʻi loa no ka ʻūhini maikaʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia aia ma Hungary.Ua ʻike koke ka poʻe mahiʻai ʻEulopa he kumu waiwai nui ka lau ʻūhini no nā holoholona ruminant, a hiki i kēia lā ua hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ʻEulopa a me nā ʻāina he nui o ʻAsia kahi i lawe ʻia aku ai ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele.

Ke kākau nei no ka Cornell Small Farms Program, Extension Specialist Steve Gabriel i ʻike i ka waiwai o ka poʻe mālama pipi i ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele.ʻO kona mau pua kahi kumu nui o ka nectar no ka nalo meli, a ʻo ka meli i loaʻa, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka meli acacia, ʻimi nui ʻia.Ua kākau pū ʻo Gabriel e hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele ma ke ʻano he "hua hānai hānai" no nā māla wōnati no ka mea e hoʻokomo i ka nitrogen i loko o ka lepo, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ke kino i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā aʻa wōnati.

ʻO kekahi kumu ʻo ia ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele kūpono no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i nā lua ʻiliʻili, nā mines a me nā wahi paʻakikī ʻē aʻe.Ma ka hopena o kāna pepa 1990 "Black Locust: A Multi-Purpose Tree Species for Temperate Climates," wahi a Dr. Barrett "Ma ke ʻano o kekahi o nā kumu lāʻau hiki ke hoʻololi a ulu wikiwiki i loaʻa no nā piʻi wela, e waiwai mau ʻia no ka erosion. ka hoʻomalu a me ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana i nā wahi paʻakikī.Pono paha nā ululāʻau hou o nā ʻano ulu wikiwiki e hoʻolōʻihi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o CO2 i ko mākou lewa.

ʻAʻole wale ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele ma nā wahi ʻilihune, ʻo kona wahie ka waiwai wela kiʻekiʻe loa no kēlā me kēia kumu lāʻau ma ka Hikina ʻĀkau.ʻAʻole ʻae like nā palapala Wood-BTU, ma muli paha o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ulu ʻana mai kēlā me kēia wahi e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka lāʻau, akā helu pinepine ʻia ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele ma waena o 28 miliona a me 29.7 miliona BTU no ke kaula.Hoʻokomo kēia i ka par me, a i ʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o, hickory.Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ʻana e ka Southern Forest Biomass Working Group o kēlā me kēia ʻano lāʻau i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ʻo ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele ka mea liʻiliʻi loa e ulu a loaʻa ka waiwai wela nui loa, me kahi o 200 miliona BTU no ka ʻeka ma hope o ʻelima mau makahiki.

Ma ke kālepa, makemake nui ʻia ka ʻūhini ʻeleʻele no nā lāʻau koʻu, nā kaula kaʻaahi, ka hana waʻa, a no nā noi he nui i mea nui ka pale ʻana i ka pala.Wahi a wood-database.com, "He lāʻau paʻakikī a ikaika loa ʻo Black Locust, e hoʻokūkū ana me Hickory (Carya genus) ma ke ʻano he lāʻau ʻoi loa a ʻoi loa ka ʻoi loa o ka hale, akā me ka paʻa a me ka pale ʻana i ka pala."Ke manaʻo nei ka International Union for the Conservation of Nature ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu lāʻau hoʻomau a pili i ka kaiaola, a ʻōlelo ka National Wildlife Foundation he 57 mau ʻano pepeke a me nā moth.ʻO nā kumu maikaʻi a pau e hahau ai i nā ʻūhini mai ka papa inoa o nā maʻi ʻino.

I ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke ola olakino, makemake wau e aʻo aku i ka lehulehu e pili ana i nā kemika weliweli i kā mākou meaʻai a me nā mea inu.ʻO kekahi mea paʻakikī ke pale aku.E makaʻala no ka Dihydrogen Oxide, he pūhui weliweli hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka metala, hoʻoheheʻe i ke kaʻa, a hoʻopōʻino i nā ʻano mea hale.E kali, ʻaʻole - he wai wale nō kēlā.Ua hauʻoli i ka mea ʻole.

ʻAe, eia kekahi nūhou nūhou: ʻike ʻia nā kāloti kūlohelohe (2E,4E,6E,8E) -3,7-dimethyl-9- (2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen), ʻike ʻia hoʻi he waikawa retinoic.Paʻa pno;kala mai - ʻo ia ka Vitamin A maoli. Akā, ʻo ka soybeans-free pesticide ua paʻa maoli me ka 4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl) -2-methylpyridin.ʻO ia ka mea e noʻonoʻo ʻelua e kau i ka tofu ma kāu ʻōpala.ʻAe, ua hana hou au.ʻO kēlā mea ʻo Vitamin B6, i loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā kīʻaha - kala mai no ka waiho ʻana i koʻu wāwae i loko o koʻu waha.

Makemake mākou a pau i ka meaʻai olakino, ʻono maikaʻi, ʻaʻohe ʻawaʻawa.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻike inā kūpono kā mākou meaʻai i kēlā wehewehe.ʻO nā huaʻōlelo e like me ka "organic" a me ka "kūlohelohe" ua lilo i wai-i lalo a ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi kohu o ka bureaucracy - aʻu e ʻōlelo aku nei e pale aku nā mea a pau, ma ke ala - a ua nalowale ka nui o ko lākou manaʻo.I ka pōkole (koe inā ʻaʻole ʻoe maʻi), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā meaʻai i ke kau a me ka ʻāina.Inā ʻo Certified Organic ka mea kanu, a i ʻole hiki ke hōʻoia i kā lākou huahana a i ʻole ka ʻiʻo i mālama ʻia me nā kemika, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.Akā ʻaʻohe ala e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i kahi meaʻai me ka ʻole o nā mea hoʻohui.

Hoʻokahi mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai, ʻo nā meaʻai a pau a mākou e ʻai ai - a ʻo kā mākou mau sela ponoʻī - ua hana ʻia i nā kemika.Ma muli o ka ʻōlelo a kekahi e hoʻohana ai, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea he weliweli.

Aia kekahi hui i kapa ʻia ʻo ka International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists a i ʻole IUPAC, nona ka hana e huikau iā mākou.ʻAe, ʻo ia kā lākou hana, akā ʻaʻole ko lākou manaʻo.Akā, ua ʻae kēia poʻe i kahi ʻōnaehana inoa honua no nā mea kemika i ʻole ka ʻōlelo i mea pale i ka noiʻi.Akā, laila

ʻO ka mea e hana maoli ʻia, ʻike pinepine ʻia kahi mea olakino i ka poʻe non-chemists.Inā makemake ʻoe i ka ʻala o nā lāʻau paina, e like me kaʻu e hana nei, ke komo nei ʻoe i ka isomeric tertiary a me ka second cyclic terpene alcohols.He mea weliweli, akā palekana loa.He ʻokoʻa ka haku mele ma nā ʻano, akā inā he paina keʻokeʻo, honi ʻoe i ka helu CAS 8002-09-3.Ma ke ʻano paʻa, helu ʻia ka ʻaila pine ma ke ʻano he pesticide a me kahi mea hoʻonāukiuki maka.He pāʻani inoa wale nō naʻe.E ʻoluʻolu, e hoʻomau i kāu hele wāwae i ka ululāʻau.

ʻO ka mea pilikia iaʻu ʻo ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā inoa.ʻOiai ke ʻai nei au i ka ʻiʻo, ua huhū au i ka ʻike ʻana i kahi kiʻi pūnaewele hou e hōʻino ana i nā meaʻai i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka mea kanu, nā meaʻai like me ka ʻiʻo (a i ʻole nā mea aʻu i ʻae ʻia e nā lobbyists a me nā loio e ʻōlelo) no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā "kemika weliweli" i loko o lākou.Ua haʻi ka hoʻolaha i ka iron phosphate, "he maunu slug;"titanium dioxide, "he mea keokeo i hoohanaia i ka pena;"a me na mea weliweli e ae.

ʻAe, ʻo ka hao phosphate he pūhui kūlohelohe.Maikaʻi nō hoʻi iā ʻoe, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻai i ke kaumaha o kou kino.Ma laila e hewa ai nā slugs.ʻAʻole maoli ka Titanium dioxide, akā ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo nei au ua ʻai paha ʻoe i hoʻokahi paona o ia mea i kēia manawa, no ka mea, aia ia i loko o kā mākou mea ʻala a pau, ka ʻaila kofe, nā kukui,

ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lāʻau kahi kumuhana hiki iaʻu ke hoʻoikaika nui.ʻAʻole kūpono, maikaʻi ʻole, kūpono ʻole, weliweli, a hiki paha ke hoʻonui i ka ʻōhule kāne a me nā hopena pule ua.ʻAʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia, weliweli, ʻino a yucko!Akaka loa kēlā.He mau nīnau?ʻO, he aha ka lāʻau topping?Paʻa pno.Mmmph ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.Pono e holoi i ka huʻa ma koʻu waha.

ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka lāʻau, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia maoli i kou lauoho a i ʻole ka lewa, ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana i nā lālā a i ʻole nā kumu kumu i kahi lōʻihi ʻole, e waiho ana i nā ʻōpala.Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ke poʻo, ka pāpale a i ʻole ka tipping, hoʻohewa ʻia e The International Society of Arboriculture a me nā hui mālama lāʻau ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.

ʻAʻole e huikau ʻia ka topping me ka pollarding, kahi hana e pili ana i ka wā feudal i hiki ai ke pepehi ʻia ka poʻe mahiʻai no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā kumulāʻau o ke aliʻi, akā ua ʻae ʻia e ʻoki i ka hoʻonui ʻia o kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka callus "pō" no ka hoʻohana ʻana i wahie a hānai ʻai.ʻAʻole hana ka pollard i nā ʻano ʻano a pau, a pono e hoʻomaka ʻia ke kūleʻa i ka wā ʻōpiopio o ka lāʻau, a hoʻomau ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Hoʻi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.Hoʻopōkole ʻo ia i kahi lāʻau, akā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻololi i ka DNA o ka lāʻau e aʻo iā ia e ulu i kona ʻano pono.Ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka lālā maoli e ka hoʻoulu ʻana, puka mai ka ulu hou mai ka ʻili.ʻO kēia mau wana, i kapa ʻia ʻo epicormic sprouts, e lilo i mau lālā nui.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, pili maikaʻi ʻole lākou i ka lāʻau makua.

Ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ka lāʻau e loaʻa hou i kona kiʻekiʻe genetically mandated, ulu wikiwiki nā lālā hou ma mua o ka mea maʻamau.Ua ʻike ʻoe ʻo ka wikiwiki e hoʻopau ʻia, a i ka wā e ʻoki ai ka lāʻau i kēia mau lālā pani, "poina" ia i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui o ka lignin, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lāʻau i ke ʻano o nā kaola hoʻoikaika kila i ka lāʻau.ʻO Lignin ka mea e hāʻawi ai i ka ikaika o nā lālā.No laila, i kēia manawa ua ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o nā lālā ma mua o nā kumu mua, a pili maikaʻi ʻia i ke kumu a i ʻole nā lālā lālā nui.

Akā ʻelua mau mea ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ia ka palaho, e kau ana ma kēlā me kēia ʻeha luna.Hoʻopili koke ʻia kā mākou mau lālā palupalu i kahi ʻōpala pala.He kanakolu makahiki a i ʻole ma lalo o ʻelima mau makahiki, akā ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻoki ʻoki ʻia e ulu i kahi lālā pepehi.ʻO nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nui o ke ola, ʻekolu o lākou he "make," "ʻauhau," a "hoʻoulu ka lāʻau i nā pōʻino."

ʻO ka mea ʻelua ka waihona kālā o ka lāʻau.Pono e lawe ke kumulāʻau papale i ke kālā mai loko mai o ka panakō (starch out of storage) e pani i ka lāʻau lau i ka manawa i ʻaihue ʻia ka hapa nui o kāna waihona kālā, ka starch i mālama ʻia i loko o nā ʻiʻo lāʻau. .

Pono nā kumu lāʻau i mea e hana ai i nā kemika pale e pale aku i nā mea ʻino a me ka palaho, e hoʻonui i nā ʻōnaehana aʻa, a hoʻohua i nā lau o kēlā me kēia makahiki.ʻOi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka lāʻau i luna a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka pohō, nā maʻi, a me nā iniseti ma mua o kona "lāʻau ʻana."Inā makemake ʻia kahi lāʻau pōkole, pono ke kanu ʻia kahi ʻano ʻano pōkole.

Me he mea lā ke holo hope nei au, akā aia kekahi hana i kapa ʻia ʻo “crown-reduction pruning” hiki ke hoʻemi iki i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kumu lāʻau paʻa me ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou hana kūlohelohe.Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke kalaunu e hana pono.Hiki iā ia ke hoʻemi i ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi lāʻau i 20-25 pakeneka, a pono e hana hou ʻia i kēlā me kēia 3-5 mau makahiki e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e ka arborist akamai.

ʻO kekahi hana ʻē aʻe, i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka lei aliʻi," e pili ana i ka hopohopo e pili ana i kahi lāʻau e puhi ana.ʻO kēia ke ʻoki pono ʻana o nā lālā i loko o ka canopy e hōʻemi i ka pale ʻana i ka makani.Hiki ke lawe ʻia he 20% o nā lālā ola.Eia hou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ma mua o ka topping.

ʻO ka International Society of Arboriculture, kahi hui noiʻi a me ka hoʻonaʻauao o nā limahana mālama lāʻau, ʻōlelo aʻo i ka lehulehu ʻaʻole pono e hoʻolimalima ʻia kahi hui lāʻau e hoʻolaha ana i ka topping no kekahi hana.Kau.ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokuʻu iā lākou e hehi i kāu waiwai.ʻO kahi hui makemake e hoʻonui i nā kumulāʻau ma ka wehewehe ʻana he haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka ʻoihana, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka mālama lāʻau, me nā kaʻina hana palekana.

ʻAe ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka lāʻau, akā naʻe, no ka poʻe a pau e hauʻoli ana i nā pā pāpale he kanahā kapuaʻi, a me nā hoʻopiʻi kuleana.I kēia manawa aia kekahi mau nīnau?

ʻO Paul Hetzler he ISA-Certified Arborist mai 1996, a he lālā o ISA-Ontario, a me ka Society of American Foresters.ʻO kāna puke "Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World," aia ma amazon.com

I kēlā me kēia makahiki aʻo au i kekahi mau papa ʻike kumu lāʻau hoʻoilo.ʻOiai paʻa mau ʻia lākou ma waho me ke anuanu, hōʻike nā loiloi haumāna he leʻaleʻa maʻamau ia mau papa.ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā haumāna pehea e haʻi ai i kahi kumu lāʻau paʻa ʻole lau mai kahi ʻē aʻe kekahi mea, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumu e pilikia ai kekahi.ʻO kekahi pane paha, "Aia ma ka ho'āʻo."Akā he nui nā kumu kūpono - a me kekahi mau mea hoʻonāukiuki a hoihoi - e ʻike i kekahi ʻano lāʻau mai kekahi i ka hoʻoilo.

Mai ka manaʻo ola, ʻo ka mea i ʻike iā ia iho ua nalowale a paʻa paha (a i ʻole ka paʻakikī e hele i kahi hoʻomoana) i ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo, hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono ʻia ma ka inu ʻana i ke kohu.Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana ma luna o ka hau i ke ao a ma lalo i ka pō, loaʻa ke kohu mai ke kō, nā maple palupalu (ʻulaʻula), a me ke kālā.E kahe nō hoʻi ka wai maple i ka hāʻule i ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai ma mua o ka puka ʻana o nā lau, hoʻopau ke kahe ʻana o ka maple sap, akā ʻo nā birches - keʻokeʻo (pepa), melemele, ʻeleʻele, hina, a me ka muliwai - hua nui mai ka waena o ʻApelila a Mei.Hāʻawi nā kumu waina ʻāhiu iā ʻoe i ka nui o nā mea inu pathogen-free pū kekahi.I ka hāʻule ʻana a me ka hoʻoilo mua, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā lāʻau lāʻau kumulāʻau a me nā viburnums mai ka honeysuckle hiki ke loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi mau hua momona piha i ka ikehu ma mua o nā mea ʻino.

Inā he mea hou ʻoe i ka noho ʻana ma ke kuaʻāina, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻopau i ka manawa nui, ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻi i ka pau ʻana o ka wahie i ka hoʻoilo, inā ʻoki ʻoe i kahi pūpū basswood me ka manaʻo he lehu.He mea kōkua nui ka ʻike ʻana, hiki i kekahi ke puhi i ka lehu a me ka cherry i ʻoki hou ʻia, aʻo nā lāʻau paʻakikī hou e ʻoki ʻia i loko o ka umu.Eia hou, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohauʻoli i kāu mau hoaaloha ma ka ʻoki ʻana i kahi pōʻai maple palupalu me ka lima hoʻokahi, a laila hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi ʻāpana o ka elm a i ʻole bitternut hickory e hoʻāʻo i kā lākou laki.ʻAʻole wau i hana i kekahi mea like iaʻu iho.

ʻAʻole ʻo Bark kahi hiʻohiʻona hilinaʻi no ka ID.Hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i kahi ʻike, akā ʻaʻole pono e hilinaʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu mua.Hiki i nā birches ke loaʻa i ka ʻeleʻele, melemele a ʻulaʻula paha.ʻAʻole nā hickories a pau i ka ʻili shaggy.ʻO ka ʻili cherry a me ka lāʻau hao he mau kaha ʻōniʻoniʻo i kapa ʻia he lenticels, akā ma luna o ka lāʻau ʻōpiopio.ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa kekahi mau ʻano ʻili, e like me ke ʻano o ke daimana i ke ʻano o ka lehu, ma muli o ke kūlana o ke kahua a me ke olakino lāʻau.

ʻO kahi mea hana diagnostic ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi inā e ulu kūʻē ana nā lālā ma luna o ka lālā, a i ʻole ke ʻano ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lāʻau he ʻokoʻa, no laila ke nānā nei mākou i nā mea kū'ē: maple, lehu a me dogwood, a i ʻole "MAD."ʻO nā kumu lāʻau a me nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi i ka ʻohana Caprifolaceae, e like me viburnums, he kūʻē hoʻi.Hiki ke kōkua ʻo "MAD Cap" iā ʻoe e mālama i ka mea kūʻē a ʻo wai ʻaʻole.

He hōʻailona pololei ka ʻala, akā no kekahi mau ʻano.ʻO nā lālā o ka birch melemele a ʻeleʻele hoʻi a ʻono e like me ka wintergreen.E ʻili i kahi lālā cherry a loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi ʻala o ka ʻalemona ʻawaʻawa.He ʻano like ka ʻili o ka maple palupalu (ʻulaʻula) a me ke kālā, akā honi nā lālā o ka maple kālā ke haki.

ʻO kā mākou mau ʻīlio ʻīlio maoli he mau kumu lāʻau, e waiho ana i ka maple a me ka lehu ma ke ʻano he lālā hoʻokahi o ka lāʻau kūʻē.Manaʻo ʻoe he mea maʻalahi ia, akā hiki i nā mea i loaʻa i nā kumulāʻau ke lūlū i ka huikau.Nalo paha kēlā me kēia lālā o ka lehu a i ʻole ka lālā maple i kona "hoa hoa" ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o kēlā lālā.ʻO ka haki ʻana, nā pathogens, nā pōʻino manuahi a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana i kēlā, no laila, mai hilinaʻi piha i ka hoʻonohonoho lālā.

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi no mākou, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻōpuʻu, e like me Vulcans, ke wahaheʻe.E nānā pono i kahi lālā e ʻike inā he kūʻē a ʻokoʻa paha nā ʻōpuʻu.ʻO ka nui o ka pua, ke ʻano a me ke kau ʻana e hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona hou aʻe.

He mau ʻōpuʻu lōʻihi ko Beech.Loaʻa i ka Balsam-poplars nā ʻōpuʻu ʻala.ʻO nā maple ʻulaʻula a me ke kālā he puʻupuʻu ʻulaʻula.He ʻeleʻele a he conical ka ʻōpuʻu kō maple, e like me ke kō.Loaʻa nā ʻōpuʻu ʻōpuʻu ma ka hope o kēlā me kēia lālā.Peʻe nā ʻōpuʻu ʻūhini ʻeleʻele "ʻike ʻole ʻia" ma lalo o ka ʻili.

Aia i loko o kēlā me kēia ʻōpuʻu he lau embryonic (a/a i ʻole pua).No ka pale ʻana i kā lākou uku palupalu, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpuʻu lāʻau he mau unahi e wehe ana i ka pūnāwai.ʻElua a ʻekolu mau unahi ka ʻōpuʻu Basswood, ʻokoʻa ka nui.Nui nā unahi like ʻole o nā ʻōpuʻu maple kō.ʻAʻohe unahi ka ʻōpuʻu Butternut a me ka hickory.ʻO nā mea hana ID lāʻau hoʻoilo maikaʻi loa he mau pua.E hoomanao i kela;ma ka hoao paha.

No nā kikoʻī hou aku e pili ana i ka ʻike kumu lāʻau, e ʻike i ka puke a Cornell "Know Your Trees," i loaʻa ma ke ʻano he download manuahi (http://www.uvstorm.org/Downloads/Know_Your_Trees_Booklet.pdf)

I kekahi manawa, me he mea lā ua loaʻa iā Old Man Winter kahi mea wela-oscillation App āna e hoʻohuli ai ma mua o ka nalo ʻana no hoʻokahi pule a ʻelua paha, ma kahi mehana paha.ʻAʻole wau e ʻōlelo nei he paʻakikī ke ʻano o ka lā ʻo Dekemaba, ʻo ia wale nō.Ua lele ka ana wela i luna a i lalo, mai ka ʻoluʻolu a i lalo o ka ʻole, a hoʻi i ke kanahākūmālima ma luna o ka pule hoʻokahi.Loaʻa iaʻu no nā wiliwī i manaʻo ʻole ʻia, akā ke ʻike ʻoe i ke kumu, lilo ka moʻolelo i mea luhi.

Ma hope o kēlā me kēia lewa, lohe au i ka poʻe e ʻōlelo nei i ka huikau ʻana o ka ʻohi ʻana i nā lau i kekahi lā, e ʻohi i ka hau i ka lā aʻe, a laila pono e hoʻohana i nā crampons i ka lā aʻe no ka ua hau.Inā manaʻo ʻoe he mea hoʻonāukiuki ia no mākou nā kānaka, ka poʻe i loaʻa ka leʻaleʻa o ka hoʻi ʻana i loko o ko mākou mau hale mehana, e noʻonoʻo i ka manaʻo o nā holoholona.

Hiki i ka ua hau ke hoʻopilikia maoli i nā mea no nā manu mele kamaʻāina.ʻAʻole hiki i nā chickadees ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā pōpoki birch a me alder kahi e hilinaʻi ai lākou no ka ʻai.ʻAʻole hiki i nā Nuthatches ke unuhi i nā ʻanoʻano mai ka pine a me nā cones spruce i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hau.ʻO ia mau hanana glaze he mea maʻamau, ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā e ulu pinepine lākou i ka wā e hoʻololi ai ka hoʻoilo i kona manaʻo i kēlā me kēia lā.Hiki i ka ʻōpala hau ma luna o ka hau ke paʻakikī i ka grouse a me nā turkey, a me nā dia pū kekahi, ke ʻimi i ka māka.

He ʻano ʻike maopopo ʻia ka pale ʻana o ka hau hohonu i ka hiki ʻana o ka dia i nā mea kanu ma ka ʻāina, me ka hoʻopili ʻana i kā lākou neʻe ʻana.I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻumikūmāono ʻīniha a ʻoi aʻe paha ka hohonu o ka pahu hau, huki ʻia ko lākou ʻōpū, a paʻakikī iā lākou ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ko lākou mau wāwae i kahi kiʻekiʻe.I kēia mau kūlana, e "pā i luna" ka dia, e ʻimi ana i kahi malu ma kahi kū conifer.Ma lalo o kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo mau loa ka liʻiliʻi o ka hau ma ka ʻāina no ka mea ke keʻe nei nā lau i ka nui o ka hau.ʻO ka pilikia, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka meaʻai, a ʻo ka pōloli i kekahi manawa ma nā pā dia.

I ka wā hoʻoilo paʻakikī, nui ka nui o nā turkey e make pololi.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻai lākou ma ka hele ʻana a me ka ʻohi ʻana i ka duff no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka meaʻai, kahi mea hiki ʻole iā lākou ke hana i ka hau hohonu.E ʻimi ʻo Turkey i nā hua e waiho ana ma nā kumu lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau e like me ka highbush cranberry, hawthorn, sumac a me hackberry, akā ua kaupalena ʻia kēlā mau meaʻai.

Akā, hilinaʻi kekahi mau mea ola i ka hau no ke ola.ʻO nā ʻiʻo liʻiliʻi, nā meadow voles, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka honua ma lalo o ka hau, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka subnivean environment.Ua palekana lākou mai nā manu ʻai, nā mea ʻaihue nui loa, a hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻanoʻano mauʻu a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe kahi e hānai ai.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, i kekahi manawa ke komo pū nei ka ʻili o nā kumu lāʻau liʻiliʻi, i mea hoʻohilahila ʻia i nā mea ʻai a me nā mea hale.Eia naʻe, ma nā ʻāpana o Adirondacks, ʻimi ka ʻAmelika a i ʻole pine marten i nā ʻiole ma lalo o ka hau.

Ke hōʻiliʻili nā mea keʻokeʻo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hares hōʻike, me nā wāwae huluhulu nui ma mua o nā mea ʻaihue e like me nā alopeke wāwae.Akā me nā pōʻai hoʻoheheʻe-hoʻohuʻu mau, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kēlā pōmaikaʻi.A ʻaʻahu keʻokeʻo kekahi mau ʻano i nā mahina anu.ʻAʻole hoʻohana ka camouflage keʻokeʻo no nā ermines a me nā hares ke hoʻololi mau ke ʻano o ka wā i ke kala hope.

Hoʻopilikia pū nā kūlana hoʻoilo i ke ola wai.Komo ka Oxygen i ka wai ma o ka pili ʻana o ka ʻili me ka ea, a mai ka photosynthesis o nā mea kanu aquatic.ʻO ka hau a me ka hau ma nā ala wai e ʻoki i ka lā i nā mea kanu, a me ka pili ʻana i ka ea me ka wai.

Wahi a Bud Ziolkowski o Saranac Lake, he kumu aʻo mua ʻo Paul Smith's College me ka ʻike i ka biology lawaiʻa, make ka nui o nā iʻa ma muli o nā kūlana hoʻoilo i kēlā me kēia makahiki.I ka hoʻoilo me ka uhi hau lōʻihi, akā naʻe, hiki ke pau ka oxygen i loko o ka wai a hiki i ka nui o nā iʻa ke ʻeha.ʻAʻole ʻo ka iʻa wale nō ka mea e hoʻohana ana i ka oxygen ma lalo o ka hau—nā mea ulu palaho i loko o ka sediment lalo a i ʻole nā benthos i hoʻohana ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka iʻa.

Manaʻo wau e hoʻi koke mai ʻo Old Man Winter, pau ka lā a hauʻoli, a hoʻopau i ka "App of ice and fire" i hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaka me kahi kau kūpono.

I kēia manawa, ua lohe ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i ka huaʻōlelo "Make America great again," he slogan i hoʻohana ʻia e ka hoʻolaha Trump e alakaʻi ana i ke koho balota nui o ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 2016. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka manaʻo a i ʻole ke kuhi hewa ʻana o kēia ʻōlelo, he mea maʻamau ka manaʻo. ʻO ka hoʻi ʻana i kahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka manawa i paʻi i ka nui o nā ʻAmelika.

Manaʻo wau he nui nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo no ka makahiki hou e pili ana i ka manaʻo like: inā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻai ʻana, hoʻoikaika kino, haʻalele i ka paka, ʻoki i ka ʻona a i ʻole ka meaʻai momona, manaʻolana mākou e hoʻihoʻi hou i ke kaumaha kūpono a i ʻole ka ikaika kino i loaʻa iā mākou.ʻOiai inā ʻaʻole mākou i hoʻokomo i ke ʻano kūpono a i ʻole ke olakino kīnā ʻole, manaʻo mākou i kahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a makemake mākou e holomua i laila.Ma keʻano laulā, he makemake maikaʻi kēia.

He paʻakikī ka lawe ʻana i ka lāhui i kahi au kahiko.E lawe i ka US, no ka laʻana.I ka makahiki 1969, ua loaʻa i nā limahana he 26% ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā ma mua o kēia lā.Akā, aia nā haunaele lāhui, a me nā muliwai i pau i ke ahi.I ka makahiki 1950, ua piʻi ka hoʻokele waiwai ma 37%, akā he mau haneli kaukani o nā keiki i loaʻa i ka maʻi polio.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua like ia ma nā wahi a pau – ʻaʻohe ʻāina i loaʻa i ka makahiki gula maoli ke nānā ʻoe ma hope o ka pale.

Eia nō naʻe, he moʻolelo ʻokoʻa kēia me mākou pākahi.I ke kanaka, he makahiki gula ko kakou a pau, a ua hiki ke hoala hou i kekahi o kona mau ano makamae.He maikaʻi ka hoʻoikaika kino a me ka ʻai kūpono, akā i koʻu manaʻo he mea ʻole me ka ʻole o nā ʻano kumu o kā mākou pono.

I ka makahiki 28, ua ʻai au i ka meaʻai kūlohelohe, ka hao hao, ʻaʻole inu ʻaʻole hoʻi i puhi, loaʻa ka hoʻomanawanui o ka decathlete, a me kahi loina hana e hilahila ai ka Puritan.ʻAʻole naʻe he wā gilded.No ka haʻaheo o ia mau mea, ua hoʻohewa pinepine au i ka poʻe i hāʻule.ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hōʻoia i koʻu hopohopo ʻole i manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻopuka wau i koʻu mau makaʻu i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.Maikaʻi koʻu manaʻo, akā i kekahi manawa he naʻau koʻikoʻi.

I kēia manawa ʻelua mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaka wau e hoʻi i ka nui.ʻAe, ma kēlā kuhikuhi ākea.ʻAe, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohana i ka hoʻoikaika kino a me nā mea ʻono liʻiliʻi, akā ʻaʻole ia ka manaʻo maoli.I ka manawa hea wau i maikaʻi maoli ai?ʻO ia ka pane like iā ʻoe.No nā mea a pau.

Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻoe ua hana ke Akua iā mākou ma ke ʻano he hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa akā kūʻokoʻa o ke kiʻi Akua, a i ʻole he huahana mākou o ʻehā piliona makahiki o kahi kaʻina biological nani i kapa ʻia ʻo evolution, a i ʻole ʻelua, pono ʻoe e ʻae ua hele mai mākou i ka honua nani loa. .ʻAe, ʻoiaʻiʻo - hōʻea mākou me ke kōkua ʻole a pono mākou e mālama.Hāʻawi ʻia kēlā.

Hoʻokuʻu mākou mai ko mākou mau makuahine i ka Honua Honua me ka hiki ke loaʻa a hāʻawi i ke aloha, hiki iā mākou ke aʻo i nā mea kupanaha.Hele mai mākou me ka mana nui no ka empathy a me ke aloha.Hōʻike kēlā me kēia hānau hou me ka hiki a me ka makemake e hoʻopili a paʻa me nā kānaka.Kekahi kanaka.No ke kamaliʻi, ʻae ʻia nā mea a pau, e like me ka honua.

I ka lā o ko mākou hōʻea ʻana, hiki iā mākou ke aloha i kekahi, me ka nānā ʻole i ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ke kāne, a i hea lākou.I kēlā lā ua wehe piha mākou i ka manaʻo kūpono e noho ma ʻaneʻi a e lawe i ko mākou wahi ma ka honua.I kēlā lā, ʻaʻole pili ka mea ma waena o ko mākou mau wāwae i ko mākou manaʻo no mākou iho a i ʻole kekahi.ʻAʻole hoʻi ka leo o ko mākou ʻili a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.Pēlā mākou i hana ʻia ai.He mea nui kēia.

Hoʻouna mai ke Akua a i ʻole ke ʻano maoli iā mākou i kā mākou ʻōwili ʻili kala maikaʻi, me kā mākou wahine kūpono.ʻO ka ʻāina o ka honua a me ka lāhui kahi i hānau ʻia ai he manawa kūpono ʻole, a i ʻole kūpono no ke ola o kekahi, ma muli o kou manaʻo.

Inā manaʻoʻiʻo ʻoe i ke Akua, ua hilinaʻi ʻoe he hala ʻole ka hana a ke Akua.ʻAʻole pili ke Akua inā ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele a ʻili ʻili paha.Hoʻomaopopo ʻoe he hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa nā mea āpau o ke Akua.Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka makaʻu ʻike ʻole ke hoʻowalewale i nā poʻe o kēlā me kēia ʻano e hoʻopuka i ko lākou insecurities ma luna o kahi hui a lākou i manaʻo ai he ʻokoʻa.He mea hōʻoluʻolu ke hana i nā pale ma waena o mākou a me nā "ē aʻe."Hoʻopuka pū kekahi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.Akā, no ke kanaka o ka manaʻoʻiʻo, he mea weliweli ia.

ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana he mea liʻiliʻi e like me ke kala ʻili, ke kīnā a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo e hoʻonoho iā mākou ma luna - a i ʻole ka ʻokoʻa - ʻo ia ka haʻi ʻana ua ʻoi aku ko mākou ʻike ma mua o ke Akua.ʻO ia ka ʻōlelo ʻana ua pololei mākou, a ua hewa ke Akua.ʻAʻohe ʻōlelo hōʻino a ʻoi aku ka ʻino.E noʻonoʻo.

Ma muli o ka nui a me ka like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā like ʻole a puni ka honua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe e ʻeha nei.ʻAʻole pili hou ka hana, no ka mea, e ulu nui ana nā ʻohana hana i ka ʻilihune.ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ka makaʻu o nā kānaka.ʻO ka mea e pili ana i ka makaʻu, ʻo ia ke kuleana iā ʻoe inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻae.Eia kekahi mea hoihoi: Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me ka wiwo ʻole inā ʻoe e makaʻu mua.ʻAʻole kēia koʻu manaʻo;ʻo ia ka wehewehe ʻana o ka wiwo ʻole: "ka hiki ke hana i kekahi mea e makaʻu ai."(Oxford)

Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke ʻano o ka nationalism, racism, fundamentalism a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i kēia manawa.ʻO ka pōʻino, akā hiki ke hoʻomaopopo.Hoʻohewa i nā mea ʻē aʻe - nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, nā moʻomeheu, nā hoʻomana;kapa ʻoe iā ia - no ka mea, hoʻopau ka makaʻu i nā pilikia.ʻAʻole hele ka makaʻu.Hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ka inaina, kahi e hoʻopau ai i ka makaʻu.A inā e haʻalele ka mea e inaina ai, e pau ka "Novocain makaʻu", a e koi ʻia kahi ʻē aʻe i mea e hoʻopau ai i ka makaʻu.

He nui ka puʻuwai e ʻike ai i ka makaʻu.Inā ʻoe i loko o kahi pūʻulu nona ka ʻōnaehana manaʻoʻiʻo e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi ʻole, a i ʻole ka inaina i kekahi hui ʻē aʻe, pono ka nui o ka wiwo ʻole e ʻike i kēlā manaʻoʻiʻo ma ke ʻano he manaʻo hopohopo.Kakaikahi loa ka poe i poepoe e hana.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo nā wahine ke alakaʻi i kahi ala i waho o ka pupule o ka hewa a me ka inaina iā "–isms" a hoʻi i ka honua maoli.

Ke wehe nei ka nui o ka poʻe i kā Pandora's Box o ka makaʻu a ʻike lākou ʻaʻole ia e pepehi iā lākou - a ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hauʻoli lākou i kēia manawa ma mua o ka wā ma mua - e hahai pū kekahi.He hana lohi i ka mua, ʻaʻole loa i piha i ka adrenaline e like me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka inaina, akā i ka wā e puka mai ai kou hopohopo, ʻaʻole ʻoe e koi hou i ka Novocain pōkole o ka hoʻokolokolo a me ka hewa e hāʻule ai ʻoe i kēlā me kēia manawa.

ʻEā, makaʻu nō hoʻi au.Manaʻo hiki iā ʻoe ke koa?E hōʻoia i kou hopohopo iā ʻoe iho.Manaʻo iā lākou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e ʻoluʻolu.E hoʻomanaʻo, ua hānau nui ʻoe.E kiʻi i kēlā kumu, ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli ka mea i ʻike ʻole i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kānaka a ua hāmama i ke aloha mai a i nā mea āpau.Hele i mua.E hoʻomaikaʻi hou iā ʻoe iho.

Ua puka mai ka hapa nui o mākou mai kahi mall a i ʻole ʻahamele (ʻoi aku ka ʻaha mele, no kekahi kumu) e ʻike ai ua lilo kā mākou kaʻa i kaʻa ʻole a ua neʻe aku i ke kai o nā kaʻa.ʻO ka "nalo" o ke kaʻa i kau ʻia he pilikia maʻamau i loaʻa i kēia manawa nā polokalamu e kōkua i ka hui hou ʻana i nā kaʻa me ko lākou mau mea nona.No laila, he mea kāhāhā paha ka lohe ʻana ua hōʻoia ka ʻepekema i loaʻa iā mākou kekahi mau mākau homing kūlohelohe.

ʻAʻole maopopo loa nā mīkini i kēia manawa, akā hoʻokahi mea hiki ke kōkua i ke kanaka e hoʻokele ai ʻo ia ka metala ma ko mākou mau poʻo.Pololei - neʻe aku, Magneto.ʻOi aku ka lolo o kekahi poʻe ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, a ʻike ka hapa nui o mākou i hoʻokahi kanaka a mākou e manaʻo nei he nui ka lepo ma waena o ko lākou mau pepeiao.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, loaʻa iā mākou nā cell ferrous-waiwai i loko o kā mākou cerebellums a me nā kumu lolo e hiki ke kōkua iā mākou e kuhikuhi i ka ʻĀkau.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā holoholona ma ka hoʻokele GPS ʻole ma mua o ke kanaka.Ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā mea ʻino i hiki ke ʻimi akamai i ko lākou ala a puni, hiki paha i ka nūnū homing ke noʻonoʻo.Loaʻa iā Homers ka hiki ke ʻike pololei i ko lākou ala e hoʻi ai i kā lākou mau mea nona ka wā i lawe ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi tausani mile.Moʻolelo ʻoiaʻiʻo: ma New Zealand, ua holo kahi lawelawe Pigeongram mai 1898 a i 1908, piha me nā peʻa kūikawā.He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi nā nūnū home e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Normandy i ka wā e pono ai ka lekiō.

Ua aʻo maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻokele manu, akā ʻaʻole ʻike nui ʻia.ʻOiai hoʻohana nā manu i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e ʻimi ai i ko lākou ala a puni ka honua, e like me ka ʻike ʻāina a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka lā, he mea koʻikoʻi ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua.He nui nā manu lele i ka pō wale nō, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke kōkua i nā pae ʻāina a me ke kūlana lā.

ʻO ka laki no mākou, ʻo ka Honua kekahi ʻano magnet i hoʻoulu ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona poʻo o waho o ka hao hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.Inā ʻaʻole ia he magnet nunui, e palai ʻia mākou a pau e ka pāhawewe lā.I kēia mau lā, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā holoholona i kahi mole protein i kapa ʻia he cryptochrome e ʻike ai i ke kahua magnetic planetary.Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā lōʻihi nalu ʻulaʻula, nā mea ma waena o 400 a

480 nanometer.ʻO ka hopena o kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā cryptochromes e hana wale i ka lā.No laila pehea kēlā mau pueo pō?

ʻO nā manu, he poʻo metala koʻikoʻi lākou, me (e like me ka ʻōlelo a kekahi mea noiʻi) "nā dendrites sensory i loko o ka ʻili o loko o ka nuku luna."Aia iā ʻoe, akaka me he bele lā.

Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā pūnana aʻalolo waiwai nui i ka homing pigeons, akā manaʻo ʻia aia nā manu a pau.Pono ka poʻe hele lōʻihi i kēia mau mea, akā ʻo nā moa a me nā manu noho i ʻike ʻia e hāʻawi ʻia i kahi panana i loko.Ma kahi pepa noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai ʻo PLOS One i Pepeluali 2012, kākau ʻo G. Falkenberg i ka mea kākau nui "Ua hōʻike kā mākou ʻikepili i kēia ʻōnaehana dendritic paʻakikī i loko o ka nuku he hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā manu, a he kumu noʻonoʻo pono no ka ka ulu ʻana o kekahi mau ʻano alakaʻi alakaʻi magnetic field.

ʻAʻole no nā manu wale ke metala kaumaha.ʻO nā maʻi bacteria, slugs, amphibians a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he mau ʻohi hao ʻike ʻole pū kekahi.Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina i paʻi ʻia e pili ana i nā pane kanaka i nā māla magnetic i ka hapa nui o nā kumuhana i pane aku i nā māla magnetic i hana ʻia e ka lab.E like me ka nānā ʻana ma ka nānā ʻana i ka lolo hana maoli, hiki i nā kumuhana ke ʻike i ka wā i hoʻohuli ʻia ka polarity ma ke ʻano o ka noiʻi.Ma ka pukana o Malaki 18, 2019 o ka puke pai eNeuro, kākau ka mea kākau alakaʻi ʻo Connie Wang "Ke hōʻike nei mākou ma ʻaneʻi i kahi pane ikaika a kikoʻī o ka lolo kanaka i nā ʻāpana pili o ka honua.ʻO Ferromagnetism ... hāʻawi i kumu e hoʻomaka ai i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻimi ʻana o ke kanaka magnetoreception.

ʻO ka mea i hopu nui i koʻu nānā ʻana he haʻawina hou mai South Korea.Ma kahi pepa i paʻi ʻia ma PLOS One i ʻApelila 2019, Kwon-Seok Chae et al.Ua ʻike ʻo ia, ʻoiai ua pani ʻia nā maka a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā pahu pepeiao, ʻo nā kāne kāne i hoʻokē ʻai no ka lā holoʻokoʻa me he mea lā ua hoʻonohonoho pono lākou iā lākou iho i kahi ala i hoʻopili pono ʻia me ka meaʻai.Hiki iaʻu ke manaʻoʻiʻo.

Ua makemake ʻo Paul Hetzler e lilo i bea i kona wā i ulu ai, akā ʻaʻole i hāʻule i ka hoʻokolokolo.Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kona minamina iā ia iho no kēlā hanana pōʻino, kākau ʻo ia e pili ana i ke ʻano.Me nā bea, i kekahi manawa.ʻO kāna puke "Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World," aia ma amazon.com

ʻO nā kumu lāʻau lau, nā kū ice cream ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka loko, a me nā marinas e pani i kēlā me kēia kau no ke kumu hoʻokahi: i ka emi ʻana o ka lā a komo ke anuanu, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou lole.I kekahi manawa he mea maʻalahi ke kuʻi ʻana i nā pā a hiki i ka pūnāwai e hiki mai ana.

ʻO kekahi mau hale paʻa ʻoihana e noho wehe lōʻihi;malia paha he kumu kūʻai ko lākou ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻokūkū.ʻO kekahi mau mea kū'ē, pani i ka hale kūʻai i ka hōʻailona mua o ka hāʻule.ʻO ia paha nā ʻoihana e ʻoki ʻole ʻia i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kauwela.Ke kamaʻilio nei au no nā lāʻau ma ʻaneʻi, ʻoiaʻiʻo.ʻO nā kumu lāʻau e hōʻike ana i ka waihoʻoluʻu ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa like like ke hana nei no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e haki.

ʻO nā hale hana kō i hoʻohana ʻia e ka lā a mākou e kapa nei he mau lāʻau, he mea mālama maikaʻi lākou, a me ka noʻonoʻo i kā lākou helu helu.ʻAʻole lākou e ola ma mua o ko lākou hiki.Ma waho aʻe o ka lā, pono lākou i carbon dioxide, kahi lako wai a me nā meaʻai maikaʻi, a pono e hanu maʻalahi ko lākou aʻa.He koʻikoʻi ka helu hope.

– a hoʻokomo i loko o ka lā, ʻike ʻia he lau.Ma hope o ka uku ʻana i kāna hoʻopiha makahiki o nā lau, ʻo kāna mau kumukūʻai e komo i ka hanu pō, a me ka mālama pono e like me ka synthesis o nā pūhui antimicrobial i pane i ka ʻeha.ʻO kāna loaʻa kālā he kō;kona waihona hoahu, starches.

I ka emi ʻana o ke kauwela, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka pō i nā kumukūʻai (hoʻomaha), ʻoiai nā lā pōkole e hoʻemi i ka loaʻa kālā, a laila e koi ana i nā kumu lāʻau paʻa i ke kau.Eia naʻe, inā hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke aʻa o ka lāʻau, pilikia ka hanu aʻa, a ʻaʻole hiki i nā aʻa ke hana i kā lākou hana.E emi ana ka maika'i o kāna hale hana kō i ka ho'ohālikelike 'ia me nā mea 'ē a'e o kona mau 'ano, a emi ka waiwai ma ka holo'oko'a.ʻO nā lepo i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka paʻakai deicing, a me ka pōʻino mechanical e hoʻopilikia pū i ka hana aʻa.

Loaʻa nā lāʻau pā a me nā alanui i ka wela o ka lepo kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻāpana aʻa i kaupalena ʻia, a me ka hoʻokūkū ikaika mai nā lau.He mau pilikia ʻē aʻe nā kumu lāʻau me nā hale kahakai: ʻauhau ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai i ko lākou ʻōnaehana aʻa, a ʻo ia mau lepo ka mea ʻilihune-ʻilihune.ʻO ia mau lāʻau e hōʻea i ka wā hoʻomaha ma mua o nā lāʻau paʻa, a e kala mua lākou.

ʻO ke kala mua kahi hōʻailona hilinaʻi o ke koʻikoʻi o ka lāʻau, akā hāʻawi pū ka palette i ka ʻike.Ua ʻike mākou aia ka ʻalani (carotenes) a me ka melemele (xanthophylls) i loko o nā lau, uhi ʻia e ka chlorophyll ʻōmaʻomaʻo.Hoʻomaka nā lāʻau e hana i kahi hui waxy e pale ai i ka wai a me nā meaʻai i ko lākou mau lau, e like me ka hoʻoilo i kahi hoʻomoana - pale ia i ka paipu.Ke ʻoki ʻia nā lau, make ka chlorophyll, e hōʻike ana i ka melemele a me ka ʻalani.

ʻO ka laulā ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula (anthocyanins), ʻoiai, he moʻolelo ʻokoʻa.Hana ʻia nā puaʻa ʻulaʻula i ka hāʻule ʻana e kekahi mau ʻano, maple i ke ʻano, ma ke kumukūʻai nui.ʻAʻole naʻe i hiki mai ka ʻepekema me kahi wehewehe kūpono maoli no kēia.ʻO ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka ʻulaʻula, ʻo ia ka maple e hōʻike nui ana

aia i ke olakino maikaʻi e "hoʻopau" i ka ikehu hana anthocyanins.I ka makahiki i hala aku nei ma ke awāwa ʻo Ottawa a ma waho aʻe, he melemele wale nā maples sugar, ʻo ia ka manawa mua o ka hoʻomanaʻo ola i hana ʻia.He nui ka ʻulaʻula o nā maple palupalu (ulaʻula), akā ʻaʻohe ona maple paʻakikī.He hōʻailona kēia ma ke ʻano he ʻano e kū nei lākou i ke koʻikoʻi mau loa.

Inā loaʻa nā lau o kekahi o kou pā hale e ʻulaʻula a hāʻule i ka wanaʻao, hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻoia i ka emi ʻana, a maikaʻi ke hoʻolimalima i kahi Arborist Certified e loiloi.Inā pani koke kāu hale hau hau punahele, pilikia paha ka poʻe nona ka hale, akā luhi wale lākou.

ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke noʻonoʻo i nā mea he nui e ʻōlelo ai no ka pale ʻana i ka huāhuā, ka manaʻoʻiʻo, a me ka palaualelo, akā ʻokoʻa ka palaualelo.Ke hilinaʻi nei ke ola o kekahi mau mea ola i ka hiamoe ʻana no ka hapalua makahiki, he ʻoiaʻiʻo aʻu i hoʻāʻo wale ai e hūnā mai kaʻu mau keiki ʻōpio.ʻO nā hoʻolālā ola o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa, woodchucks a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe ka lōʻihi o ka palaualelo.ʻO ka mea hoʻohenehene, ʻaʻole hibernate nā sloths.

Inā wehewehe ʻia ka hibernation ma ke ʻano he wā o ka hana ʻole a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka metabolism i nā holoholona koko mehana (endotherms) i ka hoʻoilo, a laila hana ka nui o mākou ma nā latitu ʻākau.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ia mea ma mua o kēlā.Ke hoʻololi nei i waena o nā mea olaola, ʻo ka wehewehe kikoʻī he mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa a hiki i nā makahiki he ʻelua i hala.

He huaʻōlelo ia i mālama ʻia no ka poʻe hibernators "hohonu" e hāʻule ana ka nui o ka mahana a me ka puʻuwai puʻuwai i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o kā lākou waiwai kauwela.ʻO kahi laʻana maikaʻi ʻo ia kekahi mau koʻo Arctic i emi iki ma lalo o 0 degere Celsius a i ʻole 32 Fahrenheit.I kēia manawa ua hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi holoholona hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mahana o ke kino a me ka metabolism.ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻana i ka metabolism e like me ka oxymoron, akā ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻohana i ke kāhea inoa.

ʻO nā holoholona koko anu a i ʻole ectotherms e like me nā rana a me nā nahesa e moe pū i ka hoʻoilo.He ʻano like ia me ka hibernation, koe wale nō i kapa ʻia e nā mea olaola he brumation.ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka jargon i ka poʻe aloha ʻepekema nerdy, no laila e ʻoluʻolu iā lākou (mākou) e hoʻomau i kā lākou hana maikaʻi.

Me nā ectotherms, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo i ka hibernation;ʻaʻole lākou "hana" ia.ʻOiai ʻaʻole pono lākou e hana e like me ka hana ʻana o nā mammals, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou torpor.Hiki i kekahi mau rana, nā kuhukukū a me nā iʻa ke hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i ka lepo me ka nele o ka oxygen, a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaʻahu i ka wā puna.

Hoʻololi ka hapa nui o ka poʻe hibernators i kā lākou papa manawa e like me ke aniau: inā noho mālie a hiki i Nowemapa, e piʻi nā bea ʻeleʻele a me nā chipmunks ma hope o ka mea maʻamau.Akā, hiamoe kekahi mau holoholona, i kapa ʻia ʻo obligate hibernators

e like me ka kalena.ʻOiai inā ʻoe e lawe i kahi hedgehog ʻEulopa i Aruba no ka hoʻoilo, e hele ʻo ia i ka narcoleptic i ka manawa like me kāna mau hoa i hoʻi ai i ka Scottish Highlands.

A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i hana ka bea i ka papa inoa hibernator, akā i kēia manawa ua hui pū ʻia lākou me kēlā mau popsi-squirrels e noho ana ma ka ʻāina i ka ʻāpana manu-manu maloʻo o ka hoʻoilo Arctic.ʻAʻole hiki i nā bea ma ka ʻākau loa ke ʻai a inu ʻole a hiki i ʻewalu mahina, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka momona i mālama ʻia no ka hydration a me ka ikehu.Inā ʻaʻole mākou no kēlā lōʻihi, e pau ko mākou mau ʻiʻo, akā loaʻa iā lākou nā ala e mālama ai i nā protein i ʻole e atrophy ko lākou mau ʻiʻo.

ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia.Ua hoʻokumu nā mea ola ola i kahi huaʻōlelo no ka torpor kauwela: ʻo estivation ka

ʻōlelo kūpono no ka snoozing wela.Na wai e hana i kēia?Hoʻopuni kekahi mau rana noho wao nahele iā lākou iho me kahi "baluna wai" e kali ai i ka wā maloʻo.He hana like ko ka lungfish ʻApelika no ka maloʻo ʻana o ko lākou mau loko i kekahi manawa.

ʻOi aku ka pīhoihoi, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi estivator he primate, e like me mākou.Noho ka lemur dwarf huelo momona o Madagaskar i loko o kahi kumulāʻau puka no ka hapalua makahiki a pau ka wela.Inā hiki i kahi pili pili o kākou ke moe moe, a laila pehea kākou?Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻepekema-fiction i nā astronauts e ala ana ma hope o nā makahiki o ka huakaʻi, a ʻo ia paha kekahi manawa e lilo ai ka mea i manaʻo ʻia i kēia lā i ka lā ʻapōpō.

Ua hoʻolaha ʻo NASA i ka makahiki 2014 e ʻimi nei lākou i kahi ala e hoʻokomo ai i nā pūʻali o nā mikiona ākea makahiki i loko o ka animation hoʻokuʻu ʻia no ʻekolu a ʻeono mahina i ka manawa.No laila ʻaʻole pono ʻo Mission Control e hoʻolohe i ka "Are we there yet?"uwē ʻana mai ke kua o ka moku lewa.

ʻOiai he nui nā moʻolelo o ka moe ʻana o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole kakaikahi nā hihia i kākau ʻia.I kekahi manawa hāʻule kekahi i loko o ka hau a ola hou i nā hola ma hope me ka ʻike ʻole o ka pōʻino lolo a i ʻole nā hopena lōʻihi.Hiki i kēia ke hāʻule koke ka wela o ke kino, e like me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wai hau.

Inā hāʻule mālie ka mahana o ke kino, maʻamau ka hopena o ka hypothermia, a make ke hoʻomau.ʻIke ʻia he mau ʻokoʻa.Hoʻokahi manawa i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 2006 i ka wā i hoʻolimalima ai kahi mea hele wāwae ʻeha i ʻekolu pule hauʻoli ma ka mauna ʻo Rokko ma ke komohana o Iapana me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai a me ka wai ʻole.Ua hāʻule kona mahana ma kahi o 22 Celsius a i ʻole

E hoʻomau ka poʻe ʻepekema e aʻo i ka hibernation no kāna mau lāʻau lapaʻau.Akā inā ʻaʻole ʻoe he kanaka hoʻoilo, mai hoʻokalakupua ʻoe me ka palaualelo, e ʻakaʻaka wale a ʻike ʻoe.Hāʻawi iā ia.

ʻO Paul Hetzler he kanaka kūlohelohe lōʻihi, he ISA-Certified Arborist mai 1996, a he lālā o ISA-Ontario, ka Canadian Institute of Forestry, a me ka Society of American Foresters.ʻO kāna puke "Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World," aia ma amazon.com

E pili ana i ka poʻe a pau i ʻike i ka Walt Disney classic "Bambi" i hoʻokahe i ka waimaka, a i ʻole i ka liʻiliʻi i kaohi i ka makemake e lacrimate (ʻo ia ka uē ma Scrabble-ese).ʻOiai inā wau i ʻike i ka hopena pōʻino o ka dia i ka ulu hou ʻana o ka ululāʻau, ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻi i nā mea kanu, nā ʻāina a me nā kīhāpai, he mea ʻeha ia no kaʻu

ʻelima makahiki i ka wā i pepehi ʻia ai ka makuahine o Bambi.(Auwe—e makaala i laila, e kala mai.) Akā, pehea ka pau ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni inā ua noho hauʻoli lākou a pau?

He aha ke ʻano o ke ola no kēlā mau laʻa liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku paha ka naʻauao, keʻokeʻo huelo keʻokeʻo e hiki ke pale aku i nā kaʻa, coyotes, projectiles a me nā parasites ma mua o nā makahiki mua o ke ola ʻana?Hiki i ka dia ʻelemakule ke hoʻopaʻa i kāu mau mea hoʻokipa i kahi nub ke pau kona mau niho?Ke noʻonoʻo nei au i kahi Grand-Buck wizened e ʻōlelo ana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā licks paʻakai i kona wā kamaliʻi, a ua maʻalahi nā keiki makahiki ke hele ma ke ala i kēia mau lā i kēia manawa he mau kaʻa paʻa paʻa.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke ola ma nā ʻano he nui i ka wā o ke kino.E nīnau i ka mea i hoʻomaha i Florida no ke aha lākou i haʻalele ai i ka ʻĀkau o New York a e haʻi paha lākou iā ʻoe he hauʻoli ka hoʻoilo a hiki i ke kau ʻana o ka maʻi ʻāʻī a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe. nā pilikia e like me nā ami ʻino, nā niho pohō, a i ʻole nā ʻōpū?

Ua waiho wau i ka nīnau i ka ʻOihana Hoʻonaʻauao Kūlohelohe o New York State (NYSDEC) Wildlife Biologist Ken Kogut, e noho ana ma waho o Potsdam.Ua ʻakaʻaka ʻo ia."ʻO ka make ʻana o ka dia i ka wā ʻelemakule ma ka nahele he oxymoron," wahi āna.Ua hoʻomau ʻo Ken i ka wehewehe ʻana e pili ana i ka hopu ʻana, NYSDEC

Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i ka hapa nui o nā dia i ʻohi ʻia ma ka 1.5 a 3.5 mau makahiki (no ka mea, hānau ʻia lākou ma Mei a me Iune, ʻo ka deer mau i ka hapalua makahiki ma ke kau hahai holoholona)."ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kahi kālā ʻehiku a ʻewalu paha makahiki [ma kahi kahua nānā NYSDEC] he mea maʻamau loa."

No ka hōʻike ʻana i kēia manaʻo, e noʻonoʻo ʻo Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research i ʻōlelo ʻia ka awelika o ke ola o nā huelo keʻokeʻo pio he 16 mau makahiki, me ka dia kahiko loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ola ana he 23 mau makahiki kahiko.E hoʻohālikelike i kēlā me nā huelo keʻokeʻo ʻāhiu, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi moʻolelo maikaʻi, no laila e ʻōlelo.Ka awelika ola o ka dia hihiu?Wahi a kahi hōʻike o ke Kulanui o Michigan, ʻelua makahiki.ʻAe.Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻumi ka palena o nā makahiki kiʻekiʻe, a he mea laha loa i kēlā.

ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hua waina o nā huelo keʻokeʻo i kapa ʻia he deer kahiko, ʻaʻole e huikau me ka ʻelemakule o nā mākua, kahi hana o ka helu a me ka pae hana o kā lākou mau keiki.Pehea e ʻike ai i ka nui o nā lā hānau o ka dia?Kahu niho.

He niho ʻīlio ko nā huelo keʻokeʻo (ʻo ke kaumaha, ua nalowale ma luna o lākou) a me nā ʻoki ma ka ʻāwae lalo, ʻaʻohe mea ma luna.ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻoki i kahi lāʻau e like me ka hiki ʻana o ka rabbit, akā pono e ʻoki iā ia me ka neʻe ʻana i luna.Akā, he mau mola luna a lalo ko lākou, a ʻo ka ʻaʻahu o ia mau mea e ʻike ai i ka makahiki o ka dia.A i ʻole, e like me ka hana maʻamau o ka post-mortem.

Ua hoʻomaka ka dia ʻelemakule ma ke ʻano he papahana kamaʻāina-ʻepekema home-grown.I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ka poʻe hahai holoholona i hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka dia hoʻokahi mai ka wā o ka makahiki a hiki i ka wā e ʻohi ai.ʻO nā makahiki o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka makahiki dia i ʻike ʻia me ke ana ʻana o nā niho (ʻike ʻia he hoʻokahi millimeter i kēlā me kēia makahiki) hana ʻia nā mea hahai holoholona e like me ka mea mahiʻai waiu a me ka mea hoʻokumu ʻo NYS Big Buck Club ʻo Bob Estes o Caledonia, NY, he poʻe akamai i ka ʻelemakule keʻokeʻo-huelo.

Ma waho aʻe o ka hahai holoholona ʻana, ʻo kekahi mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke ola awelika o ka dia hihiu, ʻo ia ka ʻai ʻana i nā fawns e nā coyotes a me nā bea ʻeleʻele.ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ma nā Adirondacks, hiki i ka mea hope ke pepehi i nā fawns ma mua o nā coyotes.He mea paʻakikī ke helu ʻana i ka predation, no ka mea, ʻai nā coyotes a me nā bea i nā koena hope loa - iwi, lauoho a me nā loko - o nā holoholona a lākou e pepehi ai a loaʻa paha i ka make no nā kumu ʻē aʻe.Ma muli o ka ʻike ʻole o ka poʻe ʻaihue ma ke ākea, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻai i ka dia make ma nā alanui, i waiho ʻia e pala.

ʻO ka hui ʻana o nā kaʻa dia kekahi kumu nui, me ke Keʻena ʻOihana Mokuʻāina ʻo New York State

e hōʻike ana i ka awelika o 65,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Akā ʻo ka pōloli i ka wā hoʻoilo paʻakikī, wahi a Kogut, ʻo ia paha ke kumu hoʻokahi e pepehi ai i nā dia kahiko.No nā kumu like ʻole e like me nā mola ʻeha, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka momona o ke kino i ka wā hoʻoilo ma mua o ka dia ʻōpio.

Me keia make nui, nalo anei na huelo keokeo?Paʻakikī.ʻO Kauka Peter Smallidge, ka mea mālama ulu lāʻau mokuʻāina no

dia no elua mile kuea.I kēia lā, kokoke i ka miliona, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hiki o nā ululāʻau ke ulu hou, ʻoiai ua ʻai ʻia nā kumulāʻau ʻōpiopio e nā dia oiai lākou he mau hua.

ʻO ka maʻi Lyme kekahi hopena o ka nui o ka poʻe dia.Manaʻo ʻo Cornell Extension Wildlife Specialist, ʻo Kauka Paul Curtis, inā i emi ka heluna o nā dia ma lalo o ʻeono mau mile square, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka nui o ka mōʻaukala, a laila, e liʻiliʻi loa nā kuʻi dia, nāna i hoʻolaha i ka maʻi Lyme. .

He aha ka mea e emi ai ka heluna o nā dia e like me ia?ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu, akā ʻaʻole ia e ʻelemakule.

E like me ke kaʻina hana kālai'āina, hiki i ka cranberries ke waiho i ka ʻono ʻawaʻawa i kou waha.Akā ʻaʻole like me ka politika, nona ka ʻono ʻawaʻawa e ʻoki i ka nui o ka mea ʻono, hoʻomaikaʻi koke ʻia ka ʻono o nā cranberry me kahi kō liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻana he ʻawaʻawa kahi cranberry hou e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana ʻo Picasso a me Monet he mau mea pena kiʻi maikaʻi loa.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki ke loaʻa ka waiwai pH haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka waika ʻōpū.He mea kupanaha ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka poʻe e ʻai iā lākou, ʻeā?

ʻO ka cranberry, kahi pili pili i ka blueberry, he kamaʻāina ia i nā latitu kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāpana ʻākau o ka honua holoʻokoʻa.He kumu waina mau loa ia, a i ʻole he kumu lāʻau liʻiliʻi loa i kekahi manawa.Ua loaʻa ka inoa mai kona mau pua pua, i hoʻohuli ʻia a huki ʻia paha i hope, e like ai kona pua ʻulaʻula (i kekahi) me ke poʻo a me ka pila o ka crane.ʻO Vaccinium macrocarpon ka ʻano o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, a ʻoi aku ka laki iā mākou he mau hua ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā ʻano ma ka ʻĀkau ʻEulopa a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe.

He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he mea hoʻopunipuni ka lāʻau i kapa ʻia ʻo highbush cranberry a ʻaʻole pili i nā meaʻai a mākou e ʻai ai me kā mākou meaʻai hoʻomaha.Nui kēia ʻano huikau e pili ana i nā inoa maʻamau.I loko o ka honua mea kanu ʻaʻohe kānāwai kope kope, ʻo ia ke kumu i makemake maoli ai nā mea kanu poʻo poʻo kikoʻī iā ʻoe i kēlā mau inoa Latin nani.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻike mākou ua hoʻohana nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i nā cranberry, a hoʻolauna iā lākou i nā malihini ʻEulopa mua.ʻO kahi moʻolelo mua mai ka hopena o ka makahiki 1500 e wehewehe ana i ka lawe ʻana mai o kekahi mau Algonquins i nā kīʻaha piha i nā cranberry i nā Pilgrims i hōʻea hou mai i ko lākou pae ʻana mai i uka.Ke manaʻo nei au inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi kō maple i loko o nā hua, malia paha ua manaʻo ʻia kā lākou hana e hoʻonāwaliwali i ka poʻe malihini mai ka noho ʻana.

Ua ʻike ka poʻe colonists i nā ʻulaʻula liʻiliʻi ʻulaʻula i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa ʻo ka moss berries a i ʻole nā hua bear, a ma ka makahiki 1820 ua hoʻomaka kekahi mau mahiʻai e hoʻihoʻi i kēia mea kanu hou i ʻEulopa.ʻAʻole like paha ka ulu ʻana iā lākou e like me kāu e manaʻo ai, akā naʻe - ʻo nā kiʻi o nā cranberry e lana ana ma luna o ka mea i ʻike ʻia he loko e hāʻawi i ka manaʻo hewa.

Loaʻa pinepine ʻia nā cranberries ʻāhiu ma nā wahi pulu e like me nā bogs, akā ua ulu ʻia nā hua i mahi ʻia ma nā mahina ʻai uka i mālama pono ʻia.Hoʻopuni ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana one, laser-leveled a irrigated nui, e nā berms i hiki ke hoʻopiha ʻia nā māla me ʻeono a ʻewalu iniha o ka wai e maʻalahi ai ka ʻohi ʻana.Ma muli o ka pōkole o ke ola o nā hua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kēia ʻano, maʻa mau lākou i ka hau, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hana ʻia paha.ʻOhi mau ʻia nā Cranberries no ka ʻai hou ʻana ma nā māla maloʻo.

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻolaha ʻia nā cranberry no ka nui o nā pono olakino a me ko lākou ʻono.Ua ʻike lōʻihi ʻia he kiʻekiʻe lākou i nā Vitamina C a me E, pantothenic acid, a me ka manganese, ke keleawe a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Akā ʻo kā lākou waiwai antioxidant ka mea i hoʻohauʻoli i ka poʻe.

Inā ʻike ʻoe i nā "oligomeric proanthocyanidins" i helu ʻia ma kahi pā lole ʻaʻole paha ʻoe e kūʻai.Akā ʻo kēia a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui i loko o nā cranberries, a ʻoiai nā inoa weliweli ua maikaʻi lākou iā ʻoe.Ke aʻo nui ʻia nei nā Cranberries no nā pono kūpono i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi, ka maʻi ʻāʻī, ke kanesa a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.

Hōʻike ka noiʻi i ka wai cranberry - nā mea maikaʻi, ʻaʻole ka wai wannabe i hoʻopiha ʻia i ka syrup syrup - hiki ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i nā pōhaku ʻekepeke.ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea a pau, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ia mea (wai cranberry, ʻaʻole hoʻohaʻahaʻa) hiki ke kumu i nā pōhaku o ka ʻōpū oxalic acid.

Hōʻike pū nā haʻawina e pale ana ka wai cranberry i kekahi mau huakini pōʻino mai ka pili ʻana iā mākou.Ua like ia me Teflon no lākou.ʻOiai ʻaʻole i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ka wai cranberry no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi ʻāpana mimi, maikaʻi ia i ka pale ʻana iā lākou ma ke kāpae ʻana i ka coliform bacteria mai ka pili ʻana i nā wahi ʻaʻole lākou.ʻO ka nūhou maikaʻi no kou mau niho: kōkua nā cranberries i ka mālama ʻana i nā microbes palaho mai ka glomming a hiki i ka enamel, no laila e hōʻemi ai i ka plaque niho a me nā lua.

A i ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka mīkini hoʻolaha koho 2020 e hauʻoli ʻoe i ka lohe ʻana i ke kōkua ʻana o nā cranberry i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi mai ka noho ʻana i ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka a me ka hana ʻana i nā maʻi ʻeha.Eia kekahi, ʻo kā lākou mau pōmaikaʻi cardiovascular e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā pae koko "ʻino" LDL cholesterol a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka cholesterol HDL maikaʻi.No laila inā he junkie nūhou ʻoe, e hoʻopaʻa i nā cranberries kokoke i ka lima i ka wā o ka nūhou.

I ko mākou ulu ʻana, ua kaulike nā loina Hoʻomaikaʻi o ko mākou ʻohana.ʻAi nui mākou ma mua, akā ma hope o ka ʻaina ahiahi ua hoʻoikaika au me koʻu mau kaikunāne ʻelua no kanakolu mau minuke a ʻoi paha.ʻO ia ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i nā keiki kāne ʻelua e haki i ka iwi makemake o ka pipi.ʻOiaʻiʻo i kekahi manawa ua hoʻi hope inā uē leo nui ka mea pio a hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia lākou i ka hui huki iwi manaʻo.Ma hope o ka hanana, hiki ke "hoʻomaʻamaʻa" hou inā loaʻa nā manaʻo ikaika e pili ana i ka pono o ia pāʻani.ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua kaupalena ʻia ka haki ʻana o ka iwi i ka moa moa, a ke noho maikaʻi nei mākou nā kaikunāne.

ʻO ka furcula Y-shaped, a i ʻole wishbone e like me ke kapa ʻana o ka poʻe maʻamau, ʻokoʻa ia i nā manu, a wāwahi ʻia e hoʻoholo ai ʻo wai ka mea i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua - a no laila ka makemake a i ʻole ka pōmaikaʻi - e hoʻi i kekahi mau tausani makahiki.Ua hōʻike ʻia aia nā ala maʻalahi e hoʻohuli ai i ka mea i loaʻa ka hapa maikaʻi, akā ʻaʻole ʻike mākou i kēia mau keiki.

ʻOiai inā ʻaʻole i komo i kāu mau hana Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka haki ʻana i ka iwi manaʻo, ua ʻike mākou a pau i nā kumu lāʻau e ʻoki like ana.ʻAʻole like me ka iwi manaʻo maoli, akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe hopena pōmaikaʻi no kekahi ma ia ʻano, no ka mea, ʻo nā kumu lāʻau e māhele ana i ʻelua mau ʻōpala a i ʻole nā kumu e like me ka huaʻōlelo kiʻekiʻe Y e hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ʻoki.ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kihi e māhele ai nā ʻōpala ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka hui ʻana, akā e piʻi mau ana ka manawa e māhele ai i ka makahiki.

I kekahi ʻano, ʻo ka propensity no nā kumu he nui he genetic.I loko o ka ululāʻau, ua ʻoki ʻia nā kumulāʻau me ka maikaʻi ʻole i ka wā o ka makani a i ʻole ka hau hau.ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻohi ʻana i nā kumulāʻau me nā genetics ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (a i ʻole ka laki, i kekahi manawa) e ola lōʻihi a hoʻohua i nā ululāʻau e hiki mai ana.He maikaʻi kēia kaʻina koho no nā ululāʻau, akā ʻaʻole no nā kumulāʻau e ulu ana ma ko mākou pā, nā alanui a me nā paka.

ʻO mākou ka mana "koho kūlohelohe" kuleana no ke koho ʻana i nā kumulāʻau e kanu ʻia, a ma hea.He nui ka hooikaika, ka lilo a me ka manawa e hiki ai i ka laau malu ke oo, a makemake makou e hoomau ia lakou a puni i ka hiki.

Loaʻa i nā lāʻau āpau nā hemahema, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea maikaʻi.Akā hiki i kekahi ke pilikia.No ka pale ʻana i ka haki ʻana o nā lālā nui, a me nā hoʻopiʻi lele lele a me nā ʻōpala, hoʻopau pinepine ʻia nā lāʻau me nā hemahema i ʻike ʻia.Ma muli o ka nui o nā pilikia lāʻau ma muli o kā mākou mau hana, ʻaʻole kūpono ke hoʻouna ʻana i kahi lāʻau malu oʻo i kēlā arboretum nui i ka lewa inā hiki iā mākou ke ʻimi i kahi ʻē aʻe.

Aia ma kekahi wahi he kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi maikaʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo Narrow Forks.Ma kahi e pili ana i nā kumulāʻau, ʻo ia ka inoa o kahi pilikia e kū mai ana inā ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o ke kihi o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o nā kumu hoʻokūkū ʻelua (codominant), ʻaʻole i ka nani.ʻO nā mea hoʻopili ikaika loa he hāmama a kokoke i ke ʻano U.E nāwaliwali nā ʻōpuʻu a i ʻole nā uniona me ka makahiki a hiki i ka hopena.ʻO ka nui, pinepine ka pōʻino, hiki mai nā māhele i ka wā hau, microbursts a me nā wā ʻino ʻē aʻe.

Ke loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi pahuhopu makaʻu ʻole e like me ka hua manu Fabergé a i ʻole kahi wahi pāʻani o nā keiki ma kahi mamao loa o kahi lāʻau "wishbone", pono ka hana hoʻoponopono.ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka Easter ʻo ia ka manawa maikaʻi loa e loiloi ʻia ai kāu mau lāʻau ʻāina, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻolālā lāʻau i ka wā e pau ai nā lau.Pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia kahi lāʻau me ke ʻano ʻino loa, akā i ka manawa pinepine, hiki i ke ʻoki ʻana me ka ʻōnaehana kelepona kūpono ke mālama.

Pono e hana pono ʻia ke kelepona, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka pōʻino o kahi ʻōnaehana maikaʻi ʻole ma mua o ka ʻole.ʻO ka American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A300 Support System Standards no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lāʻau ʻaʻole ia he kumu hoʻohālike o ka overreach aupuni nui.ʻO ka kū'ē loa;ua kākau ʻia lākou i ka ʻoihana, a ma muli o nā makahiki o ka noiʻi.Hoʻopuka ka ANSI A300 i nā kikoʻī no nā mea e like me ke kaula, ka bolt a me ka nui o ka maka, ke kūkulu ʻana, a me ka helu ʻana.He mea koʻikoʻi e hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana uwea e kahi Arborist Certified i kamaʻāina i kēia mau maʻamau.

O makaʻu ʻoe i kāu maple a i ʻole ka ʻoka e like me ka Frankentree, mai hopohopo: ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana kelepona kūpono.No kahi hapa o ke kumukūʻai o ka wehe ʻana, a me kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai no ka wehe ʻana i ka pilikia a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pōʻino, hiki i ka hapa nui o nā kumulāʻau ke hoʻolimalima lōʻihi i ke ola ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana.ʻOiai ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi a hiki paha i kahi ʻōnaehana kūpono ke hāʻule, ʻaʻole au i ʻike i kahi ʻōnaehana kelepona i hoʻokomo pono ʻia.Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua ʻike au i ka nui o nā mea i hana ʻia a i ʻole nā substandard i hāʻule.

No ka 'ike e pili ana i ka uwila, e kelepona i kou International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Certified Arborist (treesaregood.org he hana huli-ma-ZIP).Ke loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi ʻōlelo mai kahi loea, e noi iā lākou e hōʻike iā ʻoe i kā lākou kope o ka ANSI A300 cabling standards, a koi i ka hōʻoia o ka ʻinikua pololei mai kā lākou mea lawe.

He manawa kūpono ia e hoʻomaikaʻi aku ai i nā mākia ikaika, ma ka papaʻaina a ma waho o ka ʻāina.

ʻO Paul Hetzler he ISA-Certified Arborist mai 1996, a he lālā o ISA-Ontario, ka Canadian Institute of Forestry, a me ka Society of American Foresters.ʻO kāna puke "Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World," aia ma amazon.com.

ʻAʻole maopopo loa nā mīkini i kēia manawa, akā hoʻokahi mea hiki ke kōkua i ke kanaka e hoʻokele ai ʻo ia ka metala ma ko mākou mau poʻo.Pololei - neʻe aku, Magneto.ʻOi aku ka hao lolo o kekahi poʻe ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, a ʻike ka hapa nui o mākou i hoʻokahi kanaka a mākou e manaʻo nei he nui ka ʻele ma waena o ko lākou mau pepeiao.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, loaʻa iā mākou nā cell ferrous-waiwai i loko o kā mākou cerebellums a me nā kumu lolo e hiki ke kōkua iā mākou e kuhikuhi i ka ʻĀkau.

ʻO nā manu, he poʻo metala koʻikoʻi lākou, me (e like me ka ʻōlelo a kekahi mea noiʻi) "iron-containing sensory dendrites i loko o ka ʻili ʻili o ka nuku luna."Aia iā ʻoe, akaka me he bele lā.

ʻO Paul Hetzler he ISA-Certified Arborist mai 1996, a he lālā o ka Society of American Foresters, a me ka Canadian Institute of Forestry.ʻO kāna puke Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World, aia ma amazon.com

ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu e pane i nā lā pōkole o ka hopena o ke kauwela ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hoʻopau i kā lākou ʻoihana no ke kau, ʻo goldenrod kahi lāʻau "pōkole", ʻo ke ʻano i hoʻoulu ʻia e pua e ka emi ʻana o ka lā.He mea ulu ia ma ka ʻohana aster, a laha ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.Continent-ākea, loaʻa iā mākou kekahi mea ma ke kauoha o 130 mau ʻano o ka goldenrod ma ka genus Solidago.

ʻOiai kekahi o nā pua nui loa o ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ka hāʻule, ʻo kēia pua ʻāhiu maoli no nā pollinators he nui, me nā ʻano nalo he nui, kahi kumu nui o ka nectar a me ka pollen meaʻai.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua hāʻawi kēia mea hope i ke gula ʻeleʻele i waena o nā maʻi allergy.

ʻIke ʻia nā pua melemele maikaʻi o Goldenrod ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā alanui a ma nā kula a me nā wahi ʻai e like me ka manawa like o kekahi o nā nalu ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kuni mauʻu kau. , sneezing, a me ka pōʻino nui i hoʻonāʻia i ka histamine i loaʻa i kekahi poʻe i kēia manawa o ka makahiki.Akā ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole hewa ʻo goldenrod pollen i nā hoʻopiʻi āpau.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hewa ʻo Goldenrod no ka mea ua kaumaha kona pollen.He hua'ōlelo pili kēlā, manaʻo wau, no ka mea, he māmā ia e hiki ai i nā nalo ke lawe i nā ukana.Akā ma ke aupuni pollen, hoʻokahi tona kona kaumaha – a paʻa loa nō hoʻi ia – a ʻaʻole lele mamao mai ka mea kanu.ʻAʻole hiki i ka pollen gula ke hoʻopuka i kahi pane maʻi, ʻo ia wale nō ka hana ʻana, pono e hoʻopaʻa maoli i ka ihu o ka ihu a puhi i luna.

ʻAʻole wale ka hewa o ka goldenrod no ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kumu ʻē aʻe o ka lāʻau.Ua hoihoi ʻia ʻo Henry Ford e ka goldenrod, a ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua hana ʻo ia i kekahi mau kaila i hana ʻia mai ka mea kanu.Ua ola hou ka hoihoi i ka goldenrod i ke Kaua Honua II.Hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo Goldenrod i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i nā pōhaku ʻāʻī, nā ʻāʻī ʻeha a me nā ʻeha niho.

No laila ʻo wai ka hewa no ka spike i ka hopena o ke kauwela allergies?ʻO ka mea hewa ʻo ia ka hoahānau o ke gula, he ragweed, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e like me kona ʻohana gula.Manaʻo wau he ʻohana a ʻelua paha mākou e like me ragweed i ko mākou ʻohana nui.ʻO Ragweed, kekahi mea kanu maoli, aia nō i ka ʻohana aster.Akā, ʻaʻole like me ka goldenrod, hoʻopuka ʻo ia i ka pollen māmā loa.

He māmā loa ia e hiki ai i ka pollen ragweed ke waiho i ka lewa no kekahi mau lā.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua loaʻa nā mea nui ma ka lewa a hiki i 400 mau mile i waho o ke kai.A hiki i ka mea kanu ragweed hoʻokahi ke hoʻohua i hoʻokahi piliona pollen e lele ai i ka makani a hoʻohenehene iā ʻoe.ʻAe, ʻo ia nā mea e hoʻopiha iā ʻoe.

ʻO kekahi kumu ʻaʻole mākou i manaʻo i ka ragweed, ʻo kona mau pua he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻano like ʻole me ka pua maʻamau.Me he mea lā e hoʻāʻo nei lākou ʻaʻole e huki i ka manaʻo, e noho ma lalo o ka radar a hoʻokuʻu iā goldenrod e lawe i ka rap.ʻO ke kumu maʻalahi ka nānā ʻole ʻana o ka ragweed, ʻo ia ka makani-pollinated, a no laila ʻaʻole pono e hoʻolaha me nā waihoʻoluʻu ʻoniʻoni a me ka nectar momona e huki ai i nā pollinators.Ua ʻike nā mea kanu i pollina ʻia e ka makani ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka huki ʻana i ka makani ma mua o ka pi, akā ʻo ka lalo, pono lākou e hoʻonui i ka pollen.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano ragweed - aia ma kahi o 50 o lākou - he makahiki makahiki, akā e hoʻi mai kēlā me kēia puna mai nā hua nui a lākou e hua ai i ka hāʻule.E hoʻomau ana ʻo Ragweed i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā allergens a hiki i ka hau paʻakikī mua, no laila, manaʻolana mākou ʻaʻole ia he manawa lōʻihi loa i kēia makahiki.A e ʻoluʻolu e kōkua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka goldenrod e pale aku i nā hoʻopiʻi hoʻopunipuni hou aʻe.

Ma kahi hale kiʻi ʻea ʻo Michigan i ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻāʻo kekahi kanaka e pepehi i kekahi me ka māmā a puhi i kahi mokupuni ʻo pump, a pakele i ka ʻeha.I ʻelua mau makahiki ma mua o kēlā, ua nalowale kekahi kanaka ma Seattle i kona hale i ke ahi ʻoiai e hoʻāʻo ana e pepehi i nā spiders me kahi kukui.A ua koi ʻia ʻo Mazda e hoʻomanaʻo i 42,000 o kāna mau kaʻa i ka makahiki 2014 no ka mea hiki i nā spider ke hoʻopaʻa i kahi laina wahie liʻiliʻi me ka siliki, hiki ke haki i ka pahu kinoea a hana i ke ahi.

Me he mea lā ua paʻakikī nā kānaka i ka makaʻu i nā spiders, a hiki ke kanu ʻia i loko o kā mākou DNA, a i ʻole ma kā mākou code epigenetic.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kōkua ia i nā kānaka mua e makaʻala i nā pūnāwelewele, no ka mea, he mea ʻawaʻawa kekahi mau ʻano mahana.E noʻonoʻo ʻoe, he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.Akā, paʻakikī ka wehe ʻana i nā spider.Ina he mea he nui loa na wawae a me na maka e wili mai i ko makou wawae, ka hapa nui o kakou e wili mua a ninau i na ninau mahope.

ʻO ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ma kahi o 35,000 mau ʻano o nā spider i ʻike ʻia a kapa ʻia, ʻoiai he nui nā mea i ʻike ʻia.Ma kahi o 3,000 mau ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i ka home, a ʻo lākou, ma kahi o ʻumikūmālua wale nō ka mea make.ʻO ka mokuʻāina ʻo New York ka mea hoʻokipa i hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano o ka spider ʻona, ʻoiai ʻo Texas i hōʻiliʻili i ʻumikumamākahi, kokoke i ka pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa.Akā, hana lākou i nā mea āpau ma kahi ala nui ma laila.

ʻAʻole ʻae pololei nā kumu, akā ʻike ʻia ua kokoke mākou i kanakolu mau ʻano spider like ʻole ma ka Moku'āina ʻo Empire, me ka ʻumi o nā mea i manaʻo ʻia he mea maʻamau.Manaʻo paha ʻoe ma nā latitu kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokuʻu ʻia paha mākou mai nā spider ʻawaʻawa;ʻoiai, noho ka hapa nui o lākou i nā wahi wela.Akā, e like me ka mea e pili ana i ka mea hopohopo wale nō ma New York, ʻo ka wahine kāne make ʻeleʻele ʻākau (Latrodectus variolus), ua hauʻoli like ia ma nā ʻāpana Adirondack a me North Country e like me Long Island.

ʻO kahi ʻaoʻao hoihoi e pili ana i nā wahinekanemake ʻeleʻele-i kapa ʻia no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia lākou e ʻai i ke kāne ma hope o ka male ʻana-ʻaʻole like kēlā ʻano hana e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia "kanibalism" (he huaʻōlelo ʻepekema maoli) i loko o ka lab kahi i hiki ʻole ai i nā kāne ke pakele.Me he mea lā i loko o ka nahelehele e pili ana lākou i kahi kula o ka manaʻo "ʻo ka pale maikaʻi loa he poʻo hoʻomaka", a ola ka hapa nui o lākou.

ʻO ke kala ʻulaʻula-ʻeleʻele ma luna o ke kaʻa he haʻuki.Ma luna o ka spider he mea weliweli.Laki iā mākou, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ka wahine kāne make ʻeleʻele ʻākau ʻaʻole pono mākou e hoʻohuli iā ia i lalo e nānā i ke ʻano o ka hola aniani ʻulaʻula ma kona ʻōpū.ʻO ke ʻano o koʻu manaʻo ʻana, nui paha nā nahu mai ka poʻe e hoʻāʻo nei e ʻike inā he mea ʻawaʻawa a ʻaʻole paha kēlā spider ʻeleʻele ʻālohilohi.Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā ʻāpana geometric ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā ʻano ʻākau me ka hōʻailona ma kona ʻōpū.

ʻOiai ʻo nā wahine kāne make ʻeleʻele ka mea ʻawaʻawa loa, ʻoi aku ka pōʻino o ka spider recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa).ʻO ka nahu ʻana mai ka ʻalaʻeleʻele, ʻoiai kakaʻikahi, pono paha i ka lāʻau lapaʻau no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke make nui i ka ʻiʻo (necrosis) me ka maʻi a me ka ʻili.Ma kahi o hoʻokahi pākēneka o nā hihia, ʻo kā lākou nahu ʻana e alakaʻi i ka make inā lilo ka mea ʻawaʻawa.ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau kūlana pili i nā ʻelemakule a i ʻole nā keiki liʻiliʻi.

Eia ma New York, ʻaʻohe o mākou mau ʻāwīwī brown recluse, i ʻike ʻia mai ke kahakai a hiki i ke kahakai akā aia ma ke komohana waena.ʻO ko lākou ākea mai nā mokuʻāina ʻo Gulf a hiki i ka ʻākau a hiki i Virginia.I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hoʻopau kekahi poʻe ma ʻaneʻi i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ai lākou i nā ukana a i ʻole nā mea hana o nā mea hoʻomaha hoʻi.He ʻeleʻele a ʻālohilohi ka ʻulaʻula, ʻaʻole huluhulu.He ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ko lākou ʻano violin ma ko lākou kua, me ka ʻāʻī o ka violin e kuhikuhi ana i hope i ka ʻōpū.

Loaʻa nā pūnana manaʻo ʻino, e like me ka spider hobo invasive ma ka Pākīpika Northwest, akā ʻo nā mea ʻawaʻawa maoli he maʻalahi.Makemake nā wāhine kāne make ʻeleʻele e holo, a ua kapa ʻia ka recluse brown no ke kumu.ʻO ke kūlana pōʻino ke peʻe kekahi o kēia mau mea i loko o ke kāwele ʻauʻau a i ʻole nā mea lole a paʻi ʻia i ka ʻili o ke kanaka kahi i nahu ai kēia mau mea hilahila.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki i ka hapa nui o nā ʻano spider ke kī i ka ʻili o ke kanaka, hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻia nā spider i ke ala ʻana o kekahi me kahi ʻulaʻula ma ko lākou ʻili.ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa, loaʻa ia mau hōʻailona mai nā nahu e like me nā makika a i ʻole nā moena moe.

No ka pololei naʻe, loaʻa iā mākou kahi spider ʻōiwi e hiki ke nahu, ka spider sac melemele (Cheiracanthium spp.).He mea maʻamau ia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, he ʻeleʻele lākou, melemele a ʻōmaʻomaʻo (i kekahi manawa ʻulaʻula a ʻeleʻele paha), nā mea ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi e hana i nā hale kilika liʻiliʻi i nā lau ʻōwili, nā māwae pōhaku, a i kekahi manawa ma ke kihi o kahi lumi.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole pōʻino, loaʻa i kēia ʻano kahi mea ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa e hiki ai ke hoʻoulu ʻia, a i kekahi mau hihia, liʻiliʻi ka necrosis kiko.Ma kahi o iwakāluakūmālima mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua nahu kekahi o lākou i ka ʻaoʻao o koʻu ʻāʻī (aia i loko o koʻu koʻi pālule), a ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻeha ma mua o ka nickel.Ua lilo ka leona i ʻeleʻele hina weliweli a lawe i ʻelua mau mohu e hoʻōla.Pono wau e helu i kaʻu mau hoʻomaikaʻi.ʻAʻohe ahi.

He mea maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lāʻau e make ana nā ʻōpala ʻōpala.Ke kani nei he kūlana weliweli - koʻu aloha.Akā, loaʻa iā lākou nā lāʻau olakino maikaʻi loa (nā ʻōpala hope, ʻaʻole hōʻoluʻolu).He mea maikaʻi loa ia, no ka mea, ʻo nā ʻōpala o nā ʻōpuʻu hope kahi ala maikaʻi loa e lau ai i nā moʻolelo olakino o kahi lāʻau e hoʻi ana i nā makahiki 5 a 10.

Ma hope o ka piha ʻana o nā lau o ka lāʻau, hana ia i nā mea kanu a me nā pua pua no ka makahiki e hiki mai ana.Aia i loko o kēlā me kēia ʻōpuʻu mea kanu kahi ʻōpuʻu inchoate, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻāpana hānau i loko o nā ʻōpuʻu pua (ʻo ia hoʻi, loaʻa i nā kumulāʻau kahi huna huna o nā ʻōpuʻu mea kanu, akā ʻaʻohe pua pua i ka wā o ka wā puna).Ma ka piko o kēlā me kēia lālā, hana kahi mea kanu lāʻau i kahi pua ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka awelika, ke alakaʻi o ka wā e hiki mai ana o kāna lau-dom.Ke hoʻomaka ka ʻōpuʻu hope e ulu i ka wā pūnāwai, e waiho ana ma hope o kahi kua o ka ʻili e hohola a puni ka lālā.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i lalo i ka lāʻau i kona kumu makua, a loaʻa ma kahi o ʻelima mau ʻala ʻōpuʻu hope, liʻiliʻi i kekahi manawa, ʻoi aku i kekahi manawa.E kōkua ana nā aniani heluhelu a i ʻole ka leki lima, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā ʻōpala kahiko.Ua kapa ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēlā me kēia ʻōpala he node, a hōʻike ia i ka ulu ʻana mai kekahi makahiki.He aliʻi ia no ka poʻe arborists a me nā mea ulu lāʻau, a hiki nō iā ʻoe.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa kēia ma nā ʻano, akā manaʻo kekahi e ʻike i ʻehā a ʻeono ʻīniha o ka ulu hou ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lā i kahi lāʻau.Eia naʻe, inā ʻoe e kipa aku i kahi pā kula nui a i ʻole e hele i kahi alanui kauhale paʻa, e ʻike ʻoe i nā kumulāʻau me kahi hapa o ka ʻīniha ma waena o nā ʻōpala ʻōpala.Pono paha e noʻonoʻo i kēlā mau kumu lāʻau.

E kōkua kēia ʻike iā ʻoe e hoʻoholo i nā hoʻoholo maikaʻi e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i kāu mau kumulāʻau ʻāina, nā kumu kō, a i ʻole ka wahie.Inā ʻike ʻoe i ka hemahema o ka ulu maikaʻi ʻana, e mālama ʻoe i kēlā lāʻau a kū ʻokoʻa paha.Aia paha kahi ho'āʻo lepo.Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻohi i kēlā lāʻau, e ʻoki liʻiliʻi loa, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelima pakeneka o nā mea lau.Inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo pehea e hōʻiliʻili ai nā mea ulu lāʻau i nā laʻana lālā mai ka

ʻO kekahi metric maʻalahi i ka loiloi ʻana i nā kumulāʻau ʻōpio kahi mea i kapa ʻia he ʻōpala ʻōpala.E nānā i ke kumu o kekahi lāʻau.Inā ʻike ʻia kahi lapalapa, ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai.Akā inā like ke kumu me ka pou pa ma ka ʻili lepo, ʻaʻole hiki i nā pala o kēlā lāʻau ke hana.I kekahi manawa e ola lōʻihi ka lāʻau ʻōpio e ulu i nā aʻa hou (adventitious) i kahi e loaʻa ai ka oxygen, akā ʻaʻole ia e ulu e like me ka hiki.

E ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana i nā aʻa kāʻei, kahi kūlana e like me kona ʻano.He mau aʻa kēia i hoʻomaka e ulu ma ke ʻano pōʻai no ka mea paʻakikī loa ke komo ʻana o ka burlap i ka makahiki mua a ʻelua paha.I ka hiki ʻana aku o ka ʻōpala i kēia apo o ka make, ʻo ka ʻaʻa kāʻei e like me ka python e ʻoki i ke kumu.Hana ʻia kēia i ka 25-35 mau makahiki o nā kumulāʻau.ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao: e wehe mau i ka ʻili i ka wā e waiho ai ka lāʻau i loko o ka lua.

Hiki ke ʻike i ka hana lima o ke kāʻei ʻana i nā aʻa ma nā alanui NYS nui ma waena o ʻAukake a me waena o Sepatemaba.ʻO nā kumulāʻau DOT i kanu ʻia o kēlā papa makahiki 25-35 e hoʻomaka e hoʻololi i ka waihoʻoluʻu ma mua o nā lāʻau a puni o ia ʻano like.Ke hoʻolohe ʻoe i kēia hanana, e ʻike ʻoe i kēia hopena ma nā wahi a pau āu e hele ai i ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule.

ʻO ke kumu o ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana a i ʻole nā lāʻau maʻi ʻo ia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā lau mua e pili ana i kā lākou waihona koena.Inā kāʻei ʻia ke kumulāʻau e nā aʻa kāʻei, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kāna hale hana kō ma mua o nā ʻano like ʻole.ʻO ia mau lāʻau e hōʻea ma mua o nā kumu lāʻau paʻa, a no laila ke kala mua lākou.

I kēia manawa, loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi mau mea hana hou no ka loiloi ʻana i ke olakino lāʻau.Manaʻo wau e hiki iā lākou ke kōkua iā ʻoe e mālama i kekahi mau kumulāʻau mai ka lilo ʻana i terminal ma mua o ko lākou manawa.

ʻO kēlā me kēia Nowemapa, hauʻoli ka poʻe nānā hōkū i ka nānā ʻana i ka ua Leonid meteor (i kēia makahiki ma ka lā 17 a me 18), me he mea lā he ʻano voyeuristic, akā no kēlā me kēia.Makemake nui nā Hunters iā Nowemapa, a nui ka poʻe e nānā i ka Thanksgiving i kēlā mahina.A he manawa maikaʻi nō hoʻi e hoʻololi i ka hapa nui o nā kumulāʻau.

He maika'i ke kanu i ka lā'au mai ka nursery nona kona a'a pono'ī (a i 'ole ka poepoe a me ka ipu-ulu paha) i kēlā me kēia manawa 'a'ole malo'o ka lepo.Akā ʻo ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i kahi kumulāʻau i ka wā ulu e like me ke ʻoki ʻana me ka anesthesia ʻole.Hiki ke hana, akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka hopena.

I ka wā e pau ai nā lau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā kumulāʻau no ka mea ua moe lākou, dormant ʻo ia ka huaʻōlelo Farani no ka "moe hohonu ʻole ʻoe e ala ʻole inā e ʻeli kekahi iā ʻoe ma ke aʻa."Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e ola hou nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā kumulāʻau nui, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana.A ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i kahi lāʻau liʻiliʻi ma kou kua.

Ke hele ʻoe e ʻeli i kahi kumulāʻau mai ka ululāʻau a i ʻole ke kihi o ke kula, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻoe e ʻae ʻia mai ka mea nona ka hale.ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻeli ākea ma mua o ka hohonu.ʻOiai me nā ʻoka a me nā walnuts i loaʻa nā kumu kumu nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā aʻa ʻaoʻao maikaʻi ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka taproot holoʻokoʻa.No ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka lua kanu kūpono e like me ke ʻano saucer a ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻelua ʻoi aku ka laulā ma mua o ka pōpō aʻa, akā ʻaʻole hohonu.

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻōpala o nā mea olaola i ka backfill mai ka wā kahiko, i ka wā e hopu ai nā kānaka i kekahi arborist, inā he lima kekahi, a hoʻolei i loko o ka lua kanu.Ma muli paha o ka pane ʻana i kēia, ʻōlelo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe arborists i kēia mau lā i ka liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole ʻole i nā mea ola hou i ka ʻāina maoli me ka momona maikaʻi.(Manaʻo kōkua: e hōʻike ana nā mea kanu e ulu ana ma kahi kahua i ka maikaʻi o ka lepo.)

I nā hihia ʻilihune loa ka lepo, e like me ka pālolo paʻi ʻia, ke one maʻemaʻe a i ʻole ma nā alanui, pono e hana ʻia kahi lua kanu pālua.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi a hiki i ka hapakolu o ka lepo i ʻeli ʻia me nā mea olaola a/a i ʻole nā hoʻololi ʻē aʻe.No ka maika'i a me ka maika'i ole o ka lepo, 'a'ole pono e ho'ohana 'ia ka ho'omomona 'oihana i ka manawa kanu.

E hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o nā aʻa inā lōʻihi ka maloʻo ʻana o ka lepo, no laila he mea nui e mālama i ka maloʻo ʻana o nā transplants.ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻo ia ka nīnau hope loa.Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o luna e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka pōpō aʻa e pā ai, e kau mālie, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lole a i ʻole nā ʻāpana paikikala i loko o ke kumu.E hoʻoneʻe i nā pahu i ka wā hiki loa, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka neʻe ʻana.ʻO kahi papa mulch ʻelua ʻīniha ma luna o ka lua kanu (huki i ka mulch mai ke kumu) hoʻopau i ka hana.

Ma ka Pōʻaono Nowemapa 2, 2019, ua hoʻonohonoho ka St. Lawrence County Soil and Water Conservation District i kahi papa hana kanu lāʻau i hui pū me ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Ogdensburg.E mālama ʻia ka hanana mai ka hola 9 AM a hiki i ke awakea ma Dubisky Center, 100 Riverside Ave. ma Ogdensburg.He manuahi, akā noi ʻia ke kau inoa.Kāhea wale (315) 386-3582 no ke kākau inoa a no ka ʻike hou aku.

ʻO Paul Hetzler he ISA-Certified Arborist mai 1996, a he lālā o ka Society of American Foresters a me ka Canadian Institute of Forestry.

He mau kiʻi moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi ʻo Lilies, ka mea maoli a puni ka honua ma nā wahi mahana o ka ʻāpana ʻākau.Ma muli o kahi e kū ai ʻoe ma ka honua, hiki iā lākou ke hōʻike i ka haʻahaʻa, ka maʻemaʻe, ka moe kolohe ʻole, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o Quebec, ka waiwai, a i ʻole kahi māla ulu, e kapa i kekahi mau mea hiki.

ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻa e pua ʻi he Fuakava Foʻoú, ʻo hangē ko ia ʻi he Mātiu 6:26: “Vakai ki he ngaahi līlia ʻo e kula: ʻOku ʻikai te nau ngāue, ʻikai te nau milo;aka, ke olelo aku nei au ia oukou, aole i kahiko like ia o Solomona me kona nani a pau.ʻO ka ʻōlelo, e like me kaʻu i hoʻomaopopo ai, ʻaʻole pono ke kanaka e hoʻopau i ka ikehu me ka hopohopo pehea e ʻaʻahu ai iā ia iho, no ka mea, ua ʻaʻahu maikaʻi ʻia nā lilia hihiu.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, loaʻa i ka mokuʻāina ʻo New York kahi mea hōʻeha hou e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā lilia denuding.ʻO ka lily leaf beetle (LLB) he kamaʻāina ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ia o ʻAsia a me ʻEulopa kahi i makemake nui i nā lilia ʻoiaʻiʻo, ka poʻe i loko o ka genus Lilium, a no ko lākou ʻohana nā fritillaries (LLB ʻaʻole ʻai i nā lilia lā).Ua ʻike mua ʻia ma NY State i ka makahiki 1999 e ʻelua Cornell Master Gardeners ma Clinton County, ua laha mālie ka namu lau lilia ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo NY i nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, he mea weliweli loa ka poʻe hoihoi pua.

Loaʻa ka LLB makua mai 6 a 9 mm (1/4 a 3/8 ʻīniha) ka lōʻihi, a he antennae koʻikoʻi.ʻO ka poʻe mākua, e hoʻomaka ana i ka hoʻoilo i ka lepo, hoʻomaka e hānai i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai nā lilia.Hoʻomoe lākou, hoʻohua a make i ke kakahiaka nui o ke kau, akā, puka koke mai ko lākou mau ʻōhua e hoʻopōʻino hou aʻe.Ma kahi o 12 mm a i ʻole hapalua ʻīniha ke piha ka nui, hiki ke melemele a ʻalani paha nā larvae LLB, akā ʻaʻole ʻoe i ʻike no ka mea e hamo lākou i kā lākou poop ma luna o lākou iho e pale aku i nā mea ʻaihue.He hoʻolālā e hana maikaʻi i nā māla, a me nā manu.Ma hope aku o ke kau, pupa ka larvae a puka mai e like me nā pipi, e hele hou ana ma hope o nā lilia ʻilihune.Ua loaʻa i ka ʻino loa a ua haʻalele kekahi mau māla i nā lilia.

Akā, ma St. Lawrence County, ua lanakila kekahi mau mea kanu lilia a lanakila.I ka makahiki 2015, makemake ʻo Kauka Paul Siskind, he mea hoʻopaʻa mele ma ke aʻo ʻana a me Cornell Master Naturalist, e ʻimi i ka ʻōpala organik maikaʻi loa e kāohi i kēia pest novel.I kona kahaha, ʻike ʻo Siskind he liʻiliʻi ka noiʻi i hana ʻia ma LLB, a ʻaʻohe mea ma kāna kumuhana hoihoi.Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i kahi noiʻi e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana kūlohelohe maʻamau, a ua hoʻopaʻa pū kekahi i nā helu pili o LLB i loaʻa ma nā ʻano lilia ʻehā e ʻike ai i nā mea i makemake ʻia e LLB.

ʻO ka moʻolelo pōkole ʻo ia kahi huahana i kapa ʻia ʻo Spinosad, i hana ʻia me nā pūhui i hana ʻia e kekahi mau hua bacteria, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka mana maikaʻi o nā ʻōpala lau lilia.ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻawaʻawa ma mua o ka nui o nā insecticides ʻē aʻe, e hahai mau i nā kuhikuhi lepili.ʻO ka ʻaila Neem, i loaʻa mai kahi lāʻau pāpū, ua helu ʻia he hopena maikaʻi loa e kūʻē i nā larvae LLB, akā ua ʻike ʻo Kauka Siskind he hopena wale nō nā huahana neem i kapa ʻia ʻo "cold-pressed".Ua ʻike pū ʻo ia ua makemake nui ʻo LLB i nā lilia ʻano ʻAsia e like me 'Orange County,' me nā pu lilia e like me 'African Queen' ma kahi lua.ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa nā ʻano ʻano Hikina, a ua hōʻike ka lilia lau beetles i ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoihoi i nā keʻa ʻo Oriental x Trumpet e like me 'Conca d'Or.'

ʻO ka ʻohi lima, ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka mana LLB maikaʻi, a ʻo ia ka koho haʻahaʻa loa a palekana loa.ʻO Guy Drake o Heuvelton, he mea hana lōʻihi i nā pua a me nā kumu lāʻau, manaʻoʻiʻo makemake ʻoe e lanakila i ka LLB, pono ʻoe e "mākaʻi," i kāna mau ʻōlelo.ʻO Guy, ka mea hiki ke loaʻa ma ka Canton Farmers' Market i ʻelua manawa o ka pule, ua haʻi mai iaʻu ua hoʻopau ka pīkī ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i kāna koho lilia i ko lākou hōʻike mua ʻana ma kona wahi i kekahi mau makahiki i hala.I ka makahiki aʻe, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻimi ikaika i nā hua LLB, nā ʻōpala a me nā mākua i kēlā me kēia kakahiaka.Mai ia manawa mai, ua aneane ʻole ʻo ia i ka pipi.

ʻO ka mea huna, ua wehewehe ʻo ia, ʻo ke koho lima i ke kakahiaka nui.ʻO ke kumu koʻikoʻi o ka puka ʻana i waho no ka mea he ʻano pale kūʻokoʻa ko ka nalo makua.I kou hoʻokokoke ʻana, hāʻule lākou i ka mea kanu, pae i lalo i lalo i ka lepo, a moe mālie.ʻOiai ʻulaʻula ma luna, ʻeleʻele ma lalo, a aneane hiki ʻole ke loaʻa.Akā, i ke anuanu o ke kakahiaka nui, ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole lākou e neʻe, a hiki ke maʻalahi i ka wai kopa a i ʻole ʻia.

I ka wā lōʻihi, hiki i nā mana olaola ke mālama i nā heluna LLB i haʻahaʻa loa i pau lākou i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i nā lilia.I ka makahiki 2017, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka papahana NYS Integrated Pest Management (NYS IPM) ma Cornell's College of Agriculture and Life Science, i hui pū me Cornell Cooperative Extension, i ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā liʻiliʻi parasitic wasps ma Putnam a me Albany Counties, a ma Long Island.Wahi a nā mea noiʻi mai NYS IPM, he hana lohi kēia, akā manaʻo lākou e hiki mai ka mana LLB kūlohelohe i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.

I kēia manawa, pono mākou e kōkua i nā lilia e mālama i ko lākou ʻaʻahu nani mai ka ʻai ʻia ʻana e ka lau lilia.E kīʻaha, e nā mea a pau!

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ua kali mākou no ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ke kauwela i kēia makahiki, no laila, ʻaʻole kūpono ke ʻano melemele a ʻeleʻele kekahi o nā lau.Hoʻopilikia pū ʻia ka lehu mauna, serviceberry, a me ka hawthorn e ka maʻi like.Ma ʻaneʻi kekahi mau maple a me nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe e hāʻule ana i nā lau maʻamau, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, pinepine me nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha.He kumu ʻokoʻa ke kūlana hope, akā ua paʻa lāua ʻelua i ka wā puna wai o 2019.

ʻO ka maʻi maʻamau i kapa ʻia ʻo ʻāpala scab (Venturia inaequalis) pili i nā kumulāʻau ʻāpala, akā he mau lālā ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana rose, me nā crabapples pua.ʻO Venturia inaequalis kahi haʻupuʻu e hoʻopau i ka hoʻoilo ma nā lau hāʻule o nā lāʻau i maʻi mua ʻia;ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kāna mau spores mai nā lau kahiko e hoʻomaka i kahi pōʻai maʻi hou e ka hopena o ka ua puna.ʻIke ʻia ka nui o ka ua ʻo ia ka nui o nā spores i ka lewa a ʻoi aku ka maʻi koʻikoʻi o ka maʻi.

ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka ʻāpala ʻāpala he wahi ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi a ʻoliva ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha ma nā lau a me nā hua.I ka wā maloʻo liʻiliʻi paha ka pōʻino, akā i nā makahiki pulu e make pinepine ai nā lau he nui.I kekahi manawa, hōʻike lākou i kahi ʻalani a melemele paha ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana, ʻoiai hiki i nā lau make ke noho ma nā lālā no ke kau holoʻokoʻa.ʻAʻole hiki ke pepehi ʻia nā lāʻau e ka ʻāpala ʻāpala, akā nāwaliwali ia iā lākou.I loko o nā māla ʻāpala pāʻoihana hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hua kīnā ʻole e wehe ʻia.

ʻO kekahi o nā ala maʻalahi e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻōpala apple scab ʻo ka ʻohi ʻana a luku i nā lau hāʻule i kēlā me kēia kau.Hiki i nā fungicides ke hōʻemi i nā hōʻailona inā hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai i ka wā e wehe wale ana nā ʻōpuʻu.ʻO kekahi o nā huahana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka potassium bicarbonate, kahi mea hoʻohui.Eia nō naʻe, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi pāpaʻi pua maʻalahi, he kaua piʻi mau ia, ʻoi aku ka ʻino i ka wā.ʻO ke ala maikaʻi loa e hoʻoponopono ai i kēia pilikia, ʻo ia ke hoʻololi iā ia me kahi cultivar kūpaʻa i ka maʻi.I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 mau pāpaʻi anu-paʻa maikaʻi e kū kūʻē i ka ʻōpala apple.Hiki ke loaʻa kahi papa inoa piha ma http://www.hort.cornell.edu/uhi/outreach/recurbtree/pdfs/~recurbtrees.pdf

He huaʻōlelo maʻamau ka Anthracnose no ka hui o nā haʻani pili e hoʻopōʻino i nā lau o nā mea kanu lau a me nā kumu lāʻau paʻakikī.ʻO nā pathogens he host-specific, no laila ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka walnut anthracnose e kahi mea ola ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka maple anthracnose, ʻoiai ua like nā hōʻailona.E ʻimi i nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha, maʻamau ka angular, a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā aʻa lau.E like me ka ʻāpala scab, pili nui ka anthracnose i ka wā, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī i nā makahiki pulu ma mua o ka maloʻo.ʻAʻole ia e pepehi i nā lāʻau, akā hoʻonāwaliwali iā lākou i ka wā.ʻO kekahi ʻano like ʻo ia ka maʻi i ka hoʻoilo i nā lau i loaʻa i ka maʻi i ka makahiki i hala.

ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana i ka anthracnose no ka mea hiki i nā spores ke hoʻoilo ma ka lālā a me ka ʻiʻo lālā pū kekahi.ʻOiai hiki ke kōkua ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fungicide, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumu lāʻau malu no ka mea nona ka hale e hiki pono ai i nā lau a pau, a he mea pipiʻi loa ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumulāʻau nui me kahi kaʻa boom.Pono e ʻoki ʻia nā lau i hoʻopilikia ʻia.Eia kekahi, e hana i nā hana e hoʻonui ai i ka ea a me ke komo ʻana o ka lā a puni nā lāʻau i hoʻopilikia ʻia.Pono paha e hoʻokaʻawale loa i nā kumulāʻau i kanu ʻia.

ʻOiai ua puni kēia mau maʻi ʻelua no nā kenekulia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻino o ke aniau i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o ka wā.ʻOiai aia nā lau ʻai kūʻē i ka anthracnose, i koʻu ʻike, ʻaʻohe lāʻau kūʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka mango a me ka dogwood, no laila pono ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kanu ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi i kēia manawa.Akā ʻo ke ala helu ʻekahi e pale ai i ka crabby crabapples ʻo ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano kūʻokoʻa i ka maʻi wale nō e hauʻoli ai ʻoiai ke pōʻino ka wā.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

ʻO kekahi o nā kala lau hāʻule ikaika loa mai kahi kumu haʻahaʻa.ʻOiai he nui ka poʻe e manaʻo nei he mauu, a manaʻo kekahi he mea pōʻino, ʻo ka staghorn sumac maʻamau e mālama iā mākou i kahi ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula-ʻalani i kēia manawa o ka makahiki.Ua hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia kona inoa ma ke ʻano he mea ʻino, no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hoʻolaha ma o kona ʻano kumu i loko o nā māla a me nā wahi hānai, akā ʻaʻole ʻo sumac kahi pōʻino.

I koʻu wā kamaliʻi, ua hōʻike mai ʻo Pāpā iaʻu i ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa a ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e kūʻē i ka sumac lāʻau make (no kekahi kumu, ʻaʻole i ʻoki ʻia ka lāʻau ʻoka).E like me ka hele mau ʻana o "Marco" me "Polo," ua ukali ʻia ka "poison" e ka "ivy" a i ʻole "sumac," ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i koʻu manaʻo.Ma muli o koʻu alakaʻi ʻana i nā huakaʻi hele kūlohelohe, ʻike wau he nui nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ulu aʻe me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka sumac me ka lāʻau make.ʻAʻole palekana ʻo Staghorn sumac i ka hoʻopā ʻana, ʻono maikaʻi.

E noʻonoʻo ʻoe, aia nō ka lāʻau make.He kakaikahi loa ka poe i ike ia mea.Inā ʻoe e hana, e like me kaʻu, e kuʻekuʻe wāwae ʻoe (ma ka liʻiliʻi loa) i ka wai.ʻO ka poison sumac kahi mea kanu ʻāina wai pono, pono i nā lepo mānoanoa, a pinepine pinepine ʻia i ka wai.ʻO ka sumac lāʻau ʻawaʻawa he mea ʻawaʻawa, a ʻokoʻa ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lau hui a he kumu lāʻau, ʻaʻole like ia me ka sumac a mākou e ʻike nei i kēlā me kēia lā.

Loaʻa i ka poison sumac nā pūʻulu hua liʻiliʻi i keʻokeʻo ke oʻo, a hāʻule lākou i lalo."Maikaʻi" sumac, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, he mau puʻupuʻu paʻa o nā hua ʻulaʻula i hāpai haʻaheo e like me ka lama a Lady Liberty.He lau ʻālohilohi ko ka sumac ʻawaʻawa, nā lālā ʻōniʻoniʻo, a ua melemele kona mau lau i ka hāʻule.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, loaʻa i ka staghorn sumac nā lālā fuzzy.Huli ʻulaʻula kona mau lau matte-finish i ka hāʻule.

Nui nā ʻano sumac "maikaʻi", a ua like nā hua ʻulaʻula like i paʻa i luna.ʻO ka mea e hana ai i nā ʻāpala malic acid, a ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā hua sumac me kēia mea ʻono hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai.No ka hana ʻana i ka "sumac-ade" ʻo ka ʻeke plastik piha i nā pūʻi sumac berry (ʻaʻole e koho pakahi), a laila hoʻopiha ʻoe i ka wai anuanu.E hoʻoulu i nā hua i kekahi mau minuke a kānana i kahi lole maʻemaʻe.Hāʻawi kēia iā ʻoe i kahi mea inu ʻulaʻula ʻawaʻawa loa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāno i ka ʻono.

No ka mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai malic acid, nalowale nā hua sumac (akā ʻaʻole nā mea āpau) o ko lākou ʻono i ka wā puna.I ka manawa aʻe e paʻa ai kou maka i ka hāʻule ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula o sumac, e noʻonoʻo e hoʻomaha e hōʻiliʻili i kekahi mau hua e hana ai i mea inu ʻoluʻolu.A ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka maikaʻi.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Nui nā hōʻailona kau e kokoke mai ana ka hāʻule.ʻO nā squirrels hina hina i ka wela i kā lākou lako meaʻai hoʻoilo, ua puka mai nā kaʻa kaʻa kula melemele mai ka hiamoe ʻana, a ʻo ka mea kupaianaha, ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa nei nā ʻohana manu ʻeleʻele i kā lākou mau hana haʻuki lewa.Aia paha kekahi ʻano ʻOlumepika avian i ko lākou wahi noho hoʻoilo.

ʻAʻole kānalua nā alakaʻi Scout, nā kumu, a me nā limahana mālama kula i ka hoʻokele ʻana o nā geese Kanada i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hoʻolālā lele hahai V-like me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ke kūʻē ʻana, squabbling, a i ʻole ʻoihana.Me ka mahalo a pau i ka migratory geese (a me ka poʻe i hana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā pūʻulu o nā ʻōpio), he ʻumi kaukani mau manu ʻeleʻele e huli ana a huila hui i ʻoi aku ka hoihoi.ʻOiai ua hoʻohui ʻia nā grackles, cowbirds a me nā starling invasive i loko o ka māhele o ka manu ʻeleʻele, ʻo kā mākou manu ʻēheu ʻulaʻula maoli (Agelaius phoeniceus) kaʻu e ʻike pinepine ai ma ka ʻākau o New York State.

I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ʻo nā manu ʻeleʻele ʻēheu ʻulaʻula ka manu nui loa ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, pehea lā e pakele ai ko lākou neʻe ʻana mai kā mākou ʻike?Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou mau hipa, ma ke ʻano o ka helu, ma mua o ka geese.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo ʻo Richard A. Dolbeer o ka USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services ma Denver e hiki ke loaʻa i kahi ʻohana hoʻokahi miliona mau manu.

He paʻakikī ke hala ka neʻe ʻana o nā geese Kanada.ʻOiai inā ʻaʻole ʻike kou mau maka i kā lākou mau ʻohana ʻano V, ʻo kā lākou puʻu kani nui e hōʻike iā ʻoe i ka mea e hiki mai ana.Akā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā manu ʻeleʻele a neʻe nui i ka pō, a ʻaʻohe o lākou mau paipu i loaʻa i ka geese, a ʻaʻole lawe ko lākou leo i kahi mamao.A ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole lākou i like ka nui ma ka ʻĀkau ʻo NY State e like me lākou ma Midwest luna.

ʻO nā manu ʻeleʻele a pau, nā ʻēheu ʻulaʻula, he omnivores.ʻAi lākou i nā mea ʻino e like me nā earworm kulina, a me nā ʻanoʻano mauʻu, nā ʻoiaʻiʻo e aloha nui ai iā mākou.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻai lākou i ka palaoa i kekahi manawa, ʻo ia ka hopena ʻē aʻe.Hōʻike nā haʻawina ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopilikia nui i nā mea kanu.

Me nā robins, ʻo ia kekahi o nā hōʻailona mua o ka puna.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, lohe au iā lākou ma mua o koʻu ʻike ʻana iā lākou;ʻO ka leo "oak-a-chee" a nā kāne he mele i koʻu mau pepeiao ma nā ʻano ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi.A ʻo nā ʻāpana ʻēheu ʻulaʻula a melemele, a i ʻole epaulets, o nā kāne, he mea hoʻokipa maikaʻi ia o ka waihoʻoluʻu i nā leo sepia a me ka hau e ʻike ʻia i ka waena o Malaki.

Hoʻomoe pinepine nā ʻēheu ʻulaʻula i loko o nā ʻāpana ākea i nā pā.Hoʻomanaʻo wau i ka waʻa me kaʻu kaikamahine ʻōpio ma o nā cattails, e nānā ana i loko o nā pūnana manu ʻeleʻele ʻulaʻula a ʻo nā poʻe mākua e lele ana i luna, e kūʻē ana me ka leo nui a i kekahi manawa e luʻu kokoke loa i ko mākou mau poʻo.Hāʻawi ka Marshes i nā ʻēheu ʻulaʻula i pale mai nā mea ʻaihue e like me nā alopeke a me nā raccoons, a hui maikaʻi nā wahine, he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele.ʻO nā Hawks, a me nā pueo i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, hoʻopau i nā manu ʻeleʻele me ka nānā ʻole i ko lākou pūnana.

I ka hāʻule, hui pū nā manu ʻeleʻele ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana i nā wahi ma ka hema US.ʻO kēia ka manawa e hōʻike ai lākou i kā lākou avian acrobatics.Ua hoʻokele paha ʻoe i nā ʻohana manu ʻeleʻele nui a kāhāhā i ke ala e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻololi koke.

I kekahi kakahiaka i kēia hāʻule nui ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻēheu ʻulaʻula i pae i loko o kahi maple kō nui o koʻu pā hale.Ua nānā aku au me ka haʻalulu i ko lākou kahe ʻana mai luna mai o kēlā kumulāʻau a ninini hou iā lākou iho i lalo i kahi maple nui e kokoke ana.Ua hana hou lākou i kēia hana "avian hourglass" i nā manawa he nui.

Ua hopohopo ka poʻe noiʻi no ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻohana.I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua holomua lākou ma muli o ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻekiʻe, algorithms a me ka hoʻohālike kamepiula.Ua hoʻohana nā mea hoʻolale kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kēia mau algorithms e hōʻike i ka neʻe ʻana o nā iʻa a me nā holoholona holoholona.

ʻIke ʻia, mālama kēlā me kēia manu i kāna ʻeono - ʻaʻole ʻoi aku, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi - nā hoalauna kokoke loa, a hoʻonohonoho i kāna neʻe ʻana me lākou.No ka nui o ko lākou huli ʻana a luʻu paha, mālama lākou i ka mamao like ma waena o lākou a me nā manu kokoke loa.

Akā, pehea pehea e mālama ai nā manu i kahi mamao i loko o ka ʻohana, a ʻike paha i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i ke ala?Ma ka ʻōlelo a Claudio Carere, he kanaka ʻornithologist ʻItalia i komo nui i ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻano o nā manu hōkū ma Roma, "ʻO ke ala pololei o ka hana ʻana, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike."Makemake au i ka mea noiʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

E like me ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe lawaiʻa, pili pili nā kumulāʻau a me nā iʻa.ʻAʻole ma ka manaʻo ʻohana, ʻoiaʻiʻo.ʻAʻole like me ke ʻano o ka male pōkole ʻana o nā tōmato a me nā iʻa i kahi hoʻokolohua 1996 ma Oakland, Kaleponi-based DNA Plant Technology i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e kiʻi i kahi tōmato hoʻomanawanui (a i ʻole he iʻa saucy).Inā ʻaʻole no ka uhi lāʻau, ʻaʻole e ola nā ʻano iʻa wai anuanu ma ka hapa nui o nā kahawai a lākou e noho nei.

Hāʻawi nā nahele iā mākou i nā "lawelawe kaiaola."ʻOiai ke kani nei ka huaʻōlelo e hiki iā ʻoe ke kelepona iā Ecosystem Services i ka wā e hoʻomoana ai a kauoha i ka waina i hāʻawi ʻia i kou hale lole, ʻo kēia mau lawelawe, a i ʻole nā makana, mai ka sublime (aesthetic beauty) a hiki i ka honua (kālā kālā o ka mākaʻikaʻi).

Hoʻokomo pū lākou i nā mea koʻikoʻi e like me ka hana ʻana o ka oxygen, a me ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana ea.ʻO kekahi lawelawe e hōʻemi ana i ka hopena o nā hanana ʻino.ʻO ka uhi ʻana o ka ululāʻau paʻa e hoʻomaloʻo (no ka ʻōlelo ʻana) i ka ikaika o ka ua e paʻi i ka lepo, e alakaʻi ana i ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai e kahe ana ma luna o ka ʻāina a komo hou i loko o ka wai honua.Eia kekahi, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pahu hau hoʻoilo i ka malu o ka uhi, e hōʻemi ana i ka pilikia o ke kahe ʻana o lalo.

He maikaʻi nā ʻāina ululāʻau i ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana a me ka kānana ʻana i ka wai ua no ka mea paʻa nā aʻa lāʻau i ka papa duff.Kōkua pū nā aʻa e hoʻopaʻa i nā kahawai kahawai.

ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kahe ʻana o ka ʻāina e pale ai i ka ʻinoʻino a mālama i ka sediment mai nā ala wai, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kēlā.Ke pau ka ua a me ka hoʻoheheʻe hau e like me ka wai o ka lepo, ʻaʻole i ka holo ʻana i ka wai ʻili, alakaʻi ia i ka wela o ke kahawai ʻoi aku ka anuanu.Hiki ke kōkua ka uhi paʻa i ka maʻalili o ka wai i ka lōʻihi o kona hele ʻana.

ʻOi aku ka hauʻoli o ka iʻa no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hanu maʻalahi.Ma ke ʻano o ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻike ka mea nāna i wehe i kahi inu carbonated e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā kinoea i loko o ka wai.Hiki ke wehe ʻia kahi ʻōmole seltzer kokoke i ka maloo no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wai anuanu.E kau i ka omole ho'okahi ma ka dashboard i ka lā no ho'okahi hola, a e pulupulu 'o ia ma nā wahi a pau i ka wā e pohā ai 'oe i luna, no ka mea, ua wikiwiki ke kinoea e puka i waho o ka hopena.

ʻO ka loina like nō ia no ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā kahawai.Loaʻa i nā kānaka a me nā ʻano ʻāina ʻē aʻe ka leʻaleʻa o ka ʻauʻau ʻana a puni i kahi kaiapuni piha i ka oxygen: ma kahi o 21% o ka lewa o ka Honua i hana ʻia me kēia mole koʻikoʻi.Ua ʻōlelo ka Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) e pono nā limahana hoʻopakele e hoʻohana i nā mea hanu ponoʻī inā ʻoi aku ka pae ma lalo o 19.5%.He woozy kekahi poʻe ma ka 19% O2 a hiki i ka make ma kahi o 6% oxygen.

ʻO ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa o ka oxygen dissolved (DO) i loko o ka wai he 14.6 ʻāpana o ka miliona ma kahi mahana o 0.1 C a i ʻole 32.2 F. No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēia, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa e hiki ai i ka iʻa ke manaʻolana he 0.00146% ka oxygen i loko o ka wai anuanu.Ma keʻano laulā, pono ka iʻa a me nā salmonids ʻē aʻe i ka DO ka liʻiliʻi o 9 a 10 ppm, akā hiki ke ola ma kahi liʻiliʻi e like me 7 ppm i ka wai anuanu ma mua o 10 C (50 F).ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o nā hua iʻa, inā e hāʻule ka DO ma lalo o 9 ppm me ka wai hau.

ʻOi aku ka hana o nā ululāʻau ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka sediment i waho, a me ke anuanu, nā kahawai a me nā muliwai.Hāʻawi lākou i ka lāʻau, ʻoi aku ka mea nui i nā ala wai olakino ma mua o ke kani.ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ma kekahi mau wahi i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia a ʻoki ʻia paha nā ululāʻau, uku ʻia nā mea nona ka ʻāina e hoʻokomo i nā lāʻau i nā kahawai e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka noho ʻana.ʻO nā kumu lāʻau i hāʻule i kekahi manawa ke pale aku i kahi ala wai a hoʻololi i kona ala, he mea kaumaha paha ia i nā meaola i ka manawa pōkole a kūloko.Akā, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā lālā a me nā kumu i hoʻopau ʻia i loko o nā kahawai e kōkua i kahi noho no nā iʻa, a me nā mea a lākou e ʻai ai.Hoʻohana ʻia kahi pale lāʻau ʻāpana a i ʻole holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he wai-wai, e hana ana i nā kapu hohonu a anuanu.Kōkua ia i ka holoi ʻana i ka ʻiliʻili, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka stonefly, mayfly a me caddisfly nymphs (juveniles).

Hiki i ka mea nona nā ʻeka ʻelua a ʻoi aʻe paha o ka ulu lāʻau ke kōkua i ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kona olakino ma o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hoʻolālā hoʻokele nahele.Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i kahi ululāʻau pilikino, a i ʻole ma o ka New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC).

Hiki i nā ʻohi lāʻau ke kūpono loa me ke olakino o ka ululāʻau, inā lōʻihi e mālama ʻia ana e like me kāu hoʻolālā hoʻokele, a ke kiaʻi ʻia nei e ka mea mālama ulu lāʻau.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻohi lāʻau hoʻomau no ka iʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā o ka mea nona ka ʻāina i ka wā lōʻihi.I nā manawa a pau, hiki i kēlā mau ululāʻau mālama maikaʻi ke mālama i nā lawelawe kaiaola koʻikoʻi a mākou e hilinaʻi nei.Hoʻemi i ka lawe ʻana i ka waina ʻaoʻao o ka hale lole.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

ʻO kekahi o nā mantras no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻōpala a me ka pono o ka ikehu, ʻo ia ka huaʻōlelo "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle", e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka makemake no ka mālama waiwai: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea liʻiliʻi ma ka mua, akā i ka manawa e loaʻa ai iā ʻoe. a hoʻohana hou iā lākou.I ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana hou ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana i kahi ʻāina.

ʻAʻole hāʻule nā huahana āpau i kēia hierarchy, ʻoiai.I ka poepoe, pono e lilo ka huila kaa i mea hoolaha-keiki no ka manao o ka mea e hele mai ana e hele a puni i na manawa he nui.ʻO kekahi pilikia, ʻo ka makemake nui o nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻohana hou i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o 300 miliona mau kaʻa a me nā kaʻa kaʻa i hoʻolei ʻia e nā ʻAmelika i kēlā me kēia makahiki he makika.A ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka hana paʻakikī a paʻa ka mea e wehewehe ai i kahi kaʻa maikaʻi e hana hou ai iā lākou he paʻakikī kūikawā.

I ka wā mua, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka huila i hoʻolei ʻia he hale namu.No laila, i ka wā kahiko, he mea maʻamau ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka huila make me kahi lua pāpaʻu a kapa ʻia ua lawa.Akā ma ka awelika, he 75% ka lewa o ka pilala i kanu ʻia, no laila, inā ʻaʻole hohonu loa, lilo ia i mea kūpono no nā kāne ʻiole ʻōpio a i ʻole ke aliʻi wahine ʻaʻahu melemele e ʻimi nei i kahi home hoʻomaka maikaʻi.

I ka hoʻouna ʻia ʻana o nā kaila i nā pae ʻāina, hoʻokahi pilikia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a no laila ua pau ka nui o ka wahi.Eia kekahi, ua ala aʻe lākou mai ka make mai, lilo lākou i piha i ka methane a wiliwili i ko lākou ala i luna.

I ka makahiki 2004, ua hōʻuluʻulu ke Keʻena ʻOihana Hoʻomalu Kaiapuni o New York State (NYSDEC) i ka papa inoa o ka mokuʻāina holoʻokoʻa o ka waiho ʻana o nā huila, e hōʻike ana i 95 mau kahua no ka huina nui o 29 miliona mau pana.Mai ia manawa mai, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā pūnaewele, akā ke emi mālie nei ka nui o nā kaila ma muli o kahi hoʻololi o 2003 i ke Kānāwai Hoʻomalu Kūlohelohe i kapa ʻia ʻo Waste Tire Management and Recycling Act.ʻO kēia ke kānāwai e koi ana i nā hale kaʻa e uku iā ʻoe i uku no ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā kaʻa kūpono.

Ma mua o 1990, ma kahi o 25% wale nō o nā kaila i hoʻolei ʻia i hana hou ʻia, akā i kēia mau lā ua piʻi ka helu ma kahi o 80%, aia ma lalo o ka helu 95% i loaʻa ma ʻEulopa, akā ʻoi aku ka holomua.ʻOi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o kā mākou huila hana hou i hoʻohana ʻia i wahie, ʻo ka hapa nui e nā ʻoihana e like me nā kiln sima a me nā wili kila.Ua ʻoki ʻia a ʻāwili ʻia nā huila, a ua hoʻohui ʻia ka crumb-rubber i ka asphalt a i ʻole ke kaʻa no ke kūkulu ʻana i ke alanui, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻano resiliency a me ka haʻalulu-absorption.No nā kumu like, ua hui pū ʻia ka ʻōpala i ʻoki ʻia me ka lepo ma lalo o nā pā pāʻani, a hoʻohana ʻia ma nā kahua pāʻani ma lalo o nā kowali a me nā hale pāʻani e kōkua i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka cushion.

I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua kūʻai ʻia ka lepo lepo ma ke ʻano he koho mulch no nā mea ʻāina a me nā mea hale.Ua like kēia me ka hoʻohana hope loa no nā kaila i hana hou ʻia, akā ke nīnau nei kekahi poʻe noiʻi i ke akamai o ka mulch rubber.Wahi a Kauka Linda Chalker-Scott, he Polopeka Hokua ma ka Puyallup Research and Extension Center ma Washington State University, he mea hopohopo maoli ka ʻona o ka lāʻau, ʻoiai inā hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi kokoke i nā mea kanu.

I loko o kekahi o kāna mau pepa i paʻi ʻia, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka Chalker-Scott "ʻO kahi ʻāpana o ke ʻano mea ʻawaʻawa o ka leachate rubber ma muli o kona ʻano mineral: aluminika, cadmium, chromium, keleawe, hao, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, sulfur. , a me ka zinc…ʻaʻa i loaʻa nā pae kiʻekiʻe loa o ka zinc - e like me ka 2% o ka nui o ka huila.Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻano mea kanu… e hōʻiliʻili i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka zinc i kekahi manawa a hiki i ka make.

Hoʻomaopopo ka pepa ma waho aʻe o nā metala, ʻo nā kemika kūlohelohe i "paʻa mau loa i ke kaiapuni a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa loa i nā mea ola i loko o ka wai" e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i waho o ka ʻōpala i ʻoki ʻia.Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Chalker-Scott:

"Ua maopopo loa mai ka palapala ʻepekema ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi ʻāina a i ʻole mulch.ʻAʻohe mea kānalua i ka lele ʻana o nā mea ʻona mai ka lāʻau i ka wā e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai, e hoʻohaumia i ka lepo, nā mea kanu ʻāina, a me nā ʻōnaehana wai e pili ana.ʻOiai ʻo ka hana hou ʻana i nā kaila ʻōpala he pilikia nui ia e hoʻoponopono ai, ʻaʻole ia he hopena no ka hoʻoneʻe wale ʻana i ka pilikia i ko mākou ʻāina a me nā wai ʻili.

Ke nīnau ʻia he aha ke ʻano o ka mulch maikaʻi loa, ʻōlelo pinepine au i ka "free."Hiki ke maʻalahi ka mulch plastik no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā nāhelehele ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, a ʻo ka uhi bunker-silo kahiko he manuahi no ka lawe ʻana inā ʻike ʻoe i kahi mahiʻai waiu ma kou wahi.Akā ma kahi e hui ai ka lāʻau me ke alanui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mulch kūlohelohe.Kōkua lākou i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mauʻu, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka lepo a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mycorrhizal (pono nā fungi).Hana pū lākou ma ke ʻano he fertilizer hoʻokuʻu lohi.Hiki ke loaʻa pinepine i nā ʻāpana lāʻau popopo, ka compost oo, a i ʻole ka mauʻu maloʻo no ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ke kumu kūʻai ʻole.Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka weed-control ma kāu mauu, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻokiʻoki mauʻu me ka maʻalahi (he kiʻekiʻe loa lākou i ka nitrogen).

He maikaʻi ka hana hou ʻana, akā e mālama i nā kaʻa ma waho o ka māla.Hiki iā ʻoe ke kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā kaʻa make ma ka honua ma o ka hoʻohuli pinepine ʻana i nā huila kaʻa a mālama pono iā lākou, a ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i kāu kaʻa e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka mea nona ka puke.Loaʻa i ka NYSDEC ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā kaila ʻōpala ma https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8792.html

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

I kēia manawa ua wela ka lewa, hiki iā mākou ke mahalo i ka hau.Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ka hau i nā mea inu o ke kauwela, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wai mehana ma mua o ka mehana.A ma kēia ʻāpana o ka honua, hāʻawi pū ka hau iā mākou i nā māla pua puaʻa ʻokoʻa.Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Adirondacks, ke mohala nei nā pua ʻano Arctic like ʻole i kēia manawa i nā ʻāpana palupalu o nā mauʻu maoli i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki e ka hana ʻana o ka hau a me ka wai hehee.

ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia he mau hau hau, he kakaikahi kēia mau wahi noho ma waena o ka honua.Loaʻa lākou ma kahi kokoke i ke poʻo o nā kahawai i puka mai ma ka ʻāina mauna;ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo New York, ʻo ia ka St. Regis, Sacandaga, a me Hudson Rivers.Ma kēia mau wahi noho, piʻi ka hau ma nā kapa a hiki i ka hohonu ma waena o ʻekolu a ʻelima mau mika i kēlā me kēia hoʻoilo.ʻIke loa, ʻo ia nui o ka hau e hoʻopaʻa i ke kaiāulu mea kanu ma kahakai.He lōʻihi nō hoʻi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau, e alakaʻi ana i kahi wā ʻoki ʻia me nā lepo anuanu ʻē aʻe no ka poʻe noho hau.

No kēia mau kumu, a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka make ʻana o ka wai i nā aʻa o ka hapa nui o nā ʻano lāʻau i loko o kahi o ʻumi lā, ʻaʻole hiki ke ulu nā kumu lāʻau maoli ma nā māla hau.Hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano ʻano uhi honua e ola a ulu i laila i nā kau pōkole loa.Wahi a ka SUNY College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry's New York Natural Heritage Program, he ʻumikumamākolu mea kanu laha ʻole i loaʻa ma nā māla hau o New York, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā mea āpau ma kēlā me kēia kahua.

ʻO Dwarf cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa), New England violet (Viola novae-angliae), auricled twayblade (Neottia auriculata), a me spurred gentian (Halenia deflexa) kekahi o nā mea kanu i hiki i ka malihini ke ʻike.ʻO wau iho, makemake wau e ʻike i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka many-headed sedge (Carex sychnocephala), akā inā hele pū ʻia me kahi hui o nā mea akamai.Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau mea kanu boreal, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā pua ʻāhiu ʻē aʻe e like me tall cinquefoil (Drymocallis arguta), bastard toadflax (Comandra umbellata), a me thimbleweed (Anemone virginiana) i ka nui o nā pua o ke kauwela i loko o ka hau hau.

ʻAʻole maopopo loa nā kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hau hau.Ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia ʻo ka hau slushy i kapa ʻia ʻo frazil ke kuleana no ka ʻauʻau ʻana i nā kapa muliwai, akā ʻaʻole ikaika a ikaika ka waiho ʻana o ka hau frazil.Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Frazil i ka wā e komo ai ka haunaele i ke ea anu loa - ma lalo o 16 F (-9 C) - i loko o ka wai kokoke i ka hau.ʻO kēia ka hopena i nā koʻokoʻo hau hau e hui pinepine ʻia i loko o nā puʻupuʻu.Ke lana lākou i ka ʻili ua like lākou me nā ʻāpana hau.

ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa o ka frazil i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hau paʻa, hiki iā ia ke omo ma lalo o ka hau e uhi ana i kahi kahawai a "kau i luna" ma luna o ka pōhaku, snag a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe.Hiki i kēia ke hana i ka "waiwai kau" i loko o ka wai ma lalo o ka hau e hiki ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe nui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai i loko o nā hola.

Ua ʻike ʻia ka hau Frazil i kekahi manawa ma nā muliwai a me nā kahawai maikaʻi ma NYS, akā e hōʻiliʻili wale ia no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nohona kahawai ma kekahi mau wahi.ʻO ke ʻano o kahi kahawai, ka loli o ka piʻi ʻana, a me ka nui a me ke ʻano o kona ʻāina hoʻoheheʻe wai paha e hoʻopili ai i ke ʻano o nā māla hau.

Ua hoʻohana ʻo Evelyn Greene e noho ana ma North Creek i nā hola he nui i ka nānā ʻana i nā māla hau, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā hoʻoilo.Ua ʻōlelo mai ʻo ia iaʻu ʻo ka hana ʻana i ka wai, kahi ikaika i kālai ʻia i nā awāwa e like me ka Grand Canyon, ʻo ia ke kuleana nui o nā kula hau.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, hiki i ka hau ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ke kahawai, akā kakaʻikahi kēia.Hōʻike ʻo ia ʻo ka noho ʻana ma lalo o ka wai kahe no hoʻokahi mahina o kēlā me kēia makahiki e hoʻokuʻu aku i nā mea hiki ke loaʻa mai nā ʻāina hau.No ka mea, ʻo ke kaiāulu mea kanu ka mea maʻamau i nā ʻāina lahilahi, ʻilihune momona, ʻakika ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e kapa wau he hōʻoia.Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻo Greene ua loli ke ʻano o ka hau i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka nui o ka hau i ka hoʻoilo.

Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia kahi kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi o ka pā hau ʻo Adirondack Park ma o Warren County's Hudson River Recreation Area ma ke alanui Golf Course, ma kahi o 1.4 mile (2.25 km) ma ka ʻākau o NYSDEC's Region 5 Warrensburg Suboffice.Mai kahi kaʻa kaʻa ʻana e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hele i waho i ka hau hau i loko o kekahi mau minuke.Hoʻopaʻa inoa ka New York Natural Heritage Program i ka "hehi ʻia e ka poʻe malihini" ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoweliweli i nā kula hau, no laila e ʻoluʻolu e noho ma nā ala i kaha ʻia, a i ke kahakai, mai hehi i nā mea kanu.Hiki ke loaʻa nā māla hau ʻē aʻe ma ka Silver Lake Wilderness a me Hudson Gorge Primitive Areas ma Hamilton County.

Ma kahi ʻāina i ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻoilo lōʻihi, hiki ke hōʻoluʻolu i ka leʻaleʻa i nā mauna hau, a i ʻole nā hopena o ia mea, ma nā lima pōkole.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

I koʻu wā ʻōpio, he ʻōlelo kaʻu keiki, inā he kumu a hōʻaiʻē paha, ʻaʻole au i ʻike (ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo, ʻo ia hoʻi), ʻo ia ka mea e like me "Nā mea a pau ma ke ʻano kūpono.ʻOi aku ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa. "Me he mea lā ua lawe ʻo Māmā Nature i kēlā i loko o ka puʻuwai, a hoʻokuʻu i ka ua haʻahaʻa a heheʻe ka hau i kēia pūnāwai.Inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia, a laila paha ʻo Creepy Uncle Climate Change.ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻano, ua ʻeha ka naʻau i ka hopena o ke kahe ʻana.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole wau e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻeha o kēlā poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka wai kiʻekiʻe, ma ke ʻano he arborist ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke pale i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻeha pū kekahi.

Hoʻopilikia ka wai i nā kumulāʻau ma nā ʻano he nui, ʻo kekahi o ia mau hopena maoli, e like me ka wā e ʻoki ai nā mea i loko o ka wai kahe i nā kumu lāʻau.ʻIke ʻia kēlā ʻano ʻeha, a he mea maʻamau a maʻamau ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi loa.ʻO ka mea pōʻino maoli i nā lāʻau, ʻo ia ka nele o ka oxygen i nā lepo wai.

ʻO nā pores lepo ka mea e hiki ai i ka oxygen ke hiki i nā aʻa lāʻau.ʻO kēia ke kumu nui ka pāpaʻu o nā aʻa kumulāʻau: 90% ma ka 25 kenimika kiʻekiʻe (10 iniha) a me 98% ma ka 46 kenimika kiʻekiʻe (18 in).ʻO ia ke kumu o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hoʻopiha e hoʻonui i ka pae ma luna o ke aʻa o kahi kumulāʻau ke kumu o ka pilikia, a alakaʻi pinepine i ka emi ʻana o ka lāʻau e hoʻomaka ana i 2-5 mau makahiki ma hope.Kakaʻikahi loa nā ʻano lāʻau i hoʻololi ʻia i nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen.

Nui ka poʻe o mākou i ʻike i nā kiʻi o ka semi-tropical baldcypress e ulu hauʻoli ana i nā puʻu.Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Baldcypress i nā hale i kapa ʻia nā pneumatophores e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻokahe i ka ea i ko lākou aʻa i ʻole lākou e ʻeha.Akā ʻaʻohe o kā mākou mau lāʻau i hoʻololi ʻia, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou hanu no ka lōʻihi.

ʻO ka nui o ka pōʻino aʻa i hana ʻia e ka wai kahe e pili ana i nā kumu he nui, e like me ka manawa o ka makahiki.I ka wā hoʻomaha, maʻalili ka lepo, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hanu aʻa.ʻO ia ke ʻano hiki i nā aʻa ke haʻalele i ka oxygen lōʻihi.ʻO ka nui o ka pōʻino o ke kai e pili ana i ke olakino o kahi lāʻau ma mua o ka hanana.

He ʻokoʻa ka ʻano lepo.Inā he one kahi kahua, e kahe wikiwiki ka wai i ka wā e emi ai ka wai, e like me ka lepo kaumaha.Hiki i ke one ke komo maʻalahi ka oxygen.ʻO nā kumulāʻau ma ka pālolo a i ʻole ka lepo lepo e hoʻoikaika nui ʻia.

He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka lōʻihi o ka manawa o nā aʻa ma lalo o ka wai.ʻAʻole hiki i nā lā ʻelua a ʻekolu paha ke hōʻeha nui, akā inā hele i hoʻokahi pule a ʻoi aku paha, e ʻeha nui ka hapa nui o nā ʻano.ʻO kekahi hapa, pili ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ka waikahe i ka genetics - hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke ola i ka wai ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Ma nā hihia o hoʻokahi pule a ʻoi aʻe paha o ke kahe ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau e like me ka maple ʻulaʻula (Acer rubrum) a me ka maple kālā (A. saccharinum) ma mua o ka maple sugar (A. saccharum), no ka laʻana.ʻO ka birch muliwai (Betula nigra) e emi iho ma mua o ka birch pepa (B. papyrifera).Hiki i ka ʻoka pine (Quercus palustris) ke mālama i nā kūlana piha i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka ʻoka ʻulaʻula (Q. rubra).ʻO ka lāʻau pulupulu hikina (Populus deltoides) kekahi lāʻau e hiki ke paʻa i kona wai.ʻO tupelo ʻeleʻele, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka ʻawaʻawa ʻawaʻawa (Nyssa sylvatica) maikaʻi me nā pule ʻelua o nā aʻa i pulu i ka wai.ʻO Willows (Salix spp.), larch ʻAmelika (Larix laricina), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), a me catalpa ʻākau (Catalpa speciosa) kekahi mau lāʻau hoʻomanawanui i ka wai.

ʻO nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi hiki ke kū i ka wai kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka elderberry ʻAmelika (Sambucus canadensis), winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata), chokeberry (Aronia spp.), highbush cranberry (Vburnum trilobum), a me nā ʻano lāʻau kumulāʻau-dogwood maoli (Cornus spp.).

Eia naʻe, ʻo nā hickories (Carya spp.), ʻūhini ʻeleʻele (Robinia pseudoacacia), linden (Tilia spp.), ʻeleʻele walnut (Juglans nigra), ʻulaʻula hikina (Cercis canadensis), Colorado spruce (Picea pungens), a me nā lāʻau hua ʻai a pau. , e hiki mai ana i ka poino ke hoopuniia e ka wai no hookahi pule.

ʻO nā hōʻailona o ke koʻikoʻi o ka waikahe, ʻo ia ka chlorotic, wilting, undersize, a curling leaves, a sparse crown, early fall color (e like me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o kona ʻano), a me ka lālā-hope dieback.Ma muli o nā kumu a pau i kūkākūkā ʻia ma luna nei, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona i ke kau mua, a i ʻole he mau makahiki e hōʻike ʻia.

Ma hope o ka maloʻo liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka waikahe o kēia makahiki e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e paʻa loa i nā mea koʻikoʻi.Ke hiki mai ka manawa e noʻonoʻo ai i nā kumulāʻau, ʻo kekahi o nā ala koʻikoʻi e hiki ai ke kōkua iā lākou, ʻo ia ka pale ʻana i ka hana ʻino hou aʻe.He kumu nui kēia.Mai paka, kaʻa, a i ʻole nā mea hana i loko o ke aʻa, ʻelua manawa ka lōʻihi o ka lālā.Ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ke kumu o ka lāʻau a hiki i ka hana haʻahaʻa.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolimalima i kahi ISA Certified Arborist no ka loiloi ʻana i ka lāʻau, a no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke aʻa ma o ka haʻi ʻana o ka lepo pneumatic, mulching vertical, a i ʻole nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe.No ka huli ʻana i kahi Arborist i hōʻoia ʻia ma kahi kokoke iā ʻoe, e kipa https://www.treesaregood.org/findanarborist/findanarborist

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.He ISA Certified Arborist ʻo ia mai ka makahiki 1996, a he lālā o ISA-Ontario, ka Canadian Society of Environmental Biologists, ka Canadian Institute of Forestry, a me ka Society of American Foresters.

ʻAʻole i lohe pinepine ʻia e pili ana i kahi nūhou maikaʻi.Makemake au e ʻike i kahi bulletin ma kahi lāʻau kālā invasive hou i mākaukau e laha ma ka ʻāina.ʻOiaʻiʻo e hoʻopuka ʻo ia i ke kālā ʻē, akā hiki iā mākou ke hana kuʻikahi me kēlā kūlana, manaʻo wau.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia ka lāʻau kālā, akā e hoʻopau koke ʻia kekahi mau wahi e ka lehulehu o nā pepeke i hoʻolālā ʻia e ʻai i nā nalo ʻeleʻele, nā makika a me nā nalo dia.ʻO nā Dragonflies a me nā damselflies, nā inike carnivorous ma ke kauoha ʻo Odonata, i hala ma mua o 300 miliona mau makahiki.Pono nā ʻano pepeke ʻelua i ko lākou ʻai nui ʻana i nā mea ʻino.Ma kahi o 6,000 mau ʻano Odonata ma ka Honua, ma kahi o 200 i ʻike ʻia ma kā mākou ʻāpana o ka honua.Ua haʻi ʻia mai iaʻu he pōmaikaʻi inā pae mai kekahi iā ʻoe, akā ʻo ka laki paha ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻoweliweli ai i nā ʻupena.

I ka hopena o ka pūnāwai, loaʻa iaʻu ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi kelepona e nīnau ana inā ʻo NY State, Cornell, a i ʻole nā mana Federal i hoʻolei aku i nā dragonflies a pau i ka ʻāina ʻĀkau.He ʻano pōʻai ola ʻokoʻa nā Dragonflies a me nā damselflies e like me ka mea i hoʻokuʻu nui ʻia lākou.

Hoʻomoe nā kaikamahine a me nā ʻīlio hae i kā lākou mau hua i loko o ka wai a i ʻole ma luna o nā mea kanu kokoke i nā kihi o nā kahawai, nā muliwai a i ʻole nā loko.ʻO nā ʻōpiopio, i kapa ʻia ʻo nymphs, ua like lākou me ka monster me ka liʻiliʻi o ko lākou mau mākua.Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke ʻano o kā lākou choppers ke nānā ʻoe i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni Alien.Ke hoʻonui ʻia, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻāwae mua o ka deragona a me nā damselflies e hāmama ana e hōʻike i ka lua a ma kekahi mau ʻano, ʻo ke kolu hoʻi, nā pūʻulu o nā palps e like me ka hinged.ʻO Sigourney Weaver ka mea kikoʻī i nalowale.

ʻO nā Dragonflies, nā lele ikaika, hiki ke ʻano nui me he manu lā i ka nānā mua ʻana.I ka hoʻomaha ʻana e hohola ʻia ko lākou mau ʻēheu, a ʻo kahi laina o lākou e hoʻomoe ana ma luna o ka lāʻau e like me nā mokulele e laina ana ma kahi ala kaʻa.ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā ʻēheu mua o ka dragonfly ma mua o kona hope, ʻo ia kekahi ala e haʻi aku ai iā lākou mai nā damselflies.

ʻOi aku ka lohi o nā Damselflies ma mua o nā ʻīlio, a ma ke ʻano like me ke kaikamahine, pelu lākou i ko lākou mau ʻēheu ma mua o ko lākou mau kino i ka wā e hoʻomaha ai.A ʻoiai he nui nā ʻīlio hae, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kaikamahine me nā "ʻaʻahu" nani.Kapa ʻia ʻo Damselflies i kekahi manawa he darning needles, a ʻo nā palapala ʻepekema hoʻi i papa inoa i nā inoa damselfly e like me ka "hula hoʻololi" a me nā inoa wehewehe ʻē aʻe.

Noho nā kaikamahine a me nā dragon nymphs ma waena o hoʻokahi a ʻekolu mau makahiki ma lalo o ka wai kahi e ʻai ai lākou i nā ʻōpala palupalu e like me ka nalo deer a me nā lele lio e peʻe ana i ka lepo.ʻAi pū lākou i ka 'skeeter larvae kokoke i ka ʻili, e ulu nui ana i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Ma muli o ke ʻano, hiki i ka dragonfly nymph ka lōʻihi e like me ka laula o kou lima.ʻAʻole pupa ʻo nā nymphs, akā i ka wā e oʻo ai lākou, e kolo mai lākou mai ka wai, e heleuma i ko lākou "kuʻi wāwae" a i ʻole nā maʻuu tarsal i loko o kahi lāʻau a i ʻole ka waʻa, a wehe i ko lākou ʻili ma waena o ko lākou kua.

Ma waho o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni sci-fi, puka mai kahi deragona maikaʻi a i ʻole kaikamahine mai kona ʻili monster.Ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana i kona mau ʻēheu hou i ka lā no kekahi manawa, lele kēia mau mīkini pepehi kanaka e ʻai i nā pests, a e hoʻopaʻa pū i kahi choreography pololei a paʻakikī.ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻaʻole pilikia ka poʻe dragonfly a me damselfly, ʻoiai mākou e pepehi nui nei i ka wā e holo ana a puni nā wahi kuaʻāina i ke kauwela.

He mea kupanaha no ka humuhumu ana o ka enuhe alii momona a onionio ia ia iho i loko o ka membrane wili gula, a hoohehee i ka sopa omaomao, a puka mai i elua pule ma ke ano he pepeke alii.Hoʻololi naʻe nā Dragonflies i loko o kekahi mau hola mai kahi mea noho wai me nā gills i kahi biplane hana kiʻekiʻe.Ua like ia me kahi muskellunge e wehe i kona ʻili a puka i waho me he osprey.

Ma muli o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana e ka wela, loaʻa kēia hoʻololi nui i kēlā me kēia ʻano dragonfly a i ʻole damselfly i ka manawa hoʻokahi.Ua hala nā makahiki he nui, puka mai lākou i loko o hoʻokahi lā a ʻelua paha o ko lākou mau hoa makahiki, me he mea lā ua ʻike ʻia lākou i waho o ka ea lahilahi.A i ʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ke ʻano he hui mai kahi mokulele.ʻIke wau ʻaʻohe hui a ʻoihana aupuni e hoʻokuʻu i nā dragonflies.Akā inā lohe kekahi i ka lono e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā kumulāʻau kālā exotic, e ʻoluʻolu e waiho mai iaʻu i kahi leka.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ke hoʻomau nei kekahi poʻe malihini i ka hoʻomaʻau, ʻoiai inā hiki iā lākou ke ʻimi i ko lākou aʻa i ka poʻe ʻEulopa mua i hiki mai i kēia ʻāina.ʻAʻole loaʻa i ka dandelion maoli ka manaʻo e pono ai ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he malihini plucky i noho i kahi ʻāina hou, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he leʻaleʻa culinary piha i ka huaora, a i ʻole he lāʻau lapaʻau multi-purpose.

Ma kēia hope, mahalo nui ʻia ka dandelion a loaʻa iā ia ka inoa Latin Taraxicum officinale, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano "ka lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi."He nui nā pono olakino i hōʻike ʻia o ka dandelion, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke ʻano he kākoʻo o ke ake a no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pōhaku ʻāʻī a me ka ʻōpū, a me waho ma ke ʻano he poultice no ka ʻili ʻili.ʻAʻole wau e hoʻohālike i ka ʻike i kēlā me kēia lāʻau lapaʻau i hala a i kēia manawa, a ke paipai nui nei au e nīnau i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi, a me kāu mea mālama ola, ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e mālama iā ʻoe iho.

ʻO kēlā ʻōlelo, ua hāʻawi ka University of Maryland Medical Center i kahi ʻaoʻao pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa i ka dandelion, me nā haʻawina loiloi he nui i haʻi ʻia.Ua lohe mua au ua hoʻohana ʻia ka dandelion ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau maʻi diabetes, a ua hōʻoia ka U o M Medical Center i kēia:

ʻAʻole maikaʻi no ka mauʻu.Hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai aku i ke aʻa dandelion maloʻo a ʻokiʻoki ʻia ma ka nui a i ʻole ke ʻano capsule ma ka hapa nui o nā hale kūʻai meaʻai olakino, a i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi me ka manuahi ma kou pā kua, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻohana i nā kemika lawn.

ʻO ka inoa maʻamau o Dandelion mai ka ʻōlelo Farani "dent de lion," a i ʻole ka niho liona, e pili ana i nā serration ikaika ma ko lākou mau lau.ʻOkoʻa ka helehelena o nā lau, akā, ma waho o ko lākou mane melemele, ʻaʻole like kēlā me kēia dandelion i ka leonid e like me ka mea e hiki mai ana.ʻO ka moniker dandelion ʻē aʻe he Farani hoʻi: "pis en lit," a i ʻole "ʻū i ka moena," no ka mea he diuretic ikaika ke aʻa maloʻo.ʻOi aku ma hope.

ʻO ka hana maoli he lei dandelion.ʻO ke kumu o ko lākou pua ʻana i ka wanaʻao, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ke kikowaena o ka lei aʻa, a ʻo nā pua ʻē aʻe he nui i ka ulu hou.Ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana i nā lau, e lawe i ka pahi ʻoki a ʻoki i nā lei aliʻi, hiki ke hoʻomoʻi ʻia a lawelawe ʻia me ka pata.

Ma muli o nā pono a pau o nā dandelion, he mea kupanaha ka nui o ka manawa a me ka waiwai o kā mākou moʻomeheu e hoʻopau iā lākou.Me he mea lā ke nānā aku nei i kekahi poʻe, nāna e hoʻoinu i ko lākou mauu me nā lāʻau lapaʻau lau ākea.Hele mai kēia mau mea me nā pilikia olakino, ʻaʻole e haʻi i nā hōʻailona kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.

No ka poʻe i lawe i ka pilina liona holoʻokoʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke hiamoe i ka pō inā he mau dandelion e peʻe ana ma ka hale, e haʻi aku wau i kahi huna no ka lawe ʻana iā lākou mai ka ʻāina.ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka mower e ʻoki i ʻehā iniha ke kiʻekiʻe ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopau wale i ka nui o nā mauʻu, e kōkua nō ia i ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi, a e hōʻemi nui i ka pono o ka fertilizer.

Ke ʻōlelo nei au e hoʻōki mākou i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e pepehi i ka liona ʻAmelika ʻAmelika wale nō ʻaʻole i ka pōʻino o ka pau ʻana, a aʻo i ka mahalo a hoʻohana hou aku.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

ʻAʻohe mea makemake e haʻi ʻia he ʻano ʻili ko lākou, akā nui nā kumulāʻau i kēia kauwela, ʻoi aku ka maples, ke nānā aku nei i kahi mea ʻino loa no ka ʻaʻahu ma muli o nā kūlana ma mua o ke kau.ʻO "Leaf tatter" kahi huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā lau i haehae ʻia a nānā ʻia paha, ʻano ʻino, i kekahi manawa me nā kiko ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā ʻāpana.Hiki ke nānā aku e like me ka maʻi a i ʻole nā mea ʻino pohihihi e luku nei i ka lāʻau.

Ke hāmama nā ʻōpuʻu lāʻau a hoʻomaka nā lau ʻōpio e wehe, hiki iā lākou ke pōʻino e nā kūlana like ʻole.ʻO kekahi kumu nui o ka ʻūhā ʻana o ka lau, ʻo ia ka hau hau i hiki ke hoʻomaloʻo i nā ʻaoʻao i pelu ʻia o ka lau pēpē, ʻaʻole naʻe e make ka mea a pau.Ke wehe aʻe a paʻakikī, aia nā ʻāpana a i ʻole nā lua ma nā laina i pelu ʻia ai ka lau.I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole hiki i ka lau ke wehe piha, a hiki ke waiho ʻia i kahi ʻāpana kīʻaha.

ʻO ka hihia ʻē aʻe ke loaʻa iā mākou nā hanana makani ikaika ʻoiai e hoʻonui mau ana nā lau ʻōpio palupalu.Ma muli o ka ikaika o ka makani, hiki i kēia abrasion kino ke hopena i nā lau i hahau iki ʻia, i nā lau i ʻoki loa.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole maʻemaʻe a ʻaʻahu paha kēia pōʻino e like me ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻeha hau.

ʻAʻohe mea pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i kēia makahiki i hoʻopaʻa i nā moʻolelo i nā manawa āpau no ka nui o ka ua a me nā lā ua.ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻaoʻao "māmā" o nā lau ʻōpala.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole pulu ka lau ma muli o kahi wax maoli ma ka ʻili lau o luna a lalo o nā lau āpau.Akā, ʻaʻohe mea pale o nā ʻaoʻao i haehae ʻia.Ua komo ka makū, make nā ʻiʻo ʻuʻuku, a ua hoʻomaka nā haʻuki palaho e wāwahi i nā wahi make.No ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka hōʻeha, hiki i nā ʻupena liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo pear thrips i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kekahi mau lau pohō pū kekahi (ʻaʻole lākou i kikoʻī i ka pears).

ʻO kekahi mea e hoʻohui ai i nā ʻili lāʻau kū ʻole i kēia makahiki ʻo ia ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā hua.I ka hihia o nā maples, aia kēia ma ke ʻano o "helicopters," nā hua ʻēheu i ʻike ʻia e nā lāʻau-nerds e like me samaras.E like me ka pulu pupule e like me kēia kau, ua maloʻo ʻo 2018 i kahi ʻokoʻa loa.Hoʻoholo nā mea kanu Woody i ka nui o nā pua, a no laila e hana ʻia nā hua i kēlā me kēia pūnāwai i ke kauwela ma mua.Inā he peachy nā mea, e hoʻonohonoho i kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā pua pua no ka makahiki e hiki mai ana.Inā paʻakikī ke ola, liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe mea.

Eia nō naʻe, inā pilikia loa nā kūlana i pilikia ai ke ola o ka lāʻau, e hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka nui o kāna waihona ikehu i mālama ʻia e hana i ka nui o nā pua.ʻO kēia pane kuʻekuʻe he ʻano hoʻololi e mālama ai i nā ʻano ʻano ʻoiai inā e pepehi ʻo ia i ka lāʻau makua.ʻO ka nui o nāʻanoʻano, he nui ka nui o ia mau mea e lilo iʻeleʻele i ka wā e maloʻo ai a hoʻomākaukau e hāʻule, hāʻawi i nā maple i kahiʻano "weathered".

E pili ana i ka lau, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Cornell's Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic: "ʻOiai he mea weliweli i ka nānā ʻana, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻeha i ka lāʻau… ke ʻole e hana hou ʻia i nā makahiki he nui a i ʻole kekahi mea ʻino ʻē aʻe e nāwaliwali ai ka lāʻau."

Aia kekahi mea i kapa ʻia he anthracnose, pili ʻole i ka anthrax, a ʻaʻole ʻino e like me ke kani ʻana.Ma muli o ka nui o nā pathogen fungal like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka anthracnose i nā makahiki pulu, a pili i nā lāʻau deciduous a me nā kumu lāʻau, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea i loko o kahi kūlana nāwaliwali.Hoʻokumu ka Anthracnose i nā ʻāpana make a necrotic paha i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā veins nui, a ke alakaʻi pinepine nei i ka hāʻule ʻana o nā lau.E ʻohi wale a hoʻopau i nā lau, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ke kau ʻana o ka maʻi.

A i ʻole, hoʻomaha inā manaʻo ʻoe he lāʻau maʻi nui kāu.He makahiki ʻino wale nō ia.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ua hoʻomanawanui nā pōpoki ʻelua ma koʻu wahi i nā ʻeha weliweli e like me ka hāʻule ʻana, ka hakakā ʻana, a me nā "devotions" koi o nā keiki liʻiliʻi.He mea kupanaha ka hiki ia lakou ke ola.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ke hoʻomau nei kaʻu mau mea pili i ka lāʻau lapaʻau he hoʻokahi wale nō ke ola o nā pōpoki, a ʻo ka ʻeiwa mau mea ola he moʻolelo pōpoki wale nō.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe wili ka moʻolelo e pili ana i nā cattails i loaʻa i ʻeiwa mau ola.He mea kanu ʻāina pulu, ʻo ka cattail maʻamau (Typha latifolia) he kamaʻāina ʻo ia i ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa, ʻApelika a me ka hapa nui o ʻAsia—ʻo ia hoʻi ka honua ma waho o Australia, nā mokupuni a pau o ka Pākīpika a me ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana Polar.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia e ulu ana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻāina wai a i loko o ka wai a hiki i 30 iniha ka hohonu, mai nā piʻi wela a hiki i ka Territory Yukon o Kanada.

ʻO kona inoa mai ke poʻo ʻanoʻano ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele āna i hua mai ai, ua like ia me ka ʻīlio kulina ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka huelo o ka puaʻa.Akā i mea e pale aku ai i ka ʻakaʻaka mau ʻana o ka honua, hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka hoʻokele honua no kekahi mau minuke, ua koi ka World Bank i nā botanist e kapa i ka cattail mea kanu ma kahi o ka ʻīlio kulina.

ʻO ka inoa kūpono a i ʻole ʻaʻole, he mea kupanaha maoli ka cattail.Ma ke ʻano he mea makemake e ʻai ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau ʻai i ka lā, kūpono iaʻu i kamaʻāina mua i nā cattails ma o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka meaʻai.ʻO nā ʻōpuʻu ʻōpiopio, i kapa ʻia ʻo Cossack asparagus i kekahi manawa, he ʻono a i ʻole i kuke ʻia, akā makemake maoli ʻoe e kuke inā ʻaʻole ʻoe maopopo i ka maʻemaʻe o ka wai.

ʻO nā rhizomes mānoanoa a i ʻole nā aʻa e like me ka tuber he 80% mau kalapona a ma waena o 3% a me 8% protein, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kekahi mau mea kanu i mahi ʻia.Hiki ke kālua ʻia nā Rhizomes, hoʻolapalapa ʻia, a maloʻo a hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i palaoa.

Ma kāna puke ʻo Stalking the Wild Asparagus, wehewehe ʻo Euell Gibbons i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā aʻa me ka wai e huki ai i ka starch, kahi aʻu e ʻōlelo ai he hana maikaʻi.Hoʻohui ʻia ka starch, pulu a pauka paha i ka palaoa e hoʻonui ai i ka waiwai o nā meaʻai e like me nā kuki a me nā pancakes.

ʻO kaʻu mea makemake loa ʻo ia nā ʻōpuʻu pua, ʻo ia hoʻi nā hana ʻelua ʻano me ke kāne a staminate pollen-bearing spikes ma luna, a me nā poʻo wahine mānoanoa a pistillate ma lalo.Ua maloʻo ka pua kāne ma hope o ka hoʻokahe ʻana i ka pollen, akā ʻo ka ʻōpuʻu wahine i loko o nā ʻīlio kulina - ʻo wau ka huelo o nā pōpoki - ʻike mākou a pau.Hiki ke ʻai ʻia nā spike ʻelua, akā pono e hōʻiliʻili ʻia e like me ka wā e hemo ai lākou mai loko mai o kā lākou ʻauʻau pepa.E hoʻolapalapa a ʻai me ka pata e like me ka ʻai ʻana i ke kulina.ʻono lākou e like me ka moa.Hoʻohenehene.Ua like lākou me ke kulina.

I ka hāʻule ʻana hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻiliʻili i nā huelo a puhi i ka fluff no ka ʻohi ʻana i nā hua momona momona.(Hōʻike: ma muli o koʻu maʻi Laziness Syndrome ʻaʻole wau i hoʻāʻo i kēia.)

No nā makahiki, hele māua me kaʻu kaikamahine (ʻaʻole kona inoa maoli) i waena o ka hopena o Iune a hōʻiliʻili i ka pollen cattail melemele.E kau wale i ka ʻeke ʻeke ma luna o ke poʻo pua, e lulu i kekahi mau manawa a pau.Hiki i ka ʻeka o nā cattails ke hoʻohua mai i ʻekolu mau tona o ka pollen cattail, a ma ka 6-7% protein, ʻo ia ka nui o ka palaoa momona.E hoʻololi i ka pollen cattail a hiki i ka hapahā o ka palaoa i kēlā me kēia meaʻai.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā mea hou aʻe, akā e hoʻāʻo ma kahi pānaʻi liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka lawelawe ʻana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (kahi ʻōlelo a kaʻu mau keiki).

OK, no laila, he ʻelima mau ola?Ua kapa ʻo Euell Gibbons i ka cattail ʻo ka hale kūʻai kūʻai nui o ke kahawai, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hoʻomākeʻaka.Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā kaukani ʻatikala a me nā pepa noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā cattails.ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa iā mākou i ʻeiwa mau ola, no laila e inoa mākou i kekahi mau inoa.

Ma nā ʻāpana o ka cattail, ua ulana nā ʻōiwi no nā makahiki he mau makahiki i nā lau cattail a me nā ʻōpuʻu pua i loko o ka pā hale, nā moena moe, nā mea hoʻopunipuni pāpaʻi, nā pāpale, nā pēpē a me nā mea pāʻani ʻē aʻe a nā keiki, e inoa i kekahi mau mea hoʻohana.Ua kuʻi ʻia nā lau a me nā aʻa hou a hoʻohana ʻia i poltices ma nā ʻōpala.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cattail fluff ma ke ʻano he diaper linings, moccasin insulation a me nā ʻaʻahu ʻeha.

I kēia mau lā, hana ʻia nā ʻōpala cattail e nā ʻenekinia no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino, a hana nā mea hana i ka pepa mai nā lau cattail.Leʻaleʻa nā kamaliʻi i ka pāʻani ʻana i nā lau, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā huelo o nā pōpoki makua.Eia nā ola he nui o ka cattail.

Hiki paha i kekahi poʻe hoʻomohala kaiapili ke alakaʻi i kahi hoʻolaha e kapa i kēia mea kanu kupaianaha ʻo ka huelo kulina ʻīlio.Hiki i ka honua ke hoʻohana i ka ʻakaʻaka maikaʻi i kēia manawa.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe e pili ana i ia mea, he ola koʻikoʻi nā lāʻau ʻāina.Pono paha lākou e hakakā me ka hoʻoinu kōkua ʻana e nā ʻīlio kūloko, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā lako e nā keiki ikaika, a i ʻole nā pilikia e like me ke aʻa i kaupalena ʻia, ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo, ka hoʻokūkū mai nā mauʻu turf, ʻike ʻia ka wela mai ke kahua a me nā hale, ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka paʻakai i ka lepo - kēlā ʻano. o ka mea.

Eia nō naʻe, i kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa kahi maʻi maʻi o ka nui o ka seismic e hoʻoweliweli ana i ka pono o kā mākou mau lāʻau malu aloha: nā lua pele.Pololei, i loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi a i ka iwakālua i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi maʻi lua pele mulch.Me he mea lā ua hū lākou ma ke kumu o nā kumu lāʻau ʻāina, ʻoi aku ka ʻōpio, a ʻaʻole nani nā hopena.

Ua paʻakikī ka poʻe kālaihonua a me nā botanist e hoʻāʻo nei e helu i kēia ʻano.A hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi lāʻau lapaʻau, koi ʻia ka lehulehu e nānā i nā lua pele ʻino ma ko lākou wahi.E ʻoluʻolu e makaʻala i ka hū koke ʻana o ka nui a puni nā kumu lāʻau.Hiki ke ulu ka lua pele Mulch i ka pō, ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā waiwai kalepa a me nā ʻoihana.

Hiki i ka mulch panakō a puni ke kumu lāʻau ke loaʻa i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke olakino.No ka lāʻau, e maopopo wale.ʻO kekahi pilikia, ʻo ia ka moa.E like me nā mea hōʻino a me nā trolls pūnaewele, makaʻu lākou e hana i kā lākou hana lepo inā manaʻo lākou e ʻike kekahi iā lākou.ʻAʻole, makemake lākou i ka pōʻeleʻele a me ka pulu, e like me ka lewa ma lalo o kahi puʻupuʻu mulch, a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā trolls, ma lalo o ko Māmā.Makemake nā poʻe ʻeli lāʻau a me nā ʻili ʻili i ka lua pele mulch no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke komo manuahi i ke kumu o ka lāʻau.

ʻO wai ka makemake ʻole i ka ʻiole nani?ʻAe, ʻaʻole paha kekahi o mākou.ʻAʻole makemake nā lāʻau i nā rodents.ʻO nā ʻiole, nā ʻiole, a me nā ʻili paina, hauʻoli lākou i ka ʻono o ka ʻili lāʻau.ʻO ka pilikia, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻili he lōʻihi ka manawa, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke maʻalahi i nā mea ʻaihue.Akā ma lalo o ka lua pele mulch, aia nā ʻaina awakea leʻaleʻa.

Pono nā aʻa lāʻau i ka oxygen.ʻIke ʻia paha kēia - ʻoiaʻiʻo, hana lākou, a loaʻa iā lākou ka oxygen ma o ko lākou mau veins, ʻeā?ʻAe, ʻaʻole.Loaʻa i nā lāʻau nā ʻōnaehana vascular a hana lākou i ka oxygen ma o photosynthesis, akā nele lākou i kahi mea e like me ka hemoglobin e lawe i ka oxygen i ko lākou mau ʻāpana āpau.ʻIke ʻia e loaʻa ka oxygen i nā aʻa ma o ka ʻili lepo.ʻO nā mea a pau e keʻakeʻa ana i ke komo ʻana i ka ʻili e hoʻopau i nā aʻa.A ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau i ka mālama ʻana i ko lākou hanu ma mua o mākou.

ʻO kekahi pilikia ka hoʻoponopono.Ma kahi nui, "hoʻoponopono pono nā lāʻau."ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka pane ʻana i nā loli i ko lākou kaiapuni.Akā, ʻo nā lua pele mulch he wīwī i ka mīkini.

Ke kanu ʻia nā kumu lāʻau e ka lua pele mulch, kahi e kaupalena ʻia ai ka oxygen i ko lākou aʻa maoli, hoʻomaka nā kumu lāʻau e hana i nā aʻa adaptive (adventitious) e uku ai.E ʻōpuʻu aʻe nā ʻaʻa liʻiliʻi mai ke kumu i ka pane ʻana i ka uhi ʻia ʻana e nā ʻāpana lāʻau.Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā lōʻihi, e wāwahi ʻia ka lua pele mulch, a ʻo ka hopena, e maloʻo a make kēlā mau aʻa palupalu, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka lāʻau.

ʻO ka hope, aia ka pilikia o ka wai.Pono paha nā lāʻau i hoʻololi ʻia i ka wai hou no kekahi mau makahiki.Hoʻokahi makahiki o ka hoʻoinu hou ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻīniha o ke anawaena kumu.Hana ʻia nā lua pele Mulch e like me ka hale pili, e hoʻokahe i ka wai me ka maikaʻi loa.No ka laau oo, aole ia he pilikia nui, aka, o ka laau opiopio, ua pau a kokoke paha kona mau aa malalo o kela mauna mulch, (aole) maikai a maloo.

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ʻelua a ʻehā ʻīniha o ka mulch a puni kahi kumulāʻau - ʻelua ʻelua ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o kona lālā - maikaʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pili ka mulch i ke kumu.E ʻoluʻolu e kōkua i ke kāpae ʻana i nā lua pele mulch i kou wā e ola ana!ʻAʻole ʻoe e puhi i kou wāwae.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

I kēlā me kēia manawa ke lohe nei au i nā hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i ka poʻe ʻepekema i ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻopau wale i ke kālā o ka poʻe ʻauhau.ʻO nā laʻana o ka noiʻi hoʻomāinoino e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka moe kolohe ʻana o ka peʻa hau, a no ke aha e hili maʻalahi ai ke kaula.Ma UK, ua hoʻāʻo ka hui holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻepekema e ʻimi i ke kumu e pulu ai nā ʻōpala kulina i ka waiū.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa kālā maikaʻi ʻia e haʻalulu nā papa i ka wā e kiola ʻia ai lākou ma kahi hale ʻaina, a makemake kekahi mau makika i ke ʻala o ka limburger cheese.ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, hele ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, lawa ia e maʻi ai kekahi.

Ma ka nana aku, he mea hoohenehene keia mau hiʻohiʻona maoli, a no laila he mea maʻamau ka huhū o kekahi poʻe i ia mau hōʻike.Akā ʻaʻole pinepine nā mea e like me ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia.Ke nānā pono kākou, ʻo kēia ʻano ʻepekema e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ia iho.

ʻO nā ʻauʻau hau a i ʻole nā huelo pūnāwai he mau arthropod liʻiliʻi ma ke kauoha Collembola.ʻO ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻike maʻalahi lākou ma luna o ka hau i ka lā hoʻoilo mālie.ʻAʻole ʻae ka poʻe ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻauʻau hau, akā ʻo ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea ola liʻiliʻi ua hāʻawi iā mākou i nā ala e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kino.Hana nā ʻauʻau hau i ka glycine waiwai nui e mālama ai i ka hau mai ka hana ʻana i loko o ko lākou mau keena me ke anuanu.Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā mea kanu no ka lōʻihi loa inā ʻae kēia protein iā lākou e mālama ʻia ma lalo o ka hau hau me ka ʻole o ka pōʻino.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā molekole e like me ke kaula e like me DNA, i kekahi manawa e hopena i ka heluhelu hewa ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana.Hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia he nui, me nā maʻi kanesa.Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi mau kemika e wehe i kēia "mau kaula."ʻO nā mea noiʻi, ka mea i hoʻomaka ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā snarls kaula a me ke kaula, ke hoʻomohala nei i nā lāʻau anticancer e pili ana i nā detangler kemika.

ʻO kahi haʻawina i ka makahiki 2006 e hōʻike ana i ka namu malaria-vector he fetish no Limburger i ka wā mua.Akā i ka manawa koke, ua alakaʻi kēia ʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā pahele namu ma kekahi mau wahi o ʻApelika, i kōkua i ke kaua kūʻē i ka maʻi malaria.

Ua hāʻawi ʻo Richard Feynman physicist ʻAmelika i ka makana no ka Nobel no ka makahiki 1965 ma muli o nā mea lele lele.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻo ka nānā ʻana i nā papa ʻaina e hoʻolei ʻia ana ma kahi hale ʻaina o ke kulanui ua loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻauwana ʻana.E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, pili kēia i ka milo a me ka wobble o nā electrons, a ua kōkua i ka holomua i ke kahua o quantum electrodynamics, ʻoiai ma nā ala ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomaka e hoʻomaopopo.

I koʻu ʻike, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema Pelekane e wehe i nā mea huna o ka mushy cereal, akā naʻe.Akā ʻokoʻa lākou.Ua hoʻolako kālā ʻia lākou e kekahi mea hana cereal kaulana.

Manaʻo wau ʻo ka manaʻo ʻaʻohe o mākou ala e haʻi mua ai inā he haʻahaʻa a koʻikoʻi paha kahi haʻawina.Ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana mai ka mōʻaukala, ʻaʻohe mea e like me ke kumuhana liʻiliʻi.

No laila, i ka manawa aʻe e lohe ai mākou e pili ana i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka manaʻo poker, a pehea e hiki ai i nā manu ke ʻike i ka mea pena kaulana i hana i kahi kiʻi pena i hāʻawi ʻia (he ʻano maoli nō, ma ke ala), a i ʻole ka makemakika ma hope o ka pale pale, pono mākou e ʻakaʻaka.ʻO ke ola i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a hoʻopakele ʻia paha e kēia ʻano ʻepekema "ʻakaʻaka" no mākou ponoʻī paha, a i ʻole ke ola o kahi mea aloha.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

ʻAʻole i lohe pinepine ʻia e pili ana i kahi nūhou maikaʻi.Makemake au e heluhelu i ka leka ma kekahi kumulāʻau kālā invasive e laha ana ma ka ʻāina.ʻOiaʻiʻo e hoʻopuka ʻo ia i ke kālā ʻē, akā hiki iā mākou ke hana kuʻikahi me kēlā kūlana, manaʻo wau.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia ka lāʻau kālā, akā e hoʻopau koke ʻia kekahi mau wahi e ka lehulehu o nā pepeke i hoʻolālā ʻia e ʻai i nā nalo ʻeleʻele, nā makika a me nā nalo dia.ʻO nā Dragonflies a me nā damselflies, nā inike carnivorous ma ke kauoha ʻo Odonata, i hala ma mua o 300 miliona mau makahiki.He pōmaikaʻi nā ʻano pepeke ʻelua i ka ʻai nui ʻana i nā nalo ʻeleʻele, nalo dia, namu a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe.Ma kahi o 6,000 mau ʻano Odonata ma ka Honua, ma kahi o 200 i ʻike ʻia ma kā mākou ʻāpana o ka honua.Ua haʻi ʻia mai iaʻu he pōmaikaʻi inā pae kekahi iā ʻoe, akā ʻo ka laki paha ke pale aku nei lākou i nā ʻiniko nahu.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ma hope o kēlā hoʻoilo lōʻihi, mahalo mākou a pau i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka pūnāwai, ʻoiai ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka wā mahana me he mea lā ʻo ka hiki ʻana mai o nā iniseti nahu.Hiki i nā namu namu ke hoʻokahe i ka leʻaleʻa mai ke ahiahi ma luna o ka papahele, akā hiki i ka wāwae ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) ke lawe i ka ʻālohilohi i ke kauwela holoʻokoʻa inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka maʻi Lyme a / a i ʻole kekahi maʻi koʻikoʻi.

I kēia mau lā he ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo NY ʻĀkau he mea maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi deer tick ma luna ona ma hope o ka lā lōʻihi ma waho.ʻO nā mea a pau āu e hana ai, ʻo ke kau ʻana i ka wāwae i ka pulupulu e hōʻiliʻili i kahi pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa o lākou ma nā wāwae o kou pants.Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻaʻole ʻaʻole ma ʻaneʻi nā ʻoki dia ma ka mōʻaukala, ʻoiai ma nā helu haʻahaʻa, akā ua neʻe ʻia mai nā mokuʻāina ʻo Mid-Atlantic i nā makahiki i hala.ʻAʻole paha he ʻano invasive lākou ma ka ʻākau NYS.

ʻO ka māka hou loa ma ka poloka, akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe nīnau he ʻano invasive.No Korea, Iapana, Kina hikina, a me kekahi mau ʻāina o ka Pākīpika, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ka lāʻau ʻAsia a i ʻole ka pipi pipi (Haemaphysalis longicornis).Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ka ʻAsia longhorned tick, he mea huikau no ka mea ua loaʻa iā mākou ka pīkoi longhorned Asian.Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohui lōʻihi o ka lāʻau lāʻau.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, pōkole ia ma nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa.E like me kā Jody Gangloff-Kaufman o NY's IPM Program i kākau ai, “He paʻakikī ke ʻike ʻia nā ticks lōʻihi, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā pae ʻōpio.He ʻeleʻele maʻalahi ka poʻe mākua akā ua like kona ʻano me ka ʻīlio ʻīlio ʻeleʻele.Ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo NYSPIM e loaʻa nā lawelawe tick-ID ma: http://www.neregionalvectorcenter.com/ticks

E pili kokoke ana i kā mākou deer tick aloha, ua ʻike ʻia ka lāʻau ʻAsia no ka manawa mua ma ka nahele ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i ka makahiki 2017 ma New Jersey, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai kahi hipa holoholona i loaʻa i kahi tausani o lākou.Mai ia manawa ua laha i ʻewalu mau mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe, me NY.ʻO ko lākou kūlana hānau kiʻekiʻe kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hopohopo o kēia ʻano.He mau wahine parthenogenic (asexual) lākou a pau, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻopuka lākou i 1,000 - 2,000 hua i kēlā me kēia me ka pilikia ʻole o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka male.

Ua hōʻike ʻo Columbia News i kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka fecundity o ka tick hou i ka mahina ʻo Dekemaba i hala: I ka wā i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia ai ka lāʻau lāʻau ʻĀsia ma Staten Island i ka makahiki 2017, ua ʻike ʻia nā noiʻi i ka nui o ko lākou nui ma nā paka lehulehu he 85 no ka mika square.I ka makahiki 2018, he 1,529 kēlā me kēia pāka pāka.

ʻO kekahi hopohopo ʻē aʻe inā he vector ia o nā maʻi kanaka a me nā holoholona.Ma kona ʻāina home, ʻike ʻia ka lāʻau lāʻau e hoʻouna i kahi plethora o nā maʻi e like me Lyme, ke kuni kikoʻī, Erlichiosis, Anaplasmosis, ka maʻi Powassan, ka maʻi encephalitis i lawe ʻia e ka tick-borne, a me ke kuni nui me ka thrombocytopenia syndrome, e like me ka Ebola.E like me ka weliweli e like me kēia, ʻaʻole i ʻike nā mea noiʻi i nā maʻi maʻi ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.

ʻAʻole ʻae ka poʻe loea e pili ana i ka hiki o ka lāʻau lāʻau ke hoʻolaha i ka maʻi.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka John Aucott, ka mea nāna i alakaʻi i ka Lyme Disease Research Center ma Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, ʻaʻole pono mākou e hoʻonui i ka mea no ka lawe ʻana o ka lāʻau lāʻau i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi i kona home home, ua pilikia ka poʻe ma ʻaneʻi i nā maʻi like.Eia naʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka hope luna hoʻomalu o ka Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, ʻo Dr. Ben Beard, ma ka pūnaewele CDC penei: "ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hopena o ke olakino lehulehu o kēia tick. .Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua, hiki i ka ʻAsia longhorned tick ke hoʻouna i nā ʻano pathogens maʻamau ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Ke hopohopo nei mākou no ka laha ʻana o kēia tick, ka mea hiki ke hoʻomake nui i nā holoholona, ma luna o nā kānaka, a me ke kaiapuni, ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

I kēia manawa ua kaupalena ʻia ka lāʻau lāʻau i Downstate NY, akā ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he paʻakikī paʻakikī a ke hele nei mākou.ʻOiai he mau mika wale nō ka hele wāwae ʻana o ka ticks i ke ola holoʻokoʻa, holo lākou i nā manu lele.ʻO kahi haʻawina e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka deer tick i alakaʻi ʻia e Katie M. Clow o ke Kulanui o Guelph ma Ontario i hoʻoholo ai e neʻe ana lākou i ka ʻākau ma ka awelika o 46 mau mile (28.5 mau mile) i kēlā me kēia makahiki, i kōkua ʻia e nā manu.

ʻAʻole kēia e ʻōlelo he pono mākou e makaʻu, ʻoiai e ʻoluʻolu e hana inā makemake ʻoe.ʻO ka pale ʻana i kēia tick ua hana ʻia e like me kā mākou pale ʻana i nā ticks deer.No ka 'imi 'ana ma ka piko o ka mau'u ki'eki'e a i 'ole ka pulupulu, e kali ana e 'ōlinolino ma luna o ka mea a'e e hiki mai ana, pono ka po'e hele wāwae e pili i nā ala i kaha 'ia, 'a'ole e hahai i nā ala dia.E hoʻohana i nā huahana i loaʻa ka 20-30% DEET ma ka ʻili i ʻike ʻia.Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā lole, nā kāmaʻa a me nā mea e like me nā hale lole me ka 0.5% permethrin.E mālama mau i nā holoholona me kahi huahana anti-tick systemic a/a i ʻole tick collar no laila ʻaʻole lākou e lawe mai i nā tika dia i loko o ka home.E kamaʻilio me kāu kauka lapaʻau e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kāu mau puaʻa iā Lyme (ʻo ke kaumaha, ʻaʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau kanaka i kēia manawa).

E nānā i nā ʻeke i kēlā me kēia ahiahi ma hope o ka ʻauʻau ʻana.Makemake nā ʻili i nā wahi paʻakikī e ʻike ʻia e like me ka ʻāʻī, ka ʻāʻī, ke poʻo, nā ʻūhā, a me ke kua o nā kuli, no laila e nānā pono i kēia mau wahi.Inā ʻike ʻoe ua paʻa ka māka iā ʻoe, he mea koʻikoʻi ka wehe koke ʻana.Paipai ka CDC iā ʻoe e hoʻopaʻa iā ia ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻili me nā tweezers a huki pololei i luna a hiki i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana.Hiki paha iā ʻoe ke huki ikaika inā ua hānai ʻo ia no kekahi manawa.Noho mau ka waha maʻi i ka ʻili ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi;ʻaʻole kēia he pilikia.Mai hoʻohana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau home no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi tick, no ka mea e hoʻowalewale ia e hoʻihoʻi hou i loko ou, e hoʻonui nui ana i ka manawa e maʻi ai ʻoe.

Hiki i nā mea hale ke kōkua iā lākou iho.Ua ʻōlelo ka pūnaewele CDC: "ʻO ka mālama ʻana i kahi mamao 9-kapuaʻi ma waena o ka lau nahele a me ka noho lāʻau hiki ke hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka hoʻopili ʻana.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā lole i mālama ʻia e Permethrin a me DEET, picaridin, a i ʻole IR3535 i mea hoʻopau pilikino.E hahai i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi a pau.E nīnau i kāu kauka holoholona no nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e pili ana i kou kūlana a me nā holoholona.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ma muli o ke ʻano keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele paha ka ʻāina ʻĀkau mai ka waena o Nowemapa a hiki i ka pule mua o ʻApelila, he mea maʻamau mākou e pōloli i ka ʻike ʻana i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hōʻike ana i ka ʻāina.No laila, he mea kūpono ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau wahi i ka malu o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo.Emerald ka pololei.

Ma hope o ka caterwauling no kekahi mau makahiki e hāʻule ana ka lani, ua ʻae ʻia au.ʻO kēia kekahi hihia kahi i hauʻoli ʻole ai au i ka pololei, akā naʻe.ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka lani hāʻule, ʻo ka emerald ash borer (EAB), kahi pīkī ʻĀkia ʻano pōkā liʻiliʻi e pāʻani ana i kahi pena pena ʻōmaʻomaʻo metala me nā mea koʻikoʻi keleawe.

I loko o nā mahina ʻelua i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe manawaleʻa kamaʻāina he nui nā hōʻeha EAB hou ma ka Seaway mai ka ʻaoʻao hema o St. Lawrence County kokoke i ka palena ʻo Jefferson County a hiki i ka hikina o Franklin County.He heluna kanaka EAB koʻikoʻi ko Massena.I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ka ʻehu lehu emerald i loko o kekahi mau mile mai ke Kai moana.

Ua ʻike mua ʻia ma kahi kokoke i Detroit i ka makahiki 2002, ua laha koke ʻo EAB ma nā wahi o Upper Midwest a me Great Lakes ma US, a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Ontario ma Kanada.Me he mea lā ua hele manuahi lākou i loko o nā pahu o nā ʻāpana kaʻa Kina, e like me ka makana Crackerjack makemake ʻole.He liʻiliʻi ka pōʻino o nā pīkī makua, akā ʻai kā lākou mau pēpē (larvae) i ka cambium, ka ʻiʻo ola ma waena o ka ʻili o loko a me ka lāʻau, nā lāʻau lehu, kāʻei a make lākou.No ka mea, pepehi ʻo EAB i ka lehu maoli wale nō, palekana ka lehu mauna.

ʻAʻole paha e hāʻule maoli ka lani, akā ʻaʻole koke, nui nā kumu lehu e hāʻule i ka Honua.ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia nui me ka maʻi ʻino, ʻo ia ke pepehi ʻana o ka EAB i ka lehu, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka nalowale o ka ikaika o ka wahie ma mua o ka make ʻana o ka lāʻau e kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe.I loko o 12 a 18 mahina, e emi ana ka ikaika ʻoki ʻelima o ka lāʻau i pepehi ʻia e EAB.ʻO ia mau lāʻau e ʻoki ʻia me ka makani ʻole a i ʻole nā hoʻonāukiuki ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka pilikia ma mua o kā mākou maʻamau.

ʻO nā ʻano ʻano ʻekolu o ka lehu maoli - keʻokeʻo, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka ʻeleʻele - ua pili like lākou i ka EAB.ʻO ka mea kaumaha, e nalowale nā lāʻau lehu iā mākou.ʻO kahi pākēneka liʻiliʻi loa o ka lehu me he mea lā he kekelē kūʻē i ka EAB, e lōʻihi ana ka make, akā ʻaʻohe mea pale.ʻO kēia mau "lehu liʻiliʻi" he mea hoihoi ia i nā mea noiʻi no nā haʻawina genetic.A i ʻole, ʻo ka lehu wale nō e ola ai ka poʻe i pale ʻia e nā insecticides systemic.

No nā poʻe noho ma loko o 15 mau mile o ka Seaway e makemake ana e pale i nā kumulāʻau lehu ʻāina, ʻo ka manawa kēia e hana ai.Ma mua o ka hoʻoholo ʻana e mālama i kāu mau lāʻau, pono e loaʻa i kahi Certified Arborist e loiloi iā lākou.Loaʻa i kekahi mau lāʻau nā pilikia huna e hiki ke kaupalena i ko lākou ola, a pono e wehe ʻia.ʻO ka lehu lehu maikaʻi wale nō e mālama ʻia, a ʻo ke ala maikaʻi loa e hoʻoholo ai ʻo ia ke kipa ʻana e kahi Arborist Certified.E ʻimi i kahi kokoke iā ʻoe ma isa-arbor.com

Hoʻopili ʻia nā kemika maikaʻi loa i nā mea hoʻohana pesticide laikini.Maikaʻi kekahi mau huahana no kekahi mau makahiki;hoʻokomo ʻia lākou i loko o ka ʻōpala a i ʻole ʻia i ka ʻōpala lalo.ʻO ka pesticide wale nō i loaʻa i nā mea nona ka hale he imidacloprid lepo drench, pono e hoʻohana ʻia i ka pūnāwai.Inā kokoke ka lāʻau i kahi kino wai, akā, inā aia ka home ma luna o ka pūnāwai, pono e pale ʻia kēia ʻano.Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i kahi mea noi laikini e ka county ma dec.ny.gov/nyspad/find?

Hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 2016, he hui manawaleʻa ʻo St. Lawrence County EAB Task Force e pili ana i nā ululāʻau, arborists, nā luna o ke Kalana, nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale, nā kumu, nā limahana hana, a me nā kamaʻāina hopohopo.Inā makemake ʻoe i ʻelele mai ka EAB Task Force e ʻōlelo i kāu hui, hui a hui paha, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona iā John Tenbusch ma [email protected]

No ka 'ike hou aku e pili ana i ka emerald ash borer, e 'ike i ka emeraldashborer.info a i 'ole e leka uila i kou keena o Cornell Cooperative Extension.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ma kahi o kanahākūmālua pākēneka o ka protein, he meaʻai nui lākou, a ma nā wahi he nui o ka honua ua manaʻo ʻia he meaʻai.Ma ko mākou ʻāina, ʻelima mau ʻono ʻokoʻa o nā ʻōpala lau, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pēpē pipi.ʻO kēlā mau ʻōniʻoniʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo C hiki ke lilo i mau uʻi liʻiliʻi o ka pīkī Kepani, ʻEulopa chafer, rose chafer, Oriental beetle, a i ʻole Asiatic garden beetle.ʻAʻole au i ʻai i nā ʻōpala, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka wā e moʻa ai, kōkua ke kīwī wela, akā he mea nui kēlā manawa.

Inā ʻo ka pepehi ʻana, ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana, ʻo ka lau nahele kāu pahuhopu, ʻo ka manawa maoli nā mea āpau.He mea maikaʻi loa ke koho ʻana, akā he ʻokoʻa ko kēlā me kēia brand of grub killer ma ka papa.Pono e kau ʻia kekahi ma mua o ka waena o Mei, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana wale i ka wā i hoʻolaha ʻia ma Iune a me Iulai.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi huahana grub-control i ka manawa kūpono ʻole he pau ʻole o ke kālā a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, a ma muli o ke kemika i hoʻohana ʻia, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā keiki, nā holoholona a me nā holoholona hihiu.

Ma mua o ka wehe ʻana i kēia pilikia, makemake wau e ʻōlelo i kekahi mau mea e pili ana i nā lau mauʻu (ke ʻano non-Whitman), ʻo ia nā panela lā e hana ai i ka meaʻai mai ka lā.Maikaʻi ka noʻonoʻo ʻana pēlā.Inā liʻiliʻi kēlā panela lā no ka mea e ʻāhiu mau ana mākou iā ia a hiki i ka pōloli, pōloli ka mea kanu āpau a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomohala i kahi aʻa ikaika, hakakā i nā maʻi, a i ʻole hoʻokūkū me nā nāhelehele.ʻO ka hopena pāpaʻu, aʻaʻaʻaʻaʻaʻaʻaʻaʻa loa i ka pōʻino.

Ke noʻonoʻo nei au inā loaʻa kā mākou mea hoʻohui i ka ʻoki ʻoki ʻana mai nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo kolepa lush.Wahi a golfcourseindustry.com, i ka makahiki 2015 he $4.25–$6.00 no kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi kūhā no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana USGA no nā kūlana lepo e kūkulu i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo.ʻO ia ka pīkī - holo nā kumukūʻai mālama makahiki i nā ʻumi kaukani no ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo.Hiki i nā papa kolepa ke ʻoki pōkole no ka mea ʻai mau ka mauʻu i ke kālā.

ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻano like ka mauʻu me ko lākou, akā inā e ʻae mākou i ka nui o ka mauʻu "nā paneli solar," e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā maʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka momona, ʻoi aku ke kumu kūʻai, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka grub-proof.ʻIke wau he nui kēia e hoʻohiki ai, akā e hoʻonoho i kāu mower i ʻehā iniha ke kiʻekiʻe, a hāʻawi iā ia i hoʻokahi makahiki.ʻO nā hana ʻē aʻe e like me ka ʻoki ʻoki ʻoki a me ka waiho ʻana i nā ʻokiʻoki ma ka lau e kōkua pū kekahi.ʻAe, a maʻalahi i ka lime.Nui nā lau nahele i ka lepo pH kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i ka lime.

E hoʻi i kā mākou kumuhana ʻono.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā grubs i ka wā liʻiliʻi, ma waena o ka hopena o ʻAukake.E neʻe ana nā ʻōpala nui ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻili i ka pūnāwai e hānai liʻiliʻi, a laila pupa lākou.ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau "24-hola" i hoʻohana ʻia i ka puna mai ka 20% a i ka 55% maikaʻi i kēia mau grubs makua, e like me ka Michigan State Extension.ʻO nā huahana i kapa ʻia ʻo "24-hola" he mea ʻawaʻawa loa, a pono e mālama ʻia e mālama i nā holoholona a me nā keiki mai nā wahi i mālama ʻia.

"ʻO nā huahana pale i loaʻa i ka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam a i ʻole clothianidin e hōʻemi mau i ka 75-100 ka nui o nā grubs inā hoʻohana ʻia i Iune a i Iulai paha a hoʻoinu ʻia me 0.5-1 ʻīniha o ka irrigation ma hope koke o ka noi ʻana," e ʻōlelo ai mai ka pūnaewele o Michigan State.ʻAʻole ʻawaʻawa kēia mau neonicotinoids i nā mammals, akā hiki ke hōʻeha i nā pollinators, no laila mai mālama i nā wahi e pili ana i nā mea kanu pua.ʻO ka puka makani no lākou ʻo Iune a Iulai.

ʻOiai ka lōʻihi o kona inoa, ua manaʻo ʻia ka chlorantraniliprole ʻaʻole hiki ke make i nā holoholona a me nā pi.ʻO ka hopu ka lōʻihi o ka hana ʻana, no laila pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana i loaʻa i kēia mea hana i ka wā hiki loa, a ʻaʻole ma hope o ka hopena o Iune.

He maʻi maikaʻi loa ka Milky-spore, ke ʻole ʻoe he grub.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi ʻaʻole mahana ka lepo ma ka ʻĀkau NYS no ka lōʻihi no ka hana ʻana o kēia biocontrol nontoxic.Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā nematodes maikaʻi, ʻo ia nā meaola lepo microscopic e hoʻouka i ka hapa nui o nā ʻano grub.Eia kekahi, palekana lākou a ʻaʻole hoʻopaʻa i nā meaola ʻē aʻe.He palupalu nā nematodes pono, a pono e hoʻopili ʻia ma hope o ka hiki ʻana mai.Hiki ke kauoha ʻia ma ka pūnaewele, a i ʻole e nīnau ma kāu kikowaena māla kūloko.

Me ka ʻokoʻa o nā huahana chlorantraniliprole, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika grub i ka pūnāwai he mea maikaʻi ʻole ke kālā.ʻO ka mea maikaʻi loa, ʻo ke kanu hou ʻana i nā wahi ʻole i kēia manawa, a ʻoki i kahi kiʻekiʻe i ikaika ka mauʻu i nā aʻa.A i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohui i kahi pāpaʻi, e hoʻā i ka mea ʻai hohonu a hele i kahi ʻaina ahiahi mai ka lau nahele.Mai poina i ka ʻuala wela.

PESTICIDE DISCLAIMER: Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻoikaika a pau e hāʻawi i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo pesticide pololei, piha a hou.Eia nō naʻe, hoʻololi pinepine ʻia nā hoʻoponopono pesticide a hiki mau nā hewa kanaka.ʻAʻole kēia mau manaʻo i pani no ka lepili pesticide.E ʻoluʻolu e heluhelu i ka lepili ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi pesticide a hahai pololei i nā kuhikuhi.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ma kahi kokoke i nā mea kākau moʻolelo a pau, ʻaʻole paha i haku ʻo Marie Antoinette i ka huaʻōlelo "E ʻai lākou i ka keke," he ʻōlelo i ka moʻomeheu kaulana ma mua o kona manawa.ʻO ia ʻōlelo i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia e nā hoa paio e hoʻoikaika i kona kaulana ma ke ʻano he aliʻi haʻaheo a haʻaheo.Ua ʻoi aku kona lokomaikaʻi inā ʻōlelo ʻo ia "E ʻai lākou i nā kumu lāʻau."

Mai nā kauhale mamao a hiki i nā hale ʻaina kūlanakauhale ʻelima hōkū, ʻai nā poʻe a puni ka honua i nā ʻano kīʻaha leʻaleʻa āpau me ka lāʻau lua lima.ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau e hōʻike ʻia ma ka papa kuhikuhi.ʻO nā haloo e like me ka inky cap, oyster a me ka shiitake he makemake nui i ka lāʻau, he mea ʻai ʻuʻuku loa nā mea ola no ka mea paʻakikī loa ke ʻeli.ʻO ka mea i hoʻāʻo e ʻai i ka lāʻau hiki ke hōʻoia i kēlā.

Hana ʻia ka lāʻau me ka cellulose me ka nui o ka lignin.ʻO kēia pūhui hope ke cellulose i ke ʻano o ke koʻokoʻo hoʻoikaika kila i ke koʻa.He ʻuʻuku ka liʻiliʻi o ia mea akā hāʻawi ia i ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa.ʻAʻole hiki i nā hua bacteria ʻai lāʻau ʻoihana i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka termite ke ʻeli i ka lignin.ʻO kahi pūʻulu wale nō o nā fungi i loaʻa kēlā mana nui.

ʻEkolu mau pūʻulu maʻamau o nā haʻani palaho lāʻau: pala-palapala, pala-palapala a me ka pala keʻokeʻo.Ma nā ʻōlelo ʻepekema ʻaʻole pili kēia mau coteries ʻoiai ua like ko lākou inoa hope.ʻIke ʻia no nā haʻiki, ua like ka "rot" me kā mākou "Smith" ma ia ʻano.

He mea maʻamau ka haʻi pala-palapala, e hoʻopōʻino ana i nā ʻano ʻano kīhāpai i nā mākia ʻōmato a me nā pou pa.ʻO nā mea lāʻau, ma ka liʻiliʻi.ʻAʻole maʻamau ka pala ʻulaʻula.I kekahi manawa a i ʻole ua ʻike paha ʻoe i kāna hana lima.ʻO kēia haʻuki ka hopena i kahi ʻano poloka, hoʻololi i ka lāʻau i mau pōhaku liʻiliʻi, ʻeleʻele spongy.ʻOiai ʻo ka pala ʻeleʻele e pono ai ka makū no ka hana ʻana i kāna hana lepo, ua kapa ʻia ia i kekahi manawa he pala maloʻo no ka mea maloʻo koke a ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ia ʻano.ʻAi wale nā haʻi palapalapala a me ka palaʻeleʻele i ka cellulose, e ʻai ana a puni ka lignin e like me ke keiki kao e pale ana i nā pī Lima e hūnā ana ma waena o nā meaʻai ʻono ma kā lākou pā.

ʻO nā haʻupaʻa keʻokeʻo, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, no ka hui papa maʻemaʻe, e ʻeli ana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka lāʻau.Hiki i kēia ʻano o nā haʻi ke hoʻopōʻino nui i nā kumu lāʻau paʻakikī, ʻoiai ua hoʻouka kekahi mau ʻano i nā conifers.Hoʻowahāwahā ka poʻe nahele iā ia, akā makemake ka poʻe meaʻai.ʻO ia ka pūʻulu e hāʻawi iā mākou iā Armillaria mellea, kahi maʻi ʻino a luku ʻia e hana ai i nā halo meli ʻono.

ʻO Shiitake a me nā halo ʻoyster he mau haʻu keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻoiai he saprophytes lākou, e like me nā mea ʻokiʻoki e like me nā manu turkey, ʻaʻole nā mea hoʻomake e like me predator.No laila ʻaʻole pono mākou e manaʻo hewa i ka ʻai ʻana iā lākou.Ma ka ʻāina, ua ulu ka mahiʻai shiitake i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala.He kumu ia o ka loaa hou no ka poe mahiai a me ka lealea a me ka ai maikai no ka poe makemake e hoao.

Makemake ʻo Shiitake i ka ʻoka, ka beech, ka maple a me ka lāʻau hao, ʻoi aku a liʻiliʻi paha i kēlā ʻano.No ka mahi ʻana i ka shiitake, pono nā bolts i hana ʻia me kekahi o kēia mau lāʻau paʻakikī.He ʻehā kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi o nā pōleʻa a mai ʻekolu a ʻewalu iniha ke anawaena.E hānai ana ia mau lāʻau i nā halo no hoʻokahi makahiki ma ke anawaena ʻīniha.Hoʻokomo ʻia nā lua i loko o nā lāʻau, a ua hoʻopiha ʻia kēia mau mea me nā "hua" mushroom i kapa ʻia ʻo spawn.

Mai ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 2015, ua ʻike ka Mokuʻāina ʻo NY i "nā halo ulu lāʻau i hoʻokele ikaika ʻia" ma ke ʻano he mea kanu kūpono a koʻikoʻi.ʻAe kēia i ka poʻe mahiʻai e koho i ka ʻāina a lākou e hoʻohana ai no ka ulu ʻana i nā halo ma ke ʻano he mahiʻai, e ʻae iā lākou no ka hoʻomaha ʻauhau.Mahalo iā Senatoa Patty Ritchie no ke kōkua ʻana i kēia hana.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pili ke kānāwai 2015 i nā halo i ʻohi ʻia.

Ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Cornell University i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka mahiʻai ʻana ma ke ʻano he kumu kālā no nā kamaʻāina kuaʻāina.I loko o kahi haʻawina 3-makahiki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 2012, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Cornell a me kāna mau hoa noiʻi e hiki i nā mahiʻai ke hoʻololi i ka loaʻa kālā i loko o 2 mau makahiki wale nō.Ua ʻike lākou he 500-log shiitake mahiʻai hiki ke loaʻa $9,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Hōʻike ʻo Steve Gabriel, ka loea mahiʻai halo o Cornell, ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā halo i ulu i ka lāʻau he mea hoʻomau a pili i ke kaiapuni, ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa kālā kūpono.Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻike hou aʻe ma ka pūnaewele a Professor Gabriel e lawelawe nei: www.cornellmushrooms.org

ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ke hoʻolaha hou nei ʻo Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County i kahi papa hana shiitake lima lima āpana i kēia makahiki ma ka Extension Learning Farm ma Canton.Hiki i nā mea komo ke koho mai kekahi o nā lā ʻelua: Pōʻaono ʻApelila 6, a i ʻole Pōʻaono ʻApelila 13, 2019 mai 9:00 AM a 1:00 PM.

E lawe ana kēlā me kēia mea i ka home i kā lākou iho shiitake mushroom log ma hope o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a hoʻopaʻa ʻia.E hoʻomau ka lāʻau i nā halo no 3 a 4 mau makahiki.Aia ke kākau inoa ma ka pūnaewele ma o ka pūnaewele CCE: www.st.lawrence.cornell.edu.Hiki iā ʻoe ke kelepona i ke keʻena ma (315) 379-9192.Ua kaupalena ʻia ka nui o ka papa, no laila e kākau mua.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ke hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā lā a piʻi ka mahana, he mea maʻamau ka ʻike ʻana i kekahi mau iniseti e ʻūhū a puni ka hale, e ʻimi ana i kahi ala i waho.ʻO nā pahu pahu pahu ʻulaʻula a ʻeleʻele, ʻalani ʻAsia lede-beetles, a me ka hina a me ka neʻe mālie ʻana o nā hua conifer conifer o ke komohana he mau mea liʻiliʻi wale nō ia e ʻimi nei i kahi hale hoʻomaha hoʻolimalima ʻole i ka hāʻule ʻana a laila poina i kahi e puka ai. ua hiki mai ka puna.ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻaʻole ʻino kēia mau mea a me ka ʻike ʻole, a ʻaʻole hānai i loko o ka hale a i ʻole e hoʻopilikia i ke olakino.

Hiki nō hoʻi i ka wā wela ke lawe mai i nā ʻanuʻu kamanā mai ka hana lāʻau.He hōʻailona kēia e pono ai kekahi i ke kamanā, a i ʻole ka mea hale hale, no ka mea, pono nā ʻanuʻu kamanā i kahi lāʻau pulu a poino e hoʻomaka ai e hana i kahi pūnana.ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou e hana ʻino i nā hale e like me ka hana ʻana o nā termite, ʻaʻohe mea makemake iā lākou ma lalo o ka wāwae.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kekahi o nā pests maikaʻi loa i kēlā me kēia makahiki, no ka laʻana, nā cockroaches a me nā moena moe.ʻAʻohe o lākou ʻike, hiki i nā pests hale ke hoʻopololei iā mākou i ka pā i ka manawa pōkole.

Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui e hoʻonui i ka pilikia ma mua o ka pane ʻana.He mea maʻamau ka makemake i nā hopena koke, akā ʻo ka hemahema o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "kaua i nā lāʻau lapaʻau" pono e aʻo mai iā mākou ʻo ka hammering wale ʻana i nā hōʻailona e haʻalele iā mākou i ka luhi a haki, a waiho i ka pilikia e like me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kaiapuni i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kūlana "Shock and awe".ʻO kekahi o nā mea hana pest-control kaulana loa, e like me ka total-release home foggers (TRFs) a i ʻole "bug bombs," ua hōʻoia ʻia he waiwai ʻole loa, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻano haʻahaʻa e like me nā maunu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.

ʻO ka papa mua o ka ʻoihana ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ka pest.ʻO Centipedes, millipedes, cluster flies, a me daddy-longlegs he mau hoa noho makemake ʻole ʻia, akā makemake ʻia nā mana ʻokoʻa.Hiki i kāu keʻena ʻo Cornell Cooperative Extension ke kōkua iā ʻoe e ʻike i kahi pest inā ʻoe e leka uila iā lākou i kekahi mau kiʻi akaka.ʻO ka hana aʻe, ʻo ia ke nīnau i ka mea hoʻopio i kāna hana i loko o kou hale.ʻO ka ʻāpana o ke kaʻina hana ID ke aʻo nei i ka hana o kēia mea no ke ola, no ke aha ia i loko o kou wahi, a pehea e hiki ai i laila.

No ka laʻana, ola nā ʻōpala Boxelder ma ke kohu maple, a hoʻoilo ma ke ʻano he makua ma lalo o ka ʻili lāʻau a i ʻole, ʻo ka vinyl a i ʻole ka lāʻau.I ka pūnāwai, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe o ka haʻalele ʻana i kou hale i hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i kahi pahu pahu a i ʻole nā ʻano maple ʻē aʻe kahi e hoʻopā ai a waiho i nā hua.ʻAʻohe nui o ka home insecticide e hāʻawi i ka mana no kēia mau mea i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ai lākou mai ko lākou mau wahi peʻe i loko o nā pule he nui.ʻO nā insecticides nā meaʻawaʻawa aʻalolo, a ʻo nā mea liʻiliʻi i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ADHD, ke kaumaha, a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.Pono e hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau huahana i ka wā kūpono e hana ai.

ʻO ka hoʻonā ʻana i nā ʻōpala boxelder, nā lede-beetles ʻĀsia, nā nalo puʻupuʻu a me nā mea ʻimi hoʻomaha ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole ia he uila a ʻawaʻawa hoʻi, a no ia kumu ua hoʻokuʻu pinepine ʻia.Ke hoʻokomo nei i kahi hihia o ka caulk maikaʻi, kekahi mau kini o ka insulation spray, a malia paha e hiki i kekahi pale hou ke ho'ōla i ka nui o ia mau infestations no nā makahiki i ka manawa.Eia kekahi, e hoʻihoʻi ka hapa nui o nā ʻohana i ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻoilo mua i ka mālama wahie.

ʻO nā millipedes, nā ʻeke kamana, a me nā ʻōpala lūlū e komo i nā hale ma hope o ka ʻoluʻolu o ka wai.E hoʻi hou lākou ke ʻole e hoʻoponopono ʻia nā pilikia wai.ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻanuʻu kamanā me kahi lāʻau insecticide ākea ke hāʻawi i ka ʻoluʻolu o ka ʻike ʻana i ka pūʻulu o nā ʻanuʻu make i ka lā aʻe, akā na ka hale hana ant (ʻo ia hoʻi ke mōʻīwahine) e hoʻopau i nā pēpē no ke kau holoʻokoʻa, e koi ana i nā noi he nui.ʻO ka maunu nontoxic a me ka lepo-maʻalahi i hana ʻia mai ka pauka boric acid a me ka wai kō e holoi i ke aliʻi wahine, akā e lawe i ʻelua pule.Pono mākou e koho ma waena o ka haʻalulu a me ka weliweli, a me ka hana mālie.

Ma kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma Ianuali 28, 2019 i loko o ka puke pai BMC Public Health, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi o ke Kulanui o North Carolina State ʻaʻole i loli ka nui o ka poʻe cockroach Kelemania ma 30 mau hale ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina o ka "pahū" mau me nā foggers hoʻokuʻu.Akā ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ke koena pesticide ʻona i loko o ia mau hale noho i hoʻonui i ka awelika o 603 mau manawa o ka papa kuhikuhi.I loko o nā hale i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā maunu gel, akā, ua hāʻule ka heluna o nā moʻo i ka 90%, a ua hāʻule nā koena pesticide ma ka lumi noho.ʻO ka mea kākau alakaʻi ʻo Zachary C. DeVries i ʻōlelo "ʻO nā pilikia nui o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā pesticide e pili ana me nā TRF i hui pū ʻia me ko lākou pono ʻole i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā maʻi cockroach Kelemania e nīnau i kā lākou pono ma ka mākeke."

ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana a i ʻole ka pahū ʻana i kēlā me kēia pepeke a mākou e ʻike ai i loko o ka hale, he mea hoʻopiʻi koʻikoʻi ia, akā he hana weliweli a pipiʻi ia e hoʻoponopono ʻole ai i ka mea e hoʻopilikia nei iā mākou.No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i nā pest i kūpono, e kipa i ka NYS Integrated Pest Management pūnaewele ma https://nysipm.cornell.edu/whats-bugging-you/ a i ʻole e kelepona i kāu keʻena Cornell Cooperative Extension.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Maikaʻi nā puaʻa pint-size, i kekahi manawa.ʻO ka mea hahai holoholona e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻīlio hae no ke kiʻi ʻana i ka pāʻani e lawe mai i ka puaʻa liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka mea nāna i hoʻohana i kahi terrier no nā lawelawe ʻimi.Malia paha, ʻo nā ʻīlio hahai holoholona liʻiliʻi e pili ana me ka lepo-mops ka mea i hoʻāla ai iā Shih Tzus a me nā ʻīlio liʻiliʻi foofy ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i koi nui ʻia i kēia manawa hiki iā Roombas ke hana i ka hana like no ka mea maʻalahi.I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei he "teacup mini-pig", akā ua hoʻolei mākou iā lākou i ka wā i lilo ai lākou he mau puaʻa maʻamau e ulu koke ana i nā kīʻaha kīʻaha, nā bākeke, a me nā ʻauʻau.I kēia manawa me he mea lā ke hoʻopau ʻia ka lako imogee i nā ʻīlio kīʻaha kīʻaha, ʻaʻohe mea e koi ai ma mua o ka pale ʻeke ma ke ʻano he kennel, he mau grams o ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a me ka lua o ka moraki e uhi i nā kumukūʻai vet.

ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻāhewa ʻana o ka honua, ʻo nā aliʻi hoʻopunipuni waiwai nui a me nā mea ʻē aʻe pōkole i ke kumu o ke ola e hoʻokau mau nei i ka noi no nā ʻīlio micro e like me nā mea hana.E like me kā Wendy Higgins, ka Luna Hoʻokele o ka EU Communications ma Humane Society International i kuhikuhi ai, “He mea maʻamau ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻīlio, no laila e loaʻa pinepine lākou i nā iwi palupalu a me ka hemahema o ke kino.Inā mālama ʻoe i nā ʻīlio, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa āu e hana ai ʻo ke kūʻai ʻana i kahi ʻīlio kīʻaha.Akā inā hoʻomau ka hoihoi i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi loa, ʻike wau i kahi mea hiki ke hoʻonohonoho i ka palena liʻiliʻi.E neʻe i luna, nā holoholona kīʻaha kīʻaha - ʻo ka wai-bea, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka puaʻa moss, ʻoi aku ka like me nā holoholona kīʻaha.

ʻO kēia mau holoholona liʻiliʻi, he 0.3 a 0.9 mm wale nō ke ana (a i ʻole ma nā huaʻōlelo non-metric, hewa-liʻiliʻi a pupule liʻiliʻi) ka lōʻihi, ua kapa pinepine ʻia e ko lākou inoa Phylum Tardigrade, ʻo ia hoʻi ka stepper lohi.No ka mea ʻuʻuku lākou ʻaʻole ia he pōkole i ke ʻano a me ka nani.ʻO ko lākou mau maka wizened hōʻikeʻike, puʻupuʻu, kino ʻāhuehue a me nā ʻano paʻakikī e hoʻohālikelike i nā bea wai e like me kahi mea hou o ka psychedelic counterculture i ka makahiki 1960 (ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻatikala e noho lākou ma ka home ma Alice in Wonderland) .

He ʻehā mau wāwae ʻōpuʻu o ka bea wai, e pau ana kēlā me kēia ma 4 a 8 mau maiuu.Hiki ke akaka ko lākou kino, keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula, ʻalani, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, poni, a ʻeleʻele paha.ʻOi aku ma mua o 1,100 mau ʻano, ʻai nā Tardigrades i ka moss, lichen, algae, a i kekahi manawa kekahi i kekahi.ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa, i ka wā i ʻōlelo ʻia ai ka puʻunaue ʻana o ke kino "ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa," ʻo ia ka pōkole no "ākea."ʻAʻole pēlā me kēia mau manu.Ma waho aʻe o ka "bea polar'ē aʻe," ʻike ʻia lākou i loko o nā makani hohonu o ka moana, nā lua pele ʻala wela loa, nā wao nahele maloʻo a me nā ʻāpana hau a me nā glaciers.

ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o nā pua puaʻa/bea wai, ʻoi aku paha ma mua o nā ʻano ola ʻē aʻe.Ua ʻōlelo ka nui o nā mea olaola e hiki ke ola ʻo Tardigrades i kahi hoʻopau nui e like me nā mea mōʻaukala i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hopena meteor nui.Akā no ka lilo ʻana i extremophile maoli, pono e hana maikaʻi ke kino i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi ma mua o nā mea maʻamau.ʻOiai hiki i nā bea wai ke ola ma kahi o nā mea a pau, makemake nui lākou i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka hapa nui o nā kānaka: lawa ka ea, ka wai, ka meaʻai, a me nā kūlana mahana.

"Ke paʻakikī ka hele ʻana, hele ka paʻakikī," ʻo ia kaʻu i manaʻo mau ai i kahi wahi mālie.Ke paʻakikī ke ola no ka bea wai, hoʻokumu ia i kahi mokuʻāina cryptobiotic i kapa ʻia he tun, e hoʻokahe kokoke i ka wai a pau i waho o kona mau keena a hoʻololi i kekahi o ia mea me ke kō i kapa ʻia ʻo trehalose.Hoʻopuka pū ia i kahi protein e pale ai i ka pōʻino DNA.ʻEhia ka ʻoi aku o ka paʻakikī o nā puaʻa puaʻa ma kēia mokuʻāina?Tuns.

ʻOiai ma kahi o 500 rads o nā kukui X e pepehi i ke kanaka, 570,000 rads ʻaʻole i hana i ka make a i ʻole ka hōʻino DNA i kēia mau mea.Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Tardigrades e ola no 20-30 mau makahiki i ko lākou ʻano cryptobiotic, akā ma hope o kekahi mau minuke o ka hydration, hoʻomau ka hana maʻamau.E koho wau i kekahi i ka pae o kā lākou kamaʻilio hope.

Wahi a kahi hōʻike ma Smithsonian, ʻae lākou i ke anuanu a hiki i kahi -200C (-328F), kokoke i ka ʻole loa.A ʻaʻole maopopo iaʻu pehea e kuke ai i nā bea wai, no ka mea, ola pū lākou i ka 149C (300F), he umu wela loa.Hiki i nā Tardigrades ke pale aku ma mua o 1,200 mau manawa o ka lewa, a me ka hakahaka piha o ke ākea - i ka makahiki 2007, ua lawe ʻia kekahi i loko o ka orbit honua haʻahaʻa ma ka mokulele Foton-M3 no 10 mau lā.

ʻO nā hoʻolālā cryptobiotic o nā bea wai ua ʻae i nā kauka e hoʻomohala i nā mea i kapa ʻia nā lāʻau maloʻo e pili ana i ka trehalose ma kahi o ka wai.ʻAʻole pili kēia i ka spoilage, he pōmaikaʻi i nā poʻe ma nā wahi i kaupalena ʻia ka refrigeration.

Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻokoʻa hoʻomāinoino holoholona, ʻo kekahi drawback i ka ʻīlio kīʻaha ʻo ia ka ʻono o ke kī, manaʻo wau.ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, hānau ʻia nā tardigrades ma ka pepa.I kēlā me kēia manawa e ulu liʻiliʻi ka bea wai, pono ia e hoʻoheheʻe i kona ʻili a i ʻole ka molt, kahi hana e hana hou ʻia i 12 mau manawa a ʻoi aʻe paha ke oʻo.ʻO nā haku o ka maikaʻi, kali lākou a hiki i ka molt ma mua o ka poping, a waiho i nā lālani o nā pellets liʻiliʻi i laina i loko o ka ʻili kahiko.He mea maʻalahi kēia i nā mea nona ka lawe ʻana i kā lākou mau uku i ka paka bea wai, inā paha e hiki mai ia mea.ʻOkoʻa ke ola ma muli o nā ʻano mai kekahi mau mahina a i ʻelua mau makahiki, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka animation hoʻokuʻu ʻia.

Hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā bea wai mai nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā mea maʻemaʻe e like me ka moss, i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki, a nānā ʻia me ka lima-lens a i ʻole ka mana haʻahaʻa dissecting scope.Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi loa o nā bea wai no ka hana ʻana e like me nā cufflinks, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ke hoʻomāʻona i ka poʻe e ʻimi nei i nā mea hana ola.E ʻoluʻolu e kōkua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona ponoʻī - e pale i nā holoholona kīʻaha kīʻaha, a hoʻohana i kahi tardigrade!

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Nā nalu monster heʻenalu kino ma Australia;ka holo ʻana i ka hau ma lalo o nā hale ma Alaska me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā papa improvised;ʻO ka holo ʻana i loko o nā puʻu i manaʻo ʻia ma lalo o nā puʻu kiʻekiʻe - ʻo ke ʻano o ka pāʻani mālama ʻole ʻia e hiki ai i nā ʻōpio ke komo i loko.ʻAʻole kēlā e haʻi i ka romping weliweli a me ka pāʻani lio, a me nā pāʻani ʻino e like me ka kuha-soccer i loko o ka loko.ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, he mau holoholona like lākou.

Ua noʻonoʻo lōʻihi ka poʻe ʻepekema no ke aha i ulu ai ka nui o nā ʻano holoholona e pāʻani, i kekahi manawa i ko lākou pilikia.A i kekahi manawa, ke noʻonoʻo nei lākou.ʻO ka pāʻani ʻōpio i nā primates e like me ke kanaka a me nā apes ua paʻi maikaʻi ʻia, a ʻo nā mea momona ʻē aʻe e like me nā ʻīlio a me nā pōpoki e pāʻani pono pū ana, akā ʻike ʻia kahi pūʻulu kahaha o nā holoholona e komo i nā pāʻani lapuwale.

Ma ke kākau ʻana no sciencenews.org i Pepeluali 2015, haʻi ʻo Sarah Zielinski i ka noiʻi leʻaleʻa reptile mai ke Kulanui o Tennessee ma Knoxville i paʻi ʻia i kēlā mahina hoʻokahi.Ua wehewehe nā mea noiʻi ʻo Vladimir Dinets lāua ʻo Gordon Burghardt i ka pāʻani holoholona ma ke ʻano he hana maʻamau i hoʻonui ʻia (pinepine ʻia) nā hana, i hoʻomaka ʻia e nā holoholona olakino i kahi kaiapuni ʻole.Hōʻike lākou i kahi honu ʻo Nile soft-shell honu nāna e "dribble" i ka pōʻaleʻa i hope a i waho o ka wai i loko o kona pā.

Ua ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi i ka heʻenalu kino o nā crocodiles hihiu ma lalo o lalo, a e hoʻomaopopo i ka makemake o ka poʻe pio i ka naʻaupō me nā mea pāʻani plastik ma ka ʻāina a me ka wai.No laila, hāʻawi mau nā zoos i kā lākou 'gators a me nā crocs i nā mea like ʻole e leʻaleʻa ai iā lākou iho.He manaʻo maikaʻi paha kēlā me kēia mea e hoʻohuli ai i ka manaʻo o ka crocodile.Ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo Zielinski i kahi mea olaola mai ke Kulanui o Lethbridge, Alberta, nāna i ʻike i nā heʻe e kuha ana i ka wai no nā hola ma ka hopena ma nā mea lana e hoʻoneʻe iā lākou a puni kā lākou aquarium.

A no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana iā Jason Goldman o BBC ma kāna hōʻike BBC ma Ianuali 2013, "Makemake wale nā gulls e leʻaleʻa."Ua haʻi ʻo ia i kahi haʻawina i hana ʻia ma o ke Kulanui o William lāua ʻo Mary ma Williamsburg, VA nāna i hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻōpio ʻōpio e pāʻani ana i ka "drop-catch" me nā mea like ʻole, ʻoi loa i nā lā makani i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ia pāʻani.

He pāʻani ʻo Ravens no ka manawa maikaʻi.Hōʻike ʻo Goldman i nā hana i hana ʻia e nā mea olaola o ke Kulanui o Vermont, ka mea i ʻōlelo he "mea maʻamau" ka ʻike ʻana i nā koraka ma Alaska a me Kanada's Northwest Territory e heʻe pinepine ana i lalo o nā hale, e paʻa ana i nā lālā i loko o ko lākou mau huelo e like me nā papa hau.No ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka poʻe noiʻi, "ʻAʻole mākou ʻike i ka hana utilitarian maopopo no ka ʻano sliding [raven]."

Akā, pono e loa'a i ka pā'ani ke kumu ho'ololi, i 'ole e hana nā holoholona.Me he mea lā ʻo ia ka hihia, akā ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano a mākou i manaʻo ai.Loaʻa nā palapala moʻolelo ʻano pau ʻole ma ka pūnaewele e hōʻike ana i ka hopu holoholona hihiu, i manaʻo ʻia he mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hahai holoholona, a i ʻole ka pāʻani-hakakā, a mākou i manaʻo ai i hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou mākaukau hakakā maoli.ʻO nā kao ʻōpio a me nā gazelles e lele aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou hiki ke hele, i ʻōlelo mākou.No kekahi kumu ua maopopo loa kēia mau mea a ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻopilikia i ka noiʻi maoli no nā makahiki he mau makahiki.

I loko o kāna ʻatikala i hana maikaʻi ʻia a ʻakaʻaka ʻo Mei 2011 ma ʻAmelika ʻepekema, kākau ʻo Lynda Sharpe ka mea olaola e pili ana i nā elepani i kiʻi ʻia i ka heʻe ʻana, ma luna o kahi puʻu mauʻu i loko o kā lākou mau hoa ma lalo, a nīnau: aia i hea ka wehewehe evolutionary no kēlā?Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ʻelima mau makahiki i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā meerkats, kahi ʻiʻo noho wao nahele, ma Kalahari.Ua ʻike ʻia kāna hana ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hakakā ʻana o kēlā mau pōpō huluhulu liʻiliʻi i ka hakakā ʻana.Pēlā nō, ʻaʻole i hōʻemi ka pāʻani meerkat cooperative i ka huhū a i ʻole ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pilina pili kanaka.“No laila aia ʻoe.ʻElima makahiki a ʻaʻohe pane.ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke haʻi iā ʻoe i ke kumu e pāʻani ai nā meerkats, "kākau ʻo ia.

Hōʻike pū ʻo ia ua hōʻike ka noiʻi lōʻihi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka coyote play-hunting ʻaʻole wānana i ka kūleʻa maoli o ka hahai holoholona, a pēlā nō hoʻi no nā pōpoki home.Akā, hoʻopau ʻo ia, "E kōkua ka pāʻani!"ʻO ka poʻe pāʻani pāʻani ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mākua, e hānai ana i nā ʻōpio ʻoi aku i kēlā me kēia pā.A pono ka pāʻani no ke aʻo ʻana.ʻO nā ʻiole, ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea pāʻani loa, e aʻo wikiwiki i ka wā e ʻae ʻia e launa pū a pāʻani maʻamau.Ke hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻiole i kahi noho like ʻole me nā ʻano o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka naʻau, akā hoʻonele ʻia ka pāʻani me kekahi o kāna ʻano, ʻaʻole hiki ke ulu ka lolo.

Wahi a ka mea noiʻi ʻo Max Kerney, kākau ʻia ma Newsweek i Iune 2017, "Ua hōʻoia nā haʻawina o nā squirrels, nā lio hihiu, a me nā bea ʻeleʻele i ka nui o ka manawa o nā holoholona e pāʻani ai i ka wā ʻōpiopio i ko lākou ola lōʻihi a me ka kūleʻa hānau. .ʻAʻole maopopo loa ke ʻano o ka pāʻani ʻana i kēia hopena.Akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pāʻani ma mua o kēlā.ʻO ka pāʻani ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lolo.

Ua ʻike ka hui o Kerney "he pilina pili ma waena o ka nui o nā holoholona i pāʻani a me ka nui o kā lākou cortico-cerebellar system," e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana.Ua haʻi pū ʻo ia i nā haʻawina mua i "loaʻa ka pilina ma waena o ka pāʻani [primate] a me ka nui o ... ka neocortex, cerebellum, amygdala, hypothalamus a me striatum."Voilà: nā hana āpau a ʻaʻohe pāʻani e hana naʻaupō ʻo Jack.

He aha ke ʻano o kēia mau mea no kā mākou mau keiki, kēlā mau ʻōpio primate a mākou i aloha nui ai?Aia kekahi ʻōlelo aʻu i makemake ai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i kāna mea kākau, ʻo ia ka mea (ʻoi aʻe a emi mai paha) "Ua like ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻepekema rocket me ka pāʻani a nā keiki i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pāʻani a nā keiki."He mea koʻikoʻi ka pāʻani o ke keiki no ka hoʻomohala kūpono ʻana e heluhelu ai ka UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (ma ka Paukū 31) "He kuleana ko nā keiki e hoʻomaha a pāʻani, a e komo pū i nā ʻano hana moʻomeheu, noʻeau a me nā hana leʻaleʻa ʻē aʻe. ”ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻo kēlā me kēia lāhui o ka honua koe wale nō ʻo Somalia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hōʻoia i kēia ʻaha kūkā.

In a Psychology Today blog post dated July 07, 2011, Marc Bekoff, professor emeritus of evolutionary biology at the University of Colorado, "He nui nā kumu e pono ai nā keiki e pāʻani.Pono e ʻae ʻia nā keiki e haumia a e aʻo i ka lawe ʻana i nā pilikia… E like me ka ʻōlelo a ke kanaka psychologist William Crain, pono mākou e ʻae i nā keiki e hoʻihoʻi i ko lākou wā kamaliʻi.

Ke ae nei au me ka naau.Pono mākou e hoʻokuʻu i nā keiki i ka pāʻani manuahi ma ke ao maoli, ma ke ʻano.ʻAʻole paha he heʻenalu kino me nā crocodiles a i ʻole he papa hau me nā manu koraka ma luna o nā hale, akā he mea ma ia laina.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, makemake au i nā kumulāʻau, ʻo ia kaʻu e mahalo ai mai kahi mamao aku, e like me ke kumulāʻau aloha, ʻo ia hoʻi ka cacao, Theobroma cacao, kahi i loaʻa mai ai ke kokoleka.ʻAʻole pili wale ke kokoleka me ke aloha, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lā Valentine, hiki iā ia ke kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku i ke aloha i kekahi o nā kemika i hua mai ka lāʻau.

No ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ulu wale ka lāʻau koko ma kahi o iwakālua degere latitu ma kēlā ʻaoʻao kēia ʻaoʻao o ka equator—ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi o ka hapa nui o mākou e manaʻo ai aia mākou i ka waena o Pepeluali.Ua ʻohi ʻia nā ʻanoʻano o ka koko a hana ʻia i mea inu i ʻike ʻia e kona inoa ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (ʻo Nahuatl paha) ʻo ka kokoleka, no nā makahiki he 4,000 paha.

He kumu lāʻau liʻiliʻi ke koko, ma kahi o 15-20 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe, e loaʻa ana nā ʻanoʻano ma waena o 6 a 12 iniha ka lōʻihi.Hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi o 30 a 40 mau pī cacao i loko o kēlā me kēia pod he pulp gooey momona, kahi i hoʻopau ʻia ma ka mōʻaukala.Ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, hele ka pīni koko i kahi kaʻina fermentation ma mua o ka maloʻo ʻana a laila wili ʻia i pauka.

Ma mua o ka launa pū ʻana o ʻEulopa, ʻo ke kokoleka he mea inu ʻawaʻawa i hui pinepine ʻia me nā chili a me ka palaoa.Ua inu nui nā Mayans a me Aztecs no kāna mau lāʻau lapaʻau-ʻoi aku ma hope.I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1500, ua ʻōlelo kekahi Jesuit Spanish i hele i Mekiko i ke kokoleka he “ʻino i ka poʻe i kamaʻāina ʻole iā ia, me ka ʻōpala a me ka huʻa ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu loa i ka ʻono.”No laila, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia, ua lohi mua ka lele ʻana ma ʻEulopa.

Ua kaulana loa ka chocolate, akā naʻe, ma hope o nā hana hou e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kō a me ka haʻalele ʻana i ka palaoa.ʻO ke kumu ʻē aʻe o ka piʻi ʻana o ka meteoric i ka noi ʻana ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe he hopena maikaʻi ia.Ua like kekahi o ia mau mea me ke kī a me ke kofe.ʻAʻole nui ka caffeine i loko o ke kokoleka, akā aia ma kahi o 400 mau mea i ʻike ʻia, a ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea i luna.

ʻO ka poʻokela i waena o lākou ʻo ka theobromine, ʻaʻohe bromine - hele kiʻi.He kaikunāne kemika ia i ka caffeine, a ua manaʻo ʻia ua loaʻa mai kona inoa mai ka ʻōlelo Helene no ka "ʻai a nā akua."ʻOiai inā ʻike ka poʻe ua pili loa ia i ka unuhi ʻana i ka "ʻino o ke akua," ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoemi i nā kūʻai kokoleka.

I kēia mau lā, ʻike ʻia ke kokoleka ma ke ʻano he antioxidant ikaika, akā i nā makahiki he kaulana ʻo ia no ka aphrodisiac.Manaʻo wau e wehewehe ana kēia i ke kuʻuna o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kokoleka i ka mea aloha i ka lā Valentine, nā lā makahiki, a me nā hanana ʻē aʻe.ʻAʻole hiki i ka Chocolate ke ola e like me kona mana i lohe ʻia, akā aia kekahi mea hoʻoikaika i loko, ʻo ka phenylethylamine (PEA), hiki ke helu i kona kaulana.

E pili kokoke ana i ka amphetamine, hoʻoikaika ka PEA i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o dopamine, ke kemika "feel-good" i loko o ke kikowaena uku o ka lolo.Ke hoʻololi nei i ka wā e hāʻule ai ʻoe i ke aloha, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kou lolo me ka dopamine.Eia kekahi, ʻekolu mau pūhui i loko o ke kokoleka e like me ka hopena o ka mariuana.Hoʻopili lākou i nā mea loaʻa like i loko o ko mākou lolo e like me tetrahydrocannabanol a i ʻole THC, ka mea hana i loko o ka ipuhao, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka dopamine a me ke serotonin pū kekahi, kekahi mea lolo e pili ana i ka hauʻoli.

Mai makaʻu ʻoe i kēia nūhou — ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi kēia mau hopena hoʻonui dopamine i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka mea hiki ke hana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a he mea maikaʻi loa ke hele ma hope o ka huila ma hope o ke kīʻaha koko wela.ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikia ka ʻai kokoleka i koʻu hiki ke hana i nā mīkini kaumaha, ʻaʻole hoʻi e like me koʻu nele i ke aʻo ʻana a me koʻu ʻike.

E ʻae ka hapa nui o ka poʻe ʻaʻole i pani ke kokoleka no ke aloha, akā ʻo kā lākou hopena kemika maoli paha ke kumu e hui pū ai ke aloha a me ke kokoleka.ʻAe, ʻo kēlā a me ke kūʻai aku, manaʻo wau.

ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻīlio ke hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi i ka theobromine, a ʻo ka nui o ke kokoleka, ʻoi aku ka pōʻeleʻele, hiki ke ʻona iā lākou.ʻO kēia kahi kumu ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e kiʻi i kāu ʻīlio i kahi pahu kokoleka ma ka lā Valentine, ʻaʻole nui kou aloha iā lākou.A ke manaʻo nei ua spayed a neutered paha, ʻaʻole hiki i kāu ʻīlio ke pōmaikaʻi mai kekahi o nā hopena ʻē aʻe o ke kokoleka.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Inā makemake ʻoe i ka The Godfather: Part II, a i ʻole Rocky II, a i ʻole ka lua o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni Lord of the Rings, ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake i ka Carrington Event: Part II.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe mea āu e aloha nui ai, e inaina ʻoe i ka lua o ka hana ʻo The Carrington Event, no ka mea i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai ka hopena, ʻaʻohe mea e nānā i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni no kekahi mau mahina, a me nā makahiki paha.

ʻAʻole e like me The Poseidon Adventure, Jurassic Park, a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni pōʻino ʻē aʻe, ʻo The Carrington Event, i ʻike ʻia ʻo The Solar Flare of 1859, he mea maoli, a ua hana pinepine ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa, i kēia manawa i ka makahiki 2012. ka radiation, akā i kekahi manawa he mau hola wale nō.He mea hiki ʻole ke ʻike i ko mākou honua i kahi ʻino o ka lā 1859-scale i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, no laila pono ke nānā aku i ke kahua kumu.

E hoʻomaka ana i ka lā 28 o ʻAukake, 1859, ʻike ka poʻe hōkū i nā pūʻulu lā, a i kekahi lā aʻe ua ʻike ʻia nā kukui ʻākau a me ka hema (aurora borealis a me aurora australis, kēlā me kēia) ma nā latitu kokoke i ka Equator.A laila ma ka lā 1 o Kepakemapa, ua kākau ʻo Richard C. Carrington ka mea kilo hōkū Pelekania i kahi "keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo" ma ke awakea o ia lā.He 17 mau hola ma hope mai, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka coronal mass ejection a i ʻole CME i ka honua magnetosphere a alakaʻi i kahi ʻino geomagnetic honua a hiki i ka lua o Kepakemapa.

Ua hōʻike ʻia, ua uwila ʻia nā ʻōnaehana telegarapa ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻEulopa, e hoʻopau ai i nā pou telegarapa a me nā keena hoʻokipa i ke ahi.Ua loaʻa pū kekahi mau mea hoʻohana i nā haʻalulu mai nā lako.Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka ʻino o ka lā o kēlā ʻano nui i kēia lā e hōʻino i nā ʻeke uila honua a hiki i ka nui o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i mau mahina ma ka liʻiliʻi, a he mau makahiki paha.Ua hala ka ʻino o ka lā i ka makahiki 2012 me ka ikaika like i ka Honua ma nā lā 9 wale nō.I ka makahiki 2013, ua helu ʻo Lloyd's o Lākana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka "sequel" 2012 iā mākou, inā ua hoʻopōʻino ʻia he 2.6 trillion kālā ma US wale nō.

He mea paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo e noho koke me ke kelepona ʻole, ka Pūnaewele, a me ka uila.ʻAʻole e haʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e haʻalele ʻo Bitcoin.Ma hope o ka 2012 kokoke i hala, ua hoʻopuka ʻo NASA i kahi ʻōlelo i ka hopena he 12% ka manawa e ʻike ai mākou i kahi ʻino e like me 2022.

Puka mau ʻia nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai ka lā—nā kukuna-x, nā kukuna gamma, nā kukui UV, ke kukui ʻike ʻia, a me nā ʻano pāhawewe ʻē aʻe—ma ka wikiwiki mai 300 a 800 km/s.No ka mea, he miliona degere Celsius ka Lā ma kona ʻili, manaʻo kekahi ua hoʻokuke ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana e ka wela.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ikaika mua ka hopena o nā māla magnetic.Kapa ʻia kēia neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana i ka makani lā.ʻO nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka lā e hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka wikiwiki a me ka haku mele ʻana, a i nā manawa like ʻole, no laila e loli ka makani.Aneane i nā manawa a pau ka makani makani, a i kēlā me kēia manawa he ʻino.ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i ke kumu o ka ʻino o ka lā, akā hiki i nā astronomers ke "ʻike" i ka wā e hana ana kekahi.

Hoʻopuka nā hōkū a pau i nā ʻāpana o ka hana magnetic i kēlā me kēia manawa.ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia inā hoʻokumu maoli lākou i nā lapalapa a me nā CME, akā ʻike pinepine ʻia nā lā ma mua o ia mau hanana.ʻO nā lapalapa a me nā CME he "huhū" o ka makani lā e puka mai ana mai nā wahi kokoke i nā lā, a ʻo ka radiation a lākou e hoʻolei aku ai i ka lewa i kapa ʻia ʻo plasma.Inā ʻike ka poʻe astronomers i nā lā nui, makaʻala lākou i nā hana ma hope.Ke hū ʻia kahi CME ikaika, hiki mai kona plasma ikaika kiʻekiʻe iā mākou i loko o 24-48 mau hola, kahi e pane ai me ka lewa waho o ka Honua (magnetosphere) e hana i kahi ʻino geomagnetic.

Hiki ke hana ʻia nā lapalapa o ka lā i kēlā me kēia lā i ka manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pōʻai 11 makahiki o ka hana o ka lā.I loko o nā wā liʻiliʻi ʻole, ʻoiai, hiki i nā lapalapa ke kū wale i kēlā me kēia pule.ʻAʻole kēlā me kēia flare e hōʻike i ka coronal mass ejection, akā pili nui lākou.Inā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o koʻu hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hanana o ka lā, loaʻa iaʻu kahi ʻoihana stellar i ka astrophysics a i ʻole kekahi mea.Ma hope o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka hapa maikaʻi o ka lā e holo ana i kahi hōʻike piha i nā ʻōlelo huna e wehewehe ana i nā flares a me nā CME, ua ʻike au i kēia laina e kāna mea kākau: "…Inā ʻo ia wale nō ka hoʻomaka me ia, ʻaʻole au i hoʻāʻo nui.

Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ko mākou mau hoku laki i loaʻa iā mākou ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.A i ʻole e hana ana kā mākou honua.Hoʻoulu kēia kumu i kahi māla magnetic a puni ka Honua, no laila e pale ai i ka radiation lethal a hoʻopakele iā mākou mai ka lilo ʻana i mea ʻai o ke kūlanakauhale.Ke piʻo nei ke kahawai o ka pāhawewe a puni ka Honua e like me ka wai a puni ka pōhaku, ua "hui ʻia" nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me ka ʻaoʻao hema, e hopena i nā aurora.

ʻAʻole kau wale nā ʻino geomagnetic i nā hōʻike psychedelic.E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopau i nā ʻōnaehana uila, a hiki ke hōʻino a hoʻopau paha i nā satelite.I ka hapanui o nā hihia, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā satelite mai kahi pōʻino i ka manawa.I Malaki i ka makahiki 1989, ua pani kahi ʻino geomagnetic liʻiliʻi i ka mana mana o Hydro-Québec i loko o kekona o ka hahau ʻana i ka Honua, e hana ana i kahi hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo i waiho ai i 6 miliona mau mea kūʻai aku i ka pōʻeleʻele.Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka lekiō a me ke kelepona hele ʻana, a ua ʻike ʻia ka aurora borealis a hiki i Texas.

ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hele i noaa.gov e nānā i ka wānana o ka lewa, a kau inoa no nā leka inā makemake ʻoe.Hiki i ka NOAA ka wanana manawa-wa ke hāʻawi i nā ʻōlelo aʻo e pili ana i ka wā e paʻi ai ka plasma solar i ka Honua i hoʻokahi lā a i ʻole ʻelua paha ma mua.ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke wānana ʻia nā lapalapa, hiki iā NOAA ke haʻi iā ʻoe i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai nā lā, nā lapalapa, a me nā CME.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻike iā ʻoe i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka lewa-wā inā e manaʻo ʻia kahi aurora (a inā paha e pono ana ʻoe i kahi mea hoʻomehana ākea) i kekahi pō.

Ma waho aʻe o kēlā, hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo e hoʻolilo i kahi mīkini paʻi, kahi abacus, kahi twine maikaʻi, a me kekahi mau kini tin.A manaʻo wau e hoʻomaka ka poʻe a pau e hūnā i kā lākou kālā kikohoʻe ma lalo o ko lākou moena.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ma ka papa ʻeiwa, noho au i ka mele no kekahi mau mahina a hāʻawi mai ke kumu aʻo iaʻu he "A" no ke koena o ka makahiki inā haʻalele wau i kāna papa.Moʻolelo ʻoiaʻiʻo.Manaʻo paha ʻoe he kanaka makemake i ka mele akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hīmeni e hauʻoli i ka humming, akā pili kēlā.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi hiki i ka humming ke hoʻoulu i ka hopohopo, ke kaumaha, ka insomnia, a i kekahi mau mea, nā ʻuhane.ʻOiaʻiʻo nō hoʻi - ʻoiai ua haʻalele wau i kekahi mau kikoʻī ma laila.

ʻAʻole ʻike (a ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hīmeni) i nā huaʻōlelo ʻaʻole ʻino, ke ʻole paha ia e hoʻomau a hoʻonāukiuki i kou mau hoa hana.Akā ʻo ka nui o nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana e like me nā kapuahi pahū, nā hale kiaʻi hoʻoluʻu, a me nā compressors nunui a me nā ʻūhā ʻūhā hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā hums haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i ʻole infrasound hum hiki ke hele i ʻumi mau mile.Ma muli o ka lōʻihi o nā hawewe i hana ʻia e ke kanaka—i kekahi mau manawa, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi mile—hiki i ka hum ke hele maʻalahi ma luna o nā mauna a ma nā hale.

Hiki i ke kūlohelohe ke hana i kēia mau ʻano hawewe kani i ka wā o nā hanana e like me nā haʻalulu, nā ōlaʻi, a me nā pele pele.Hiki i ka makani o kekahi māmā a me ke kuhikuhi e pā ana ma kahi canyon ke hana i ka infrasound.A ʻo kekahi mau holoholona, ʻo ia hoʻi nā koholā a me nā ʻelepani, ke kamaʻilio lōʻihi ma kēia ʻano.ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hums kūlohelohe iā mākou ma mua o nā kumu mechanical.

He leo ka Infrasound me nā nalu ma lalo o 20 mau kaʻa i kēlā me kēia kekona a i ʻole Hertz (Hz), ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻāpana maʻamau o ka uku no nā hoʻolimalima kaʻa, manaʻo wau.Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 2% a 3% wale nō o ka heluna kanaka hiki ke lohe i ke kani ma kēia pae.Hiki i ka hapa nui o nā kānaka ke lohe ma ka laulā o 20 a 20,000 Hz.Aia ma luna o kēlā ʻano ultrasound, e like me ke ʻano o nā nalu i hoʻohana ʻia i nā scans lapaʻau.

Ma waho aʻe o ka hiki i ka infrasound ke hoʻouka i ko mākou mau home ma kahi kumu 24-7, ʻo kekahi o nā pilikia nui ʻo ia ka manaʻo o mākou ma mua o ka lohe ʻana.Ma ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻo ke kani ke ʻano o nā nalu kaomi e hoʻololi maʻalahi i ke kaomi ea ma kā mākou pahu pepeiao.Haʻalulu ka eardrum i ka pane ʻana i nā loli kaomi, a laila e unuhi ʻia e ka lolo ke kani.ʻO ka mea, ʻo nā nalu e hoʻololi i ke kaomi ea e haʻalulu i ko mākou pepeiao inā lohi loa ka neʻe ʻana i ʻike ʻia he kani.ʻO kēia ke kumu e hiki ai i ka infrasound ke hoʻoulu i ka dizziness, vertigo, nausea, a me ka pilikia hiamoe.

Akā ʻaʻole ʻo kā mākou pahu pepeiao wale nō ka ʻāpana o mākou e haʻalulu i nā hawewe kani haʻahaʻa.Loaʻa i nā kino kanaka a pau ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "mechanical resonant frequency," ʻo ia ka lōʻihi o ka nalu e hiki ai i ka ʻiʻo ke wili iki iā ia iho.Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua kanaka e loaʻa nā hopena cardiac ma 17 Hz;Ua hōʻike nā kumuhana i nā manaʻo weliweli, ka pōʻino e hiki mai ana, a me ka hopohopo.A ma kahi noiʻi ʻana i ka makahiki 1976, ua hoʻoholo ʻo NASA e kani ka pōpō maka o ke kanaka i ka nalu o 18 Hertz.

ʻO kahi kahi e komo ai nā ʻuhane.Ma 1998, ua paʻi kahi mea noiʻi Pelekania ʻo Vic Tandy i kahi pepa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Ghosts in the Machine" ma ka Journal of the Society for Psychical Research.I kekahi manawa ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻike i ka makaʻu, a laila ʻike i kekahi manawa i nā hiʻohiʻona hina, ʻoiai ʻo ia e hana hoʻokahi ana i kāna keʻena lāʻau lapaʻau.I kekahi lā ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i kahi pepa pa i loko o ka vise ma ke keʻena hana e hana ai, a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e haʻalulu nui.Ua ʻike ʻo ia e haʻalulu ana kahi mea hoʻolele makani i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka 18.98 Hz.I ka wā i hoʻopau ʻia ai, ua pau ka haʻalulu ʻana o ka pepa, a ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona manaʻo a hoʻōki i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea i loko o kāna ʻike āpau.Mai ia manawa, ua hana nā hoʻokolohua hou i nā anomalies ʻike like.

ʻO kekahi o nā hihia kaulana loa o ka infrasound i loko o ke kaiapuni ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Windsor Hum" ma ka ʻāina ʻo Windsor, Ontario, kahi i ʻimi ai ke aupuni Kanada i kahi hale kila US ma kahi mokupuni ma ka muliwai Detroit.ʻO kēia haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, 35-Hertz hum i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻoi aku ka leo ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hopena o 2017 ma hope o kahi hoʻomaha pōkole.Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hum i ka makahiki 2011, ua ʻike ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o kekahi poʻe kamaʻāina e pakele i nā hopena hoʻonāwaliwali, ʻo ia hoʻi ka insomnia a me ka nausea.Ma 2012, ʻoi aku ma mua o 20,000 mau kamaʻāina o ke kūlanakauhale i hui pū me kahi teleconference ola e hoʻopiʻi i ke kūlana.ʻO ka mea kaumaha, ua hōʻole ʻo US Steel i nā hoʻāʻo a pau a nā luna Kanada e hui pū me lākou e hoʻāʻo a hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia.

ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka poʻe e ʻeha i kēlā lōʻihi no ka loaʻa kālā pilikino he hewa nui loa ia.ʻAʻole like me ka hihia me nā hewa kaua a me ka pepehi kanaka, ʻaʻole pono e pili ka manaʻo o Crimes Against Humanity i ka hakakā kaua, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa kona wehewehe ʻana ma ka ʻāina.Ua hoʻomaka ka UN i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana iā ia ma 2014. Ua wehewehe kekahi kānāwai i kēia manawa he "… hana hewa ʻole me ka manaʻo e hōʻeha nui, a i ʻole hōʻeha koʻikoʻi i ke kino a i ka noʻonoʻo a i ke olakino kino paha."ʻAʻole pono e ʻae ʻia kekahi kanaka a hui paha e hoʻopaʻa i ka mālama ola kanaka.

Ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo NY ʻĀkau, ua ʻike au i kahi hum like i nā makahiki he 15 a i ʻole.ʻOiai ʻokoʻa kona ikaika, ua lohe au i ka leo like ʻole mai Gouverneur a Canton a Massena.ʻAʻohe lawelawe uila koʻu alanui, no laila ʻaʻohe aʻu mau mea hana hale e hiki ai ke hoʻokō.ʻOi aku ka ʻike i ka pō, paʻa i kekahi manawa.I ka hopena o Nowemapa 2018 ua hoʻomaka hou ma hope o ka hoʻomaha, a ikaika loa i kēia manawa.

E ʻoluʻolu e kaʻana like i kāu ʻike me ka infrasound hum ma [email protected].Inā manaʻo ʻoe he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ia i kou olakino, paipai wau iā ʻoe e kelepona i kāu mau luna i koho ʻia.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

I ka makahiki i hala, ua manaʻo koʻu hoa noho, nāna e ulu a kūʻai aku i nā haloo—no ke ola, e hana wau i kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i kahi haʻi Kalikimaka e hiki ke helu i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o ia kuʻuna hoʻomaha.I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻopau wau i kona manaʻo, me ka manaʻo ua ʻai ʻo ia i kekahi mea ʻino i kēlā lā, akā mai ia manawa ua loaʻa iaʻu kekahi mau hōʻike kūpono e kākoʻo ai i kona manaʻo.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻEulopa, a me ʻAsia mai nā ʻāpana wela a hiki i ka ʻākau loa, ʻo Amanita muscaria kahi halo e ulu ana ma waena o nā lāʻau pine, birch a me nā lāʻau ʻoka.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he hōʻailona ia o nā aʻa o kēlā mau kumulāʻau, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kō liʻiliʻi mai ko lākou aʻa akā e hoʻonui nui ana i ka hiki o nā kumulāʻau ke komo i nā meaʻai a me ka wai.ʻAʻole hiki ke ulu ma waho o ka ululāʻau.

I kekahi manawa kapa ʻia ʻo ka fly agaric a i ʻole fly amanita no ka mea ua hoʻohana ʻia ia e pepehi i nā nalo, ʻo A. muscaria he ʻulaʻula nani a nani (i kekahi manawa melemele).ʻO kona pāpale poʻomanaʻo, e palahalaha ana i kona wā e oʻo ai, ua kiko ʻia me nā kiko keʻokeʻo nui, e hoʻolilo iā ia i hoʻokahi o nā toadstools i ʻike nui ʻia a i ʻole nā haohao kū manuahi ma ka honua.ʻO ia ka halo polka-dotted nui o Alice ma Wonderland, nā puke kala, a me nā kiʻi kiʻi māla.ʻO nā pāpale o nā gnomes i pena pinepine ʻia e like me ka lele agaric mushroom.

ʻO Amanita muscaria kekahi mau waiwai psychoactive, a ua hoʻopau ʻia no nā tausani o nā makahiki e nā Laplanders luhi i ka hoʻoilo ma ke ʻano he koho-me-up;e ka shaman Siberian a me nā mea lapaʻau ʻē aʻe i nā hana hoʻōla;a na ka reindeer ahiu no—no, aole makou i maopopo.E lele paha, akā ʻoi aku ka nui ma hope.ʻOiaʻiʻo, nui nā moʻolelo o ka reindeer e hana "ʻona" ma hope o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i kēlā 'hale lumi.

Inā hoʻokani ka inoa ʻo Amanita i ka bele, ʻo ia paha ma muli o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka make-cap, ʻo ia paha ka mea ʻawaʻawa loa o ka honua, he pili pili ʻo Amanita phalloides.He kanaka maoli ka make-cap no ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, akā ua hoʻokomo ʻia me nā lāʻau i lawe ʻia mai i kekahi mau wahi ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.ʻAʻole like me ka nui o nā fungi, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kona toxin e ka wela, a ua lawa ka hapalua o ka pāpale e luku ai i ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa o ke kanaka makua, e hana ana i ka "antidote" wale nō i kahi transplant organ.

Ma waho aʻe o ka psychoactive, ʻo kā mākou lele leʻaleʻa he mea ʻawaʻawa hoʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia.A me he mea lā hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia he "palekana" (ʻōlelo nā moʻolelo e hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka luaʻi) ma ka wela haʻahaʻa a i ʻole dehydration.ʻIke ʻia, ʻo ka wela nui e lawe i ka leʻaleʻa a pau mai ka fly agaric, no ka mea, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he halo kuke i ka wā i hoʻolapalapa mua ʻia a hoʻolei ʻia ka wai mua.Ua hōʻike ʻia, ma Siberia a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo A. muscaria i loko o nā ʻōpala a kau ʻia ma kahi kokoke i ke ahi.Ma kēia ʻano e hoʻohana ai ka wela haʻahaʻa iā lākou (nā haloo, ʻaʻole nā stockings) palekana e hoʻohana ma ke ʻano hana a i ʻole.

ʻO nā stockings piha i nā halo ʻulaʻula a me ke keʻokeʻo e kau ʻia ana ma ke kapuahi me ka mālama ʻana i nā leo ʻoluʻolu ʻole.A ʻae, ʻaʻahu paha ʻo Pāpā Kalikimaka i ka lole ʻulaʻula a keʻokeʻo a hoʻopuni paha iā ia iho me nā elves pōkole, squat, mushroom-esque elves, akā ua kānalua wau e pili ana i nā pilina fungal me nā kuʻuna hoʻomaha hoʻoilo.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kahi hulina kiʻi pūnaewele maʻalahi no ka "Mushroom decoration Christmas" ua loaʻa i kahi bazillion (maikaʻi, 30,800,000) nā kiʻi o Amanita muscaria lāʻau kāhiko a lilo iaʻu i manaʻoʻiʻo.

I loko o kā Cheech Marin lāua ʻo Tommy Chong i ka skit 1971 "Santa and His Old Lady," wehewehe ʻo Cheech iā Santa Claus, "ke kanaka me nā ʻāwae huluhulu," i kāna hoaaloha.ʻO ka holo kaʻa lele a Santa, e like me Cheech, ua hoʻoulu ʻia e ka "puehu kupua," me "kahi liʻiliʻi no ka reindeer, kahi liʻiliʻi no Santa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi no Santa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi no Santa… e puhi, ua ike no hoi lakou i ka lele agaric.

No ka pono o ke olakino lehulehu, makemake au e akahele i ka ho'āʻo ʻana i kēia fungus.ʻO ka mea hoʻokahi, hōʻike nā kuhikuhi i ka lele agaric mushroom i ʻohi ʻia i ka pūnāwai a hiki i ke kauwela ke 10 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā mea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka hāʻule.A hiki i ka helu kuhi hewa ke waiho iā ʻoe i ka maʻi no hoʻokahi pule a ʻoi aku paha.ʻAʻole, ʻaʻole au i hoʻāʻo iā A. muscaria a ʻaʻohe oʻu manaʻo e hana pēlā.

ʻAʻole wau he haumāna, akā ʻike wau he mea hoihoi i ka pili ʻana o nā mea hoʻokalakupua o kā mākou Kalikimaka hou i nā kuʻuna hoʻoilo kahiko ma Siberia.Hiki ke kōkua ʻo Amanita muscaria i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻoliʻoli kūlohelohe o Santa, kāna lele hoʻokalakupua, ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻi i ke koho ʻana o nā kala no kāna lole, a me nā miliona o nā mea hoʻonani hauʻoli Kalikimaka.

ʻO kaʻu ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e pale aku i nā mea ʻawaʻawa a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa kūʻai, a e ʻimi i kahi hauʻoli kahiko ʻaʻole i alakaʻi ʻia e nā mea like ʻole a i ʻole.ʻO ka reindeer, ʻoiaʻiʻo, e hana i kā lākou koho ponoʻī.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Inā ʻaʻole e pau ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka gene, e kūpaʻa mau ka ʻōlelo kahiko e pili ana i ke kālā ʻaʻole e ulu ana ma luna o nā kumulāʻau.Ke manaʻo nei au inā lilo ke kālepa i mea maʻamau, akā naʻe, e hoʻopau ʻia nā mea kanu hua a me nā mea kanu i nā kālā ulu lāʻau.ʻO ka helu ʻana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻololi hiki ke lilo i poʻo, manaʻo wau.ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia kā mākou paina keʻokeʻo hikina, ʻo Pinus strobus, he lāʻau hua ʻai a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia e ulu kālā, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma kēia wahi, akā ua hua mai ia i nā hua waiwai nui no ke kanaka.

ʻO nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe loa ma kēia ʻaoʻao o ka Rockies, nā pine keʻokeʻo a hiki i 230 kapuaʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā mea kālai lāʻau.Ke kū nei ka poʻokela US i kēia manawa ma 188 kapuaʻi, a ma Adirondacks loaʻa iā mākou kekahi mau pine keʻokeʻo kahiko ma luna o 150 kapuaʻi.Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻike, ua maʻalahi ka paina keʻokeʻo, ʻo ia wale nō ka pine maoli ma waho o ka Hikina e lawe ana i nā nila i loko o nā pūʻolo ʻelima, hoʻokahi no kēlā me kēia leka i ke KEʻO.No ka maopopo, ʻaʻole i kākau maoli ʻia nā leka ma nā nila, e ʻōlelo wale ana.

ʻOiai ke kiʻekiʻe a nani hoʻi, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua maʻi ʻia ka pine keʻokeʻo a ua ʻoki ʻia e nā pathogen microscopic.Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Canavirgella needlecast a me Mycosphaerella brown spot, ua puni kēia mau haʻani ʻelua no nā makahiki, akā ʻaʻole lākou i pilikia ma mua.ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi ʻo ia nā nila e huli melemele loa a hāʻule i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻoi aku paha.Manaʻo ka nui o nā mea olaola ʻo kā mākou hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka wā ma ka Hikina ʻĀkau, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka wā maloʻo ʻole o ka wā pulu, ke kumu o kēia hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano.Ma waena o nā makahiki maloʻo, ʻo ka maloʻo o 2012, 2016, 2018 ka mea i haʻahaʻa loa i ka lepo haʻahaʻa, nāwaliwali nā kumu lāʻau no laila ua maʻalahi lākou i nā maʻi a me nā pepeke.

Hoʻopuka ka pine keʻokeʻo i nā cones maikaʻi, ʻeono a ʻeiwa ʻīniha ka lōʻihi, loaʻa nā unahi resin-tipped, kūpono no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ahi a no ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā lei a me nā mea hoʻonani ʻē aʻe (makemake paha e pale i kēlā mau mea mai ke ahi ākea).Kaulana ʻia ka ʻano no kona laula ākea ākea a māmā hoʻi, hoʻohana ʻia no ka papahele, paneling a me ka sheathing a me nā lālā hoʻolālā.Ua kūkulu ʻia ʻo ʻEnelani hou ma luna o ka paina keʻokeʻo, a ma kekahi mau hale kahiko, hiki ke loaʻa nā papa papa paina maoli o ka laulā ākea.ʻO ka nani o kona lāʻau, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka makana makamae loa a ka pine keʻokeʻo.A manaʻolana ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.

Ma waena o hoʻokahi tausani a me ʻumikumamālua haneli mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma ka ʻākau hikina, ua hoʻoholo nā mokuʻāina ʻōiwi ʻelima i hoʻohana nui lākou i ka ikehu no ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i nā palena a me nā kumuwaiwai.Me ke kōkua ʻana o kahi alakaʻi ʻike maka, ua hoʻolālā lākou i kahi ʻōnaehana aupuni federal e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia ma waena o ka mokuʻāina, e waiho ana i kēlā me kēia aupuni-mokuʻāina ʻokoʻa.

Ua kōkua ka paina keʻokeʻo, me kāna mau nila ʻelima ma ke kumu, i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hale federal hou.He hōʻailona kūpono ia no kēia Confederacy, ka Iroquois, a i ʻole Haudenosaune e like me kā lākou i kapa ai iā lākou iho.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka lāʻau me ka ʻaeto ʻōhule, ʻelima mau pua i ʻaʻa ʻia i loko o kona mau huelo e hōʻailona ai i ka ikaika i ka lokahi, e kau ana ma luna.

ʻO ka Confederacy he kanalima mau aliʻi i koho ʻia e noho ana i loko o ʻelua mau ʻaha kānāwai, me hoʻokahi poʻo aupuni i koho ʻia.Ma ka mōʻaukala, hiki i nā wahine ke koho balota.Na nā wāhine hoʻokahi ka mana e hoʻopiʻi i nā alakaʻi ʻaʻole i hana i ka pono o ka lehulehu, a hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopau i nā kānāwai a lākou i manaʻo ai he wikiwiki a pōkole paha.Ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki i kēlā me kēia aliʻi ke heluhelu i ke kumukānāwai Iroquois mai ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana, kahi hana i hana mau ʻia i kēia lā ma kekahi mau wahi mālama, a ʻeiwa mau lā piha e hoʻopau ai.

Ua kākau nui ʻo Benjamin Franklin lāua ʻo James Monroe e pili ana i ka hui ʻo Iroquois, a ua koi nui ʻo Franklin i nā kolone he ʻumikumamākolu e ʻae i kahi hui like.I ka hui ʻana o ka Continental Congress e hoʻolālā i ke Kumukānāwai, ua hele nā alakaʻi o Iroquois, ma ke kono ʻana, no ka lōʻihi o ke ʻano he mau kākāʻōlelo.

Ma waena o nā hae Revolutionary mua loa he pūʻulu o nā Hae Laʻau Pine, a ʻo ka paina keʻokeʻo e mau ana ma ka hae mokuʻāina o Vermont.ʻO ka ʻaeto, ʻoiai ua wehe ʻia mai kāna perch pine, ua noho mau ʻo ia ma luna o ke kālā ʻAmelika, he pūʻolo pua he ʻumikumamākolu i loko o kāna mau huelo.Manaʻo wau ma ke ʻano metaphoric, ua ulu kā mākou kālā ma luna o ka lāʻau.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

ʻAʻole hiki iā Santa Claus ponoʻī ke hāʻawi i kahi makemake no kahi Kalikimaka keʻokeʻo - he ʻāpana kālā ia inā e uhi ʻia ka hau a i ʻole ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kēia makahiki.ʻAʻole ʻo ka ʻāina uliuli ko mākou kumu Kalikimaka, akā hiki iā mākou ke mālama i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo hou aʻe ma ka ʻāina ʻĀkau, a mālama i kā mākou kumulāʻau Kalikimaka a me nā leo ʻē aʻe no ka lōʻihi, ke kūʻai mākou i nā kumulāʻau a me nā lei kūloko.

ʻAʻole wale ʻo nā kumulāʻau Kalikimaka kahi kumuwaiwai hou, hoʻoikaika lākou i ka ʻoihana kūloko.ʻOiai inā ʻaʻohe ou manawa e ʻoki ai iā ʻoe iho ma kahi mahiʻai lāʻau, e hoʻomaikaʻi iā ʻoe iho i kēia makahiki a kūʻai i kumu lāʻau maoli mai kahi mea kūʻai kūloko.Hiki iā ia ke kōkua iā ʻoe e koho i ke ʻano maikaʻi loa no kāu makemake, a e hōʻike pū iā ʻoe i ke ʻano hou.ʻO kekahi mau lāʻau ma nā hale kūʻai nui e ʻoki ʻia i nā hebedoma, inā ʻaʻole mau mahina, ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hale kūʻai.

Aia kekahi kumu hou aʻe e kūʻai ai i ka ʻāina i ka makahiki 2018: Ua hoʻolaha ka ʻOihana ʻOihana ʻo NYS a me nā Mākeke i kahi kuʻikahi ma nā kumu lāʻau Kalikimaka ma waho o ka mokuʻāina e pale ai i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kahi pest insect hou.ʻO ka lanternfly (SLF) he mea ʻino nui ia o nā ʻano lāʻau he nui, a me nā hua waina a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, akā makemake nui ia i nā maple kō.Ua ʻike mua ʻia ma Pennsylvania i ka makahiki 2014, ua hoʻolaha ʻia kēia ʻōpala ʻĀsia pepehi lāʻau i New Jersey, Delaware, a me Virginia.Hoʻomoe nā wahine SLF i kā lākou mau hua manu ma kahi o nā mea āpau, a i ka makahiki 2017, ua loaʻa nā hua manu ma nā kumulāʻau Kalikimaka i ulu ma New Jersey, e koi ana i ka quarantine.

ʻO nā mea ʻala poina ʻole o ka wā hoʻomaha, ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻāla i kona ʻuhane e like me ke ʻala o kahi pine hou i ʻoki ʻia, spruce a i ʻole lāʻau fir, lei a lei paha.ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻohana ʻAmelika kahi i mālama ʻia ai ka Kalikimaka ua hoʻololi i nā kumulāʻau i hana ʻia, ma kahi o ʻumi miliona mau ʻohana e lawe mau i ka home i kahi lāʻau maoli.

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano conifer kona hui ponoʻī ʻana o nā terpenols ʻala a me nā esters e hōʻike ana i kā lākou ʻala "piney woods".Makemake kekahi poʻe i ke ʻala o kekahi ʻano lāʻau, ʻo ia paha i loaʻa iā lākou i ko lākou wā kamaliʻi.ʻO kahi kumulāʻau Kalikimaka maoli, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, he potpourri hoʻomaha nui.ʻAʻole hiki i ke keʻena kemika ke honi i ka lāʻau plastik e like me ka pine hou, ka fir a me ka spruce.

ʻAʻole maopopo ke kumu o ka lāʻau Kalikimaka, akā ua hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā lei, a me nā lālā e nā poʻe kahiko, me ko ʻAigupita, e hōʻailona i ke ola mau loa.Ma Kelemānia i ka makahiki ʻumikūmāono, ua kōkua ʻo Martin Luther i ka hoʻāla ʻana (no ka ʻōlelo ʻana) i ke ʻano o ka lāʻau Kalikimaka i loko o ka hale ma o ka lawe ʻana i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loko o kona hale a hoʻonani ʻia me nā kukui.No nā kenekulia ma hope mai, lawe mau ʻia nā kumulāʻau Kalikimaka i nā hale i ka lā 24 o Dekemaba, a ʻaʻole wehe ʻia a hiki i ka wā ma hope o ka ʻahaʻaina Kalikiano o Epiphany i ka lā 6 Ianuali.

Ma ke ʻano o nā punahele lehulehu, ʻo nā firs—Douglas, balsam, a me Fraser—he mea kaulana loa ia, he mau mea ʻono loa.ʻAi maikaʻi nō hoʻi ka Grand and concolor fir.Ke mālama ʻia i loko o ka wai, loaʻa i nā fir ka paʻa maikaʻi o ka nila.Mālama maikaʻi nā pine i kā lākou mau nila.ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka ʻala o kā mākou paina keʻokeʻo maoli ma mua o Scots (ʻaʻole Scotch; ʻo ia no Santa) pine, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paina ma mua o ka paina mua, malia paha no ka mea hiki i nā Scots ikaika ke halihali i ka ukana o nā mea hoʻonaninani me ka hāʻule ʻole o kona mau lālā.ʻAʻole wale nā lālā o nā spruces, he ʻano pyramidal ikaika lākou.ʻAʻole like ka ʻala o nā spruces e like me ka firs a me nā pine, akā he koho maikaʻi loa ia no ka poʻe makemake i nā kumulāʻau pōkole.

ʻO ka huakaʻi hele makahiki no ke koho ʻana i kahi lāʻau maoli no nā ʻohana he nui, ʻo koʻu pū kekahi, kahi kuʻuna hoʻomaha aloha, kahi manawa e hoʻopaʻa ai.ʻIke ʻoe, ka thermos maʻamau o ke kokoleka wela;ʻO ka hoʻomana o nā keiki e nalowale ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi mitten, a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa i hoʻohanohano ʻia i ka manawa - ʻo wau ke ʻōlelo nei i ke kūkākūkā - e pili ana i ke kumu lāʻau e ʻoki ai.ʻala maikaʻi, a me nā hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi.

No ka ʻala maikaʻi loa a me ka paʻa ʻana o ka nila, e ʻoki i kahi "kuki" hoʻokahi a 2-iniha mai ke kumu ma mua o ka waiho ʻana i kāu lāʻau i ke kū, a hoʻopiha i ka waihona i kēlā me kēia lā ʻelua.Hōʻike ka noiʻi i nā huahana e koi ana e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka nila, no laila e mālama i kāu kālā.ʻAʻole maloʻo nā kukui LED i nā nila e like me ka hana kahiko, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o kāu pila uila.

E kipa www.christmastreesny.org/SearchFarm.php no ka huli ʻana i kahi mahiʻai lāʻau kokoke, a hiki ke loaʻa nā kikoʻī quarantine ma www.agriculture.ny.gov/AD/release.asp?ReleaseID=3821 Hoʻopuka ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i ka lanternfly ma https ://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/113303.html

ʻO nā mea a pau āu i kuʻuna ai, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻia kou ʻohana, nā hoaaloha, a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo mau loa, i mea ʻala ʻono a i kumu hoʻomanaʻo mau loa i kēia kau hoʻomaha.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ua mākaukau ʻo Watertown e lilo i kūlanakauhale Emerald, akā ʻaʻole ia he nūhou maikaʻi.ʻO Jefferson lāua ʻo Lewis e lilo koke i mau Emerald Counties, a ua hoʻomaka ʻo St. Lawrence County i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ʻelua makahiki i hala.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole pili kēia ʻano hoʻololi i nā hopena hauʻoli.

Ke pepehi ka emerald ash borer (EAB) i ka lehu, loaʻa kekahi mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua - lilo ka lāʻau i mea palupalu a weliweli loa, ma mua o nā mea a mākou i ʻike ai ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ma mua o kēia.Pono nā alakaʻi o ke kūlanakauhale, nā luna DOT, nā mea nona nā wahie, nā mea kālai lāʻau, nā mahiʻai a me nā luna ʻāina ʻē aʻe i mea e noho maluhia ai a pale aku i ke kuleana.

Kāhea ia he maʻi a he maʻi ahulau paha, akā ʻaʻole e liʻuliʻu, ʻo ke alanui ʻoluʻolu loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā lāʻau a me ka lāʻau i mālama maikaʻi ʻia e like me kahi mea mai loko mai o ka nahele ʻo Fangorn hoʻoweliweli a Tolkein i kāna trilogy Lord of the Rings.ʻAʻole e hoʻopaʻi ko mākou mau lāʻau lehu, akā pilikia lākou no nā kumu ʻē aʻe.

I ʻAukake 2017, ua ʻike nā kānaka manawaleʻa kamaʻāina i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e ka New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) i ka emerald ash borer i loko o kahi pahele EAB ma ke kaona ʻo St. Lawrence County o Hammond, a ma hope o ia makahiki, ua loaʻa kahi infestation nui kokoke i Massena .Ua hōʻoia pū kekahi poʻe nahele mai ka St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Environment Division i kekahi mau EAB ma Franklin County i ka makahiki 2017.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia kauwela, ua hopu nā mea manawaleʻa iā EAB ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o NY ʻĀkau, me ka palena hema o Jefferson County.ʻAʻole i hoʻokuʻu ka NYSDEC i ka ʻikepili hope loa mai ka papahana pahele o 2018, akā manaʻo mākou e hōʻoia i nā wahi hou aku.Me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana, luhi paha mākou i ka lohe ʻana e pili ana i kēia pipi hoʻoluhi lāʻau a pehea e holoi ai i nā kumulāʻau lehu.Ma hope o nā mea a pau, make nā ʻōpala a me nā elms a ʻaʻole i pau ka honua.Aia ka ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano o ka pōʻino.

ʻO ka mea maʻamau ke pepehi ʻia kahi lāʻau olakino e ka pest, ka maʻi a i ʻole ka waikahe, kū ia ma laila 5, 10 a ʻoi aʻe paha makahiki.Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hōʻike ʻia i loko o 15 mau makahiki, ʻuʻumi ʻo ia, ʻōhumu i kekahi mea e pili ana i kou hemahema o ka hana, a hoʻohiolo.E noʻonoʻo i nā lāʻau make a pau i loko o nā loko beaver e kū nei no nā makahiki he ʻumi a ʻoi aʻe ma ke ʻano he pūnana herons i loko o ko lākou mau lei bleached.Ma hope o ka holoi ʻia ʻana o kēlā ʻano lāʻau, ua hōʻike ʻia nā snags make e kū pololei ana no 30 mau makahiki a ʻoi aku paha.

Akā, he hopena koʻikoʻi ko ka emerald ash borer i nā lāʻau lehu e pepehi ai.ʻO ka lehu i hāʻule i ka EAB e lilo i mea pōʻino i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki, a ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki, hoʻomaka lākou e lele ma luna o nā kaʻa, nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa kaʻa o nā keiki kula.ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi, akā nui ka poʻe i ʻeha, a nui nā hale a me nā kaʻa i pōʻino ma hope o nā maʻi EAB.Ma Ohio, ua paʻi ʻia kahi kaʻa kaʻa kula e kahi kumulāʻau lehu nui i pepehi ʻia e EAB, a ua hōʻeha ʻia nā haumāna 5 a me ke kaʻa, a ua maikaʻi loa ka nui o ke kaʻa.

ʻAʻohe mea i loaʻa ka wehewehe kūpono no kēia nalowale wikiwiki a hohonu o ka ikaika o ka lāʻau, akā e hāʻawi wau i ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai.Wahi a ka Davey Resource Group, ka lālā kūkākūkā a me ka noiʻi o Davey Tree, e emi ana ka ikaika o ka lehu lāʻau i ʻelima mau manawa ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka lāʻau e EAB.Hiki koke nā lāʻau i ka pōʻino no laila ʻaʻole e ʻae ʻo Davey Tree i kāna poʻe piʻi i loko o kekahi lehu i hoʻopilikia ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o 20% a ʻoi aku paha.

Ma ka ʻōlelo a Mike Chenail, he International Society of Arboriculture Certified Arborist mai Pennsylvania, "ʻElua mau mea maoli i make ai ka lāʻau lehu e EAB.ʻOki ʻo EAB i ke kahe o ka wai a me nā meaʻai ma o ka lāʻau.Hoʻohui ʻia, hana ka pest fatal i nā tausani o nā ʻeha puka.Ua hui pū lāua e hoʻomaloʻo i ka lāʻau a hoʻomaloʻo.

ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia, ʻo ia ka maloʻo ʻana o ka lāʻau kohu, ka papa o waho o ka lāʻau.No ka mea he mau 'īniha wale nō ka mānoanoa o ka lāʻau kohu, ʻaʻole like ka nui o ka maloʻo ʻana.Ua wehewehe mai ʻo Jerry Bond, he Consulting Urban Forester a me Cornell Extension Educator iaʻu penei: “He kanaiwa pākēneka o ka ikaika o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi lāʻau e noho ana i loko o ka ʻumi pākēneka o waho o ke kumu.ʻO ia hoʻi, ke nāwaliwali ka lāʻau kohu, ʻaʻole nui ka ikaika o ka lāʻau.

Aia kekahi ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ke kiʻi.Hōʻike nā moʻolelo mai nā arborists a me nā mea hana lāʻau ʻē aʻe i ka pohō nui loa o kekahi lāʻau lehu i hoʻopau ʻia i hoʻokahi kau.ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke ʻano ākea a koʻikoʻi paha o kēia.

Akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka manaʻo maoli.ʻO ka manaʻo, ʻo ka poʻe hana a hoʻolimalima paha i ka manawa nui i ka ululāʻau, a ʻo ka mea kuleana no ka palekana o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e pono e makaʻala i ka wā e pepehi ai ʻo EAB i nā kumulāʻau lehu, ʻokoʻa ko lākou ʻano.

Ua koi ʻia nā mea nona nā Woodlot, nā luna o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale, nā lālā o ka papa o ke kaona, nā luna kānāwai o ke kalana ʻo NNY, nā mea kanu, nā mahiʻai a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e makemake ana e aʻo pehea e hoʻomākaukau ai no ka EAB e hele i kahi hālāwai hoʻolaha EAB e hiki mai ana ma ka Hale Kūʻai ʻo Adams, 3 South Main Street, Adams, NY ma ka Pōʻakolu, Nowemapa 14, 2018 mai 8:30 AM a 12:00 PM.Aia nā mea hōʻike i nā ʻelele mai NYSDEC, National Grid a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.He manuahi ka hālāwai, akā e ʻoluʻolu e RSVP iā Mike Giocondo ma ke keʻena o NYSDEC Lowville ma (315) 376-3521 a i ʻole [email protected]

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Inā ua ʻike ka poʻe Pilgrims i ke ʻano nui o ka Thanksgiving ma ʻAmelika inā ʻaʻole lākou i kiʻi i kekahi mau kiʻi.ʻOiai ua nalowale ka papa ʻaina iā mākou, ʻoiai ʻo Wampanoag ka moʻolelo waha, a me kekahi mau palapala hōʻaiʻē Pilgrim i ʻike ʻia e nā archeologists, e hōʻike ana aia he kulina, piʻi a me ka ʻōpala a me ka moa a me ka ʻiʻo.Ma waho aʻe o ia mea, aia paha nā chestnuts, sun chokes ("Jerusalem" artichokes), cranberries a me nā ʻano meaʻai kai.

Manaʻo ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo he nui ka poʻe Pilgrims i ka wā hoʻoilo o 1620 inā ʻaʻole no ka meaʻai i hāʻawi ʻia e nā Wampanoags, nona ka ʻāina i hoʻokaʻawale.I ka pūnāwai o 1621, ua hāʻawi ʻo Wampanoags i nā hua huaʻai Pilgrims, a me kahi kumu aʻoaʻo (malia paha he App; ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke maopopo) i ka hana ʻana, mālama a mālama ʻana i nā meaʻai e like me ke kulina, ka pī, a me ka ʻōpala.

ʻO kēlā hāʻule - ʻaʻole maopopo iā mākou inā ʻo ʻOkakopa a i ʻole Nowemapa - ua hāʻawi ka Pilgrims i ka mahalo no ka mahiʻai ʻōiwi ʻAmelika, a ʻai i kāna makana no nā lā ʻekolu pololei.Mahalo paha ka poʻe Wampanoags no ka nui ʻole o nā moku i piha i ka Pilgrims ma ka ʻaoʻao o ia manawa.

ʻO Barley wale nō ka mea kanu ʻEulopa a nā Pilgrims i hoʻoulu ai i ka makahiki 1621. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, me he mea lā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike hiki ke ʻai ʻia.ʻO ka ʻaoʻao naʻe, ʻo ia ka nui o ka pia ma ka pāʻina Hoʻomaikaʻi.

ʻOiai ʻo ka kulina, ka pī a me ka ʻeke, "The Three Sisters," i ulu ʻia e nā poʻe ʻōiwi he nui ma ʻAmelika, e hoʻonani ʻia nā mea kanu ʻōiwi ʻē aʻe i nā papa Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻAmelika i kēia makahiki.Malia paha e loaʻa iā ʻoe nā mea ʻai no ka hui ma mua o ka ʻaina ahiahi.Nati huikau, kekahi?ʻO ka peanuts kahi huaʻai nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.ʻO nā pecans a me nā hua sunflower, pū kekahi.A makemake ka poʻe a pau i ka ʻāpana kulina me ka luʻu, ʻeā?ʻO kēlā mau pepa wela (a ʻono) a me nā tōmato i loko o ka salsa nā meaʻai ʻAmelika.Makemake ʻoe i ka ʻū i hana ʻia me ka avocado?ʻAe, kekahi meaʻai maoli.A pela no ka popcorn.

ʻO Turkeys, ka mea i mālama ʻia e ka poʻe kamaʻāina ma mua o ka launa ʻana o ʻEulopa, ʻoiaʻiʻo nō he ʻōiwi i ka New World.Ua koho ʻia nā ʻano ʻano pipi o kēia wā no nā kino ʻoi aku ka nui, akā ʻo lākou nā ʻano like like me kā mākou pipi hihiu, nona ka laulā mai ka ʻaoʻao hema o Mexico ma ka ʻākau a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao hema o Kanada.

Akā ʻo ka nui o nā "hoʻoponopono" i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia lā Thanksgivings no ka New World.He laʻana maikaʻi ka ʻalani Cranberry (kahi ʻano Vaccinium pili i ka ʻĀkau o ʻEulopa, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kāna mau hua ma mua o nā ʻano cranberry i loaʻa ma ʻaneʻi, i mālama ʻia i kēia manawa a puni ka honua).

A ʻaʻole ia he Thanksgiving me ka ʻole o ka ʻuala mashed e hoʻomoʻa i ka ʻuala.ʻO ka ʻuala keʻokeʻo (“Irish”) kahi mea kanu o ka honua hou, e like me ka ʻuala.Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā agronomists ʻAmelika no nā pīni ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā pī Lima.Mai poina i ka ʻōpala—Ua hoʻomohala nā ʻōiwi i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka Hubbard a me ka ʻōpala butternut, a me nā ʻukena, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻōpala hoʻoilo.

ʻO ia ka mea e lawe mai ai iā mākou i ka ʻai paukena ʻo Thanksgiving—Manaʻo wau e mahalo nui ʻia nā mea a pau no kēlā hana.ʻAʻohe mea e like me ka ice cream, ʻaʻole ia mai ka New World, akā aia kekahi mau mea ʻono maikaʻi.ʻO ka maple-walnut kekahi o nā ʻano hauʻulu mua loa ma New England, ʻelua mau ʻala ʻōiwi e hele pū me ke kaulana.ʻOiai ʻaʻole mai ka Hikina ʻĀkau, no ʻAmelika mai ka vanilla, a me ke kokoleka.Inā ʻoe e hoʻohui i nā mea ʻai e like me ka strawberry a i ʻole blueberry (ʻo ia hoʻi ka pineapple), e loaʻa ana iā ʻoe nā meaʻai ʻAmelika ʻAmelika no ka ʻai.

Manaʻo iā ʻoukou a pau i ka Hoʻomaikaʻi hauʻoli a olakino, piha i ka ʻohana a me ka mahalo.Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki iā mākou ke mahalo i ka poʻe ʻōiwi a me kā lākou mea kanu.Akā, e ʻoluʻolu, mai hoʻohewa ʻoe i nā agronomists First-Nations inā pono ʻoe e wehe i kou kāʻei i hoʻokahi notch a ʻelua paha ma hope.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

I kona puka mua ʻana i kanawalu makahiki i hala, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Superman "ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka pōkā wikiwiki."ʻOiaʻiʻo, lele wikiwiki kekahi mau pōkā ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, akā i ka makahiki 1938, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka awelika ma kahi o 400 mph no kahi .38 kūikawā a ma kahi o 580 mph no kahi .45 aunoa.I ka pilikia o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao maikaʻi ʻole o Superman, nīnau wau inā hiki iā ia ke ʻoi aku ma mua o ka AR-15 .223 pōʻai puni i kēia lā ma 2,045 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola.Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku kona ʻelemakule i kēia manawa.ʻOiaʻiʻo, noʻonoʻo wau inā ua lawa ʻo ia e hopu i kahi mea kanu wikiwiki.

ʻO ka nānā wikiwiki ʻana i waho e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā mākou ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu, a inā ʻo lākou, neʻe mālie lākou e ana i ko lākou holomua.ʻO ka mea maikaʻi, e noʻonoʻo ana i ke ʻano o kā mākou uhuki ʻana i ka mauʻu, ʻoki i ka mauʻu, a ʻoki i nā lālā mai nā kumu lāʻau.Inā hiki i nā mea kanu ke skulk e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana, ʻaʻohe mea e hiamoe maikaʻi i ka pō.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, mālama nā mea kanu i ka waiho ʻana.Hiki i kēlā me kēia māla ke haʻi iā ʻoe e hiki i nā slugs ke hopu i nā mea kanu.No laila, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka manaʻo e ʻoi aku ka lohi o ke Man of Steel ma mua o kēlā.

Aia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka neʻe wikiwiki a me ka neʻe ʻana a puni.Hiki ke aʻa nā mea kanu, akā ʻaʻole lākou a pau e noho mālie.Hoʻonanea ʻia ka hapa nui o nā keiki i ka wā e hālāwai ai lākou me ka mimosa, a i ʻole mea kanu maʻalahi.Ke hoʻopā ʻia, pelu ʻia kona lau i loko o kekona me ka hoʻonohonoho pono, inā ʻaʻole wikiwiki.Aʻo nā mea kanu ʻo Mimosa mai ka ʻike, akā naʻe, inā ʻoe e ʻoki pinepine i kahi lau, hoʻomaha ia mai ka hana ʻana no kekahi mau hola.

ʻO ka poʻe o nā makahiki a pau e hoʻohauʻoli nui ʻia e ka Venus flytrap, kahi mea kanu ʻai i pani ʻia i nā inike, a laila hana i kahi ʻeke paʻa i ka ea a hoʻoheheʻe i kāna mau mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū o waho i piha i ka waikawa.ʻOiai kona inoa, ʻai nui ka flytrap i nā ʻanuʻu a me nā pūnāwelewele, nā pipi a me nā ʻūhini, akā liʻiliʻi nā nalo.Me ka ʻoi aku o ka wikiwiki o ka mimosa, hiki iā ia ke pani i kāna pahele ma 100 milliseconds.

Hiki ke helu.Ke hoʻopā ʻia kekahi o kāna mau lauoho hoʻoulu, e hāmama ka pahele, akā i ka wā e hoʻoulu ʻia ai ka lauoho lua i loko o 20 kekona, pani ka pahele.ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu i kēlā hana, ua helu ʻia ka mea kanu ʻai ʻiʻo i ʻelima.ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻelima mau mea hoʻoulu lauoho hou aʻe mai kahi pūwelewele wīwī ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka airlock a hoʻopaʻa i ka waika hydrochloric.Inā paʻa ʻoe i ka ʻāwae o kahi mea kanu ʻai ʻiʻo nui, e hoʻomanaʻo i kēia haʻawina: Mai paio.E noho mālie no 12 mau hola, a e hāmama hou nā ʻāwae.He mea iki.

Loa'a ka Venus flytraps i loko o ko mākou hema, akā, he mea kanu i 'oi aku ka lele ma mua o ka lele.ʻO ka lāʻau ʻīlio dwarf a i ʻole bunchberry kahi pua ʻāhiu maʻamau i makemake i nā lepo maʻaʻa.I kekahi manawa, loaʻa i nā pūʻulu e like me ka moena, aia nā pūʻulu o nā hua ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, a me nā pua e hoʻohilahila ai iā NASA.Wehe ka pua puaʻa ma 0.5 milliseconds, i hōʻike ʻia e hoʻokuʻu ana i kāna pollen ma 2,000 a 3,000 manawa o ka ikaika o ka gravity (G), ka mea e ʻoki ai i kahi astronaut, ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 3G i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai.ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i ke kumu e hana ai ʻo bunchberry i kēia, koe wale nō ka hōʻike ʻana, no ka mea, ua pollinate ʻia e ka nui o nā ʻano nalo maoli.

Akā ʻo ka pièce de résistance wikiwiki o ke aupuni mea kanu, ʻo ia ka lāʻau mulberry keʻokeʻo.No Kina, ua laha a puni ka honua no ka mea he mea pono ia no ka hanai ana i na enuhe silika, a no na makahiki 4,000 i hala iho nei, ua hana ia i ka silika o ka honua nei (aole like na enuhe silika; aole lakou e ola ana pela).Ke maikaʻi a mākaukau nā ʻōpala o ka lāʻau mulberry, wehe lākou i 25 microseconds a i ʻole 0.025 milliseconds, e hoʻoulu ana i kā lākou pollen ma kahi o 350 mph, ʻoi aku ka hapalua o ka wikiwiki o ke kani.ʻAʻole e like me ka bunchberry, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka mulberry i ka makani, a e pōmaikaʻi paha i kāna hoʻolālā pollen-bomb.

E like me kēia mau hana, ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻomaopopo maoli i nā kaʻina hana e neʻe wikiwiki ai nā mea kanu i hiki ʻole i ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻi pono i nā hanana.ʻO ka mea e pono ai mākou he mea wikiwiki aʻe ma mua o kahi mea kanu wikiwiki e nānā hou i kēia.Ke noʻonoʻo nei au inā hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi superhero ʻelemakule i loko o ia ʻano hana.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

ʻOiai inā ʻaʻole ma ka piko o kou alelo ka wehewehe pono ʻana, ʻike ka hapa nui o nā mea āpau i ka manaʻo o ka huaʻōlelo biogas - aia ka biology, a ʻo ka hopena he kinoea.Manaʻo paha kekahi ʻo ia ka funk i ka lewa ma luna o ke kaʻa e lawe ana i ka hui ʻai sauerkraut i ka home ma hope o ka hoʻokūkū hopena pule.E ʻōlelo paha kekahi poʻe ʻo ka biogas he pipi pipi, a i ʻole ka pilau hua manu popopo e lele ana i ka ʻili i ka wā e komo ai kou wāwae i loko o ka wai puna.

ʻO ia nā laʻana a pau o ka biogas, i haku mua ʻia me ka methane, CH4, ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana mai 50% a 60%.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi o ke kinoea maoli no ka wela a i ʻole ka holo ʻana i nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko no ka hana ʻana i ka uila a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Hoʻokumu ʻia e nā microbes ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic, he kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo he iwakāluakūmāwalu manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka carbon dioxide i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka wela ma ka lewa o ka Honua.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia inā hoʻopaʻa ʻia akā pilikia inā hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kumu e pono ai mākou e pahele i ka biogas i hāʻawi ʻia e nā ʻōpala, nā lua manure, a i kekahi lā, a i ʻole nā pipi bipi paha.

ʻO ia iho, ʻaʻohe kala a ʻala ʻole ka methane, akā pili pinepine ia me nā hoaaloha maikaʻi ʻole e like me ka hydrogen sulfide, H2S, ʻo ia ke kuleana o ka pilau hua manu a mākou e hui pū ai me nā ʻeke a me ke kinoea wai.ʻAʻole like ka biogas a pau—ʻo nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia e nā ʻōpala ʻāina i haumia me ka siloxane mai nā lubricants a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a loaʻa paha i ka biogas mai ka manure-sourced oxide, N2O.ʻO Siloxane, nitrous oxide, a me nā kinoea hydrogen sulfide he mea ʻawaʻawa i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, a he ʻino loa.Hoʻopau pinepine lākou me ka ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka wela, akā pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia inā e hoʻohana ʻia ka biogas no ka puhi ʻana i ka ʻenekini.

E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, hiki mai ka methane i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā mea organik i nā kūlana nele o ka oxygen.Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka nui o nā pahū biogas ma nā ʻāina ʻāina ma waena o ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa, ʻo ka hapa nui i nā 1960s a me 1970s, ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano o ia mau hanana ma ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1980 ua hoʻoikaika i nā hoʻoponopono paʻa i kēlā ʻāina i ka ʻohi ʻana i ka biogas.ʻO ka pinepine o ka pahū ʻana i nā pahu i hoʻemi nui ʻia i kēia mau manawa, akā mau nō ia.Ua puhi ʻia kahi ʻōpala ma Walt Disney World ma Orlando i ke ahi i ka makahiki 1998. I ka makahiki 2006, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pūʻali koa US (ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā kānāwai kaiapuni) he ʻumikūmālua hale ma kahi kokoke i kekahi o kona mau ʻāina kahiko ma Fort Meade, Maryland ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka methane.

ʻOiai hāʻawi ia i nā pōmaikaʻi e like me ka hoʻoulu uila, pono ka lawe ʻana i ka biogas landfill no ke olakino a me ka palekana.Akā, ua hana ʻia ka biogas me ka manaʻo i loko o kahi mea i kapa ʻia he methane digester, aʻu i manaʻo ai he huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe no ka bipi.ʻOiai ka inoa, ʻaʻole ʻeli kēia mau mea i ka methane.Hoʻohana lākou i ka ʻōpala holoholona, ka ʻōpala o ke kūlanakauhale, ka ʻōpala o ka hale, a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe e hana ai i ka methane, inā ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka nui o ia mau mea i ka lewa.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana maʻamau kēia: hoʻopiha ʻia kahi reactor airtight i ka manure holoholona a i ʻole nā mea āu e makemake ai e hoʻopiha ai, a ma hope o ke kaʻina hana bacterial 4-ʻāpana a me kekahi manawa e hoʻopau ʻoe i kahi slurry "digested" hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka mea hoʻomomona. a me ka biogas.Hiki i ka ʻenehana Digester ke hana mai kahi ʻenehana nui a hiki i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e holo ana ma luna o ka ʻōpala hale.

Ma kahi o 60% methane, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wahie digester biogas ma mua o ka biogas landfill, ʻo ia ka mea ma kahi o 50% CH4.Hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia ke kinoea mai kahi digester no ka kuke ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻomehana ʻana, akā pono e hana ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe.Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana no ka holo ʻana i nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka biogas "srubbed", kahi kokoke i ka methane maʻemaʻe, i loko o ka pahu kinoea maoli, a i ʻole ke kaomi ʻia a kūʻai aku i nā mākeke mamao.

I kēia mau lā, paipai ʻia ka poʻe mahiʻai holoholona e hoʻokomo i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe methane ma ke ʻano he kumu kālā hou a i ʻole e hoʻopau i nā kumukūʻai hoʻomehana.Hoʻemi ka digester i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a ʻo ka manure i hana ʻia i loko o kahi digester e mālama i ka nitrogen ma mua o ka manure i mālama ʻia ma nā loko o ka lewa.ʻAʻole ia he ʻoki lolo, akā aia kahi ʻano aʻo, a me nā hoʻokomo hana.Ke hāpai ʻia nei ka manaʻo i kēia manawa, akā mamao loa ia mai ka mea hou.

Ua komo ka poʻe Kina i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka methane mai ka makahiki 1960, a i ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻolaha ʻia kahi mea e like me ʻeono miliona mau mea hoʻoheheʻe home i ka poʻe mahiʻai.I kēia manawa, maʻa mau nā mea hoʻoheheʻe home ma India, Pakistan, Nepal, a me nā ʻāpana o ʻApelika.Ma ka laulā nui, ʻo Kelemania ka mea hana biogas mua loa ma ʻEulopa, me kahi o 6,000 mau mea kanu hana uila biogas.Loaʻa iā Kelemānia nā mea hoʻoikaika a me nā kōkua no ka poʻe mahiʻai a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana digester.

ʻO Cryo Pur, kahi hui Farani i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Palaiseau, ma waho o Paris, ua hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano hana hoʻokahi e wehe i ka CO2 a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe mai ka biogas me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cryogenics.Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka biogas i ke kaʻina hana, e hiki ai ke hoʻouna ʻia me ka palekana.

E hoʻokipa ʻo Cornell Cooperative Extension i kahi papa hana biogas liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i kēia hoʻoilo.E hana hou ʻia ka papa ma nā lā like ʻole ʻekolu ma Cornell Cooperative Extension Learning Farm, 2043 State Highway 68, Canton.ʻOiai e pili ana i nā mahiʻai waiu liʻiliʻi, nā holoholona a me nā mea hana horticulture, a me ka poʻe makemake i ka hana ikehu ʻē aʻe e ʻae ʻia.Hiki i nā mea komo ke koho i kekahi o kēia mau lā ʻekolu: Pōʻakolu, Dekemaba 5, 2018 10:00 AM – 2:00 PM, Pōʻalima, Pepeluali 7, 2019 , 10:00 AM – 2:00 PM, a i ʻole Pōʻakolu, Malaki 6, 2019, 6:00 PM – 9:00 PM.

He manuahi nā papa a loaʻa kahi uku liʻiliʻi a me kahi ʻai.Pono ke kakau inoa.No ke kākau inoa a i ʻole no ka ʻike hou aku, e kelepona iā Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County ma (315) 379-9192.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo i nā mea a pau e pili ana i nā methane digester liʻiliʻi, akā i koʻu ʻike, ʻaʻohe mea no ka hoʻohana pilikino ponoʻī.Inā ua ʻai nui ʻoe i ka sauerkraut, pono ʻoe e hoʻokuʻu i ka digestion.E ʻoluʻolu mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Leʻaleʻa pinepine kaʻu wahine francophone i koʻu hoʻomaka ʻana i ka apprendre la langue, e like me ka manawa aʻu i ʻōlelo ai ʻo connard i koʻu manaʻo ʻana i ka canard.No ka poʻe ʻōlelo Pelekania monolingual ma laila, ʻo ka canard ke ʻano o ka ʻiʻo, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻōlelo like ʻole o connard he huaʻōlelo e like me ka "spithead," a ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake e ʻōlelo kāu mau keiki.Akā ma kahi o nā mallards a me nā puddle-ducks ʻē aʻe, pili nā mea ʻelua.Hiki i ka drake (kāne) ke lilo i connard loa i kekahi manawa.

ʻO ka mallard, ʻo ia paha ka ʻiʻo i ʻike nui ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau me ka drake nona ke poʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka pila ʻalani ʻālani a me ke kola keʻokeʻo mua, ʻo ia paha ka mea kūpono loa.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Lee Foote ka mea olaola o ke Kulanui o Alberta iā lākou "ka Chevy Impala o nā pāpaʻi."No ka poʻe ma lalo o 30, ʻo ka Impala kahi i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea āpau, kokoke i ka pōkā.

Ma muli o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me Central, Eurasia a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau, ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) i ʻAmelika Hema, Australia, New Zealand, a me ʻApelika Hema.ʻOi aku paha ka lawelawe ma mua o ka Impala.ʻO ka International Union for Conservation of Nature, kahi hui i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, papa inoa iā ia (ka ʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ke kaʻa) ma ke ʻano he "ʻano mea hopohopo ʻole."He manaʻo ʻole kēia inoa, akā aia ka hopohopo ma nā wahi e like me ʻApelika Hema a me New Zealand, kahi i lilo ai nā mallards i invasive.

ʻAʻole like me nā kaʻa, kahi maikaʻi nā hybrids akā kakaʻikahi ka manuahi, mallard hybrids ka mea maʻamau e nalowale koke nā ʻeke ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻokoʻa.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo kahi hiʻohiʻona wehewehe o kahi ʻano ʻano ʻo ia ka hiki ʻole ke hele me nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe e hoʻohua ai i nā hua, a i ʻole nā mea momona.ʻAʻole i heluhelu ʻo Mallards i ka palapala.Ke inaina nei au i ka hana ʻana o ke ʻano.

Hoʻopili pinepine ʻo Mallards me nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻAmelika, akā hoʻohua pū kekahi me nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe he ʻumi paha, i kekahi mau mea e hopena ai i ka nalowale a kokoke i ka pau ʻana o nā ʻano.Wahi a ka Global Invasive Species Database (GISD), "No ka hopena [o ka mallard interbreeding], ʻaʻole i manaʻo hou ʻia ka ʻiʻo Mekiko he ʻano ʻano a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka 5% o nā ʻiole hina ʻeleʻele o New Zealand i hoʻohui ʻole ʻia."

ʻO Mallards kekahi ʻano puddle a dabbling duck, e kuʻi i ko lākou poʻo i lalo o ka wai e ʻai ai i nā mollusks, nā ʻōpala a me nā ilo, ʻaʻole i ka luʻu ʻana ma hope o ka ʻai.ʻAi pū lākou i nā ʻanoʻano, nā mauʻu a me nā mea kanu wai.Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia i ke kanaka, ʻoluʻolu lākou e ʻohi i ka berena kahiko ma nā paka kūlanakauhale.

Ua hele kekahi mau ʻeke i ka ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, e ʻimi ana i ka X-rated, ka wahine kolohe.Hiki i nā kāne puddle-duck ke loa'a nā lālā i lō'ihi aku ma mua o ko lākou kino, kahi e ho'okomo pono ai i nā mea no mākou.Eia kekahi, hui pū kekahi mau mallard drake me kēlā me kēia moa, i kekahi manawa i ka manawa hoʻokahi, i kekahi manawa e hopena ai i ka ʻeha a i ʻole (kakaʻikahi) ka make o ka wahine.

He ala maikaʻi ʻole kēia no ka holo ʻana i kahi ʻano, me nā drake e pepehi ana i nā moa.Akā, aia kekahi manaʻo.Ua ʻike ʻia nā wahine e hōʻiliʻili ana i nā pēpē kāne me he mea lā ʻaʻohe mea maikaʻi e hana ai.ʻO ke kumu e hiki ai i ka moa mallard ke hoʻopuʻi i nā drake hangouts e kiʻi iā lākou e hahai iā ia e pili ana i ke ola.He ʻokoʻa i ka kuihi Kanada, ʻike ʻia e ola 10 a 25 mau makahiki ma ke ʻano, ʻo nā mallards hihiu he awelika ola o 3-5 mau makahiki.ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka pākēneka kiʻekiʻe o nā wahine, e hoʻomaka ana i ka hānau ʻana i ka makahiki 2, e male hoʻokahi wale nō i ko lākou ola.ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana he nui e hōʻoia i ka momona nā hua o ka moa.

A he hoʻolālā huna ko nā ʻiole kaikamahine—i ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka hen i ka manaʻo o nā kāne, hiki iā ia ke koho i ka papa duckling.Inā ʻaʻole kūpono ke kāne iā ia, e alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka penis loser-drake i loko o ka hopena make a hiki i ka hana ʻana, kahi hoʻopunipuni hoʻopunipuni.E ʻae ʻia ka drake laki e hele i nā ʻeiwa iwilei holoʻokoʻa.No laila, ke ʻōlelo nei—Kālua wau ʻo ia ka lōʻihi.

ʻIke loa, ʻaʻole pono nā mallards i kā mākou kōkua i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo maikaʻi (a pāpā ʻia paha e nā kānāwai kūloko) ka hānai ʻana i nā moa wai, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka haumia o ka wai a me nā maʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi e pili ana i ke kanaka.ʻO ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau," he maʻi pāpaʻi hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka poʻe hele kahakai, ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa o lākou.Ua ʻōlelo ka GISD "… ʻo nā mallard ka mea nui loa o ka H5N1 [ka maʻi maʻi manu] no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ka maʻi ma mua o nā pākē ʻē aʻe me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia i kona hopena… Hāʻawi i kahi loulou i nā manu wai hihiu, nā holoholona holoholona, a me nā kānaka e hoʻolilo iā ia i vector kūpono o ka maʻi make.

ʻO ke ola pōkole o nā mallards i alakaʻi i nā ʻano e hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā e komo pū ana me ka hana ʻino.ʻAʻohe kumu ʻē aʻe o kākou kanaka.He ducky inā hiki iā mākou ke ʻae ʻaʻole e hana like me ka connard, akā ʻaʻole maoli ia i loko o kahi honua paʻakikī.Hiki paha iā mākou ke ho'āʻo e lilo i ʻōlelo ʻelua.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ke piʻi mai ke kumuhana o ka akamai holoholona, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa inā ʻoi aku ka akamai o ka manu a i ʻole ke kao, a i ʻole inā ʻoi aku ka akamai o nā iʻa ma mua o ka manatees.Kakaʻikahi mākou e hāʻawi i ka naʻauao i nā ʻano ola e like me nā iniseti, nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā hani.A he mea kakaikahi wale no ka ninau ana i ko kakou naauao mamua o na holoholona.He ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ke kuhikuhi i nā mea nui e like me ka Colosseum, ka ua waikawa, ke kinoea nerve a me nā pōkā atomika.Akā ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo he lolo manu nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.ʻŌlelo hoʻohālikelike.

He mea noʻonoʻo ʻo nā ʻelepani a me nā koholā he keiki whiz, no ka nui o ko lākou mau poʻo.Ma muli o nā ʻano ʻano, ʻo ke kaumaha o ka lolo koholā ma waena o 12 a me 18 paona (5.4-8 kg.), a ʻo ka poʻo o Dumbo e piʻi i ka unahi ma kahi o 11 lbs.(5.1 kg.).Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me lākou, ʻo kā mākou lolo 3-paona (1.3 kg.) he mau ʻuala liʻiliʻi.ʻO ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā lolo mammal mai nā papa holoholona ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ka neocortex, ka ʻāpana o waho o ka lolo ke kuleana no nā hana kiʻekiʻe e like me ka ʻōlelo a me ka noʻonoʻo abstract.

Akā ʻaʻole ka nui ka mea nui.ʻO kā mākou neocortices, ʻaʻole like me ka hapa nui o nā holoholona, he paʻakikī loa, ʻo ia ka mea e hana mākou i nā mea āpau i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka pono.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hāʻawi ka convolution i ko mākou lolo i nā waiwai ʻoi aku ka nui ma ka leo - me he mea lā he ʻūlū ʻo Texas a ua ʻoki ʻia a hiki i ka nui o Vermont.Hiki i ka nui o nā ʻeka ke kūpono i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi inā he mau awāwa a mauna wale nō.Ua like kēia ʻāpana ʻili i ka mana hana ʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka lolo liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e like me ko ke koholā.

ʻO ka hiki ke hana a hoʻohana i nā mea hana, a me ka lawe ʻana iā lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia kekahi o nā hōʻailona o ka naʻauao.I ka wā ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā kānaka wale nō a me ko mākou ʻohana pili pili i hoʻohana i nā mea hana.Ke hoʻohana nei kekahi mau gorila ma Borneo i nā lāʻau i ka iʻa iʻa, a ua ʻike ʻia nā gorillas komohana o ke komohana e hoʻohana ana i ka lāʻau e ana i ka hohonu o ka wai.Ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi, ua hoʻohana ke gorila i ka lāʻau e hana i alahaka e hele ai i kahi kahawai.Manaʻo wau inā hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻopaʻa i kahi ʻauhau, e mahalo nui mākou iā lākou.

I kēia manawa wale nō i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka naʻauao o nā cephalopods e like me ka cuttlefish, ka hee a me ka octopodes.Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Octopodes e ʻai ana i nā pūpū niu i hoʻolei ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia e kūkulu i nā hale kākela kai kahi e peʻe ai.Inā holomua ko lākou mākaukau me nā mea hana, pili wau hiki iā lākou ke ulana i kahi ʻaʻahu weliweli i ka manawa.

Hoʻohana pū nā manu i nā mea hana—no ka laʻana, e hoʻohana nā manu i ke koʻokoʻo e hoʻopaʻa i nā pōpoki hiki ʻole iā lākou ke hiki.Ke nahu ka nahu i ka lāʻau, huki ke koʻo i ka lāʻau i waho a ʻai i ka ʻōpala.Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻaʻole akamai loa nā manu no ka mea he liʻiliʻi kalima ke kaumaha o ko lākou lolo, a mai ka nui o ka pea a hiki i ka nui o ka wōnati.Pono mākou e ʻai i ke koo, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lolo manu ma mua o ka lolo mammal.Me he mea lā mākou e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka lolo microchip o nā manu me ka lolo nui o ke kanaka a me ka hoʻomāʻewaʻewa, ʻoiai he nui nā manu e hoʻāʻo e like me nā primates no ka naʻauao.

Ua ʻike mākou e hoʻohana ana nā nalo meli i ke ʻano o ka hulahula bee e kamaʻilio pū kekahi me kekahi e pili ana i kahi o nā pua a me nā mea pīkī.Me he mea lā ua loaʻa i kā mākou mau bumblebees maoli.I ka makahiki 2016, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi ma Queen Mary University o Lākana ua aʻo nā bumblebees i loko o nā minuke pehea e ʻōwili ai i kahi pōpō liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi lua liʻiliʻi e loaʻa ai ka uku wai kō.Manaʻo wau e paʻahana nā mea noiʻi i nā hoʻokūkū kolepa bumblebee.

Hiki i nā mea kanu ke aʻo i nā hana hoʻopunipuni hou.Ua hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua i nā pane Pavlovian ke hōʻike pū ʻia ka mālamalama a me nā mea hoʻouluulu ʻē aʻe mai nā kihi like ʻole.E ulu ana na mea kanu ma ke ala o ka malamalama.Akā, i ka wā i pio ai ke kukui, huli aʻela nā mea kanu i nā mea hoʻoulu ʻē aʻe, e like me ke ʻano o ko nā ʻīlio a Pavlov i kohu ai i ko lākou lohe ʻana i nā bele.Manaʻo wau he mea hoʻonāukiuki ka wā hoʻomaha hoʻoilo no kēlā mau drool-pooches.

ʻO nā kānaka, nā ʻoki, nā hee, nā manu, nā ʻōpala, a me nā mea kanu—ʻaʻohe wahi e hele ai i lalo.E komo i loko o ka plasmodial slime mold, he mea ola hoʻokahi-cell neʻe lohi e hiki ke ʻike i ka ʻāina, e ʻimi i ka meaʻai maikaʻi loa, a hoʻopau iā ia, e ulu nui aʻe.E hele koke mai ana i kahi hale keaka kokoke iā ʻoe.Me he kiʻiʻoniʻoni sci-fi lā, a he ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, melemele a keʻokeʻo paha, he ʻāpana ʻāpana paha o ka ʻāpana, he ʻano malihini.Noho maʻamau lākou i nā ululāʻau malu, akā hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ma luna o kou moena pua, a ua hoʻouna kekahi hoaaloha i ke kiʻi o kahi ʻōpala slime i hoʻopiha i kāna pia ʻole i waiho ʻia i ka pō.

Ua ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi e hoʻohana ana kahi plasmodial slime mold i nā algorithm paʻakikī e hoʻoholo ai i nā hoʻoholo - nā mea kūpono, ʻike ʻia - e pili ana i ke ala e hele ai i ka hele ʻana i ka ʻāina.ʻO kekahi o nā mea noiʻi alakaʻi ma ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 2015 ʻo Simon Garnier, he Kumu Kokua o Biology ma New Jersey Institute of Technology.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, "[ke aʻo ʻana i nā molds slime] e hoʻokūkū i kā mākou mau manaʻo i manaʻo mua ʻia no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa olaola e pono ai no ka hana maʻalahi."

Malia paha ʻo ka manawa kēia e nānā nui aku ai i ko mākou ʻohana pili ʻole.Pili au he nui kā lākou e aʻo mai ai iā mākou.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o ka pōloli mahina holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka wehe koke ʻia ʻana o kahi mea kanu invasive infestation hou, akā ua ʻoi aku nā manamana lima i hana ʻia ia mea ma St. Lawrence County i kēia kauwela.ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻike mākou a pau e pili ana i ka hanana lani i ka mahina o Iulai i hala, ʻo ia ka poʻo mahina waena mua mai Iune 2011. Mahalo i nā maka ʻoi o Kauka Tony Beane, he Kumu o ka ʻepekema Veterinary ma SUNY Canton ʻo ia kekahi avid naturalist, he kumu waina exotic hiki ke hoʻopau i nā mahina ʻai a me nā ululāʻau ua hoʻopau ʻia i loko o nā pule o kona hōʻoia ʻana ma ka ʻāina ʻo Ogdensburg.

ʻO ka mea maʻamau i kapa ʻia ʻo porcelain berry (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata), ʻaʻohe mea "brev" e pili ana i ka inoa Latin, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka ulu ulu ʻana, o kēia kumulāʻau lāʻau koʻikoʻi hiki ke uhi koke i nā mea kanu ma nā kahawai a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka ululāʻau, e pepehi ana i nā mea kanu maoli a me ka pale ʻana i ka hana hou.Ua pāpā ʻia ia ma ka hapa nui o nā mokuʻāina, a ua helu ʻia ma ke ʻano he "Prohibited Species" e ka New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa me ka manaʻo e kūʻai aku, lawe mai, kūʻai, lawe a hoʻolauna. ”ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ke huli nei nā hulina pūnaewele i nā hanana hoʻolaha e kūʻai i kēia kumu waina, ʻoiai ke hoʻohui ʻia ka "invasive" i nā ʻāpana huli.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka porcelain berry ma ka ʻākau ʻo NY ua hoʻouna ʻia i ka St. Lawrence-Eastern Lake Ontario Partnership for Regional Invasive Species Management (SLELO PRISM), kahi hui o nā hui mālama, nā hilinaʻi ʻāina, a me nā keʻena aupuni ma nā pae like ʻole nona ka pahuhopu e kaupalena ʻia. ka pōʻino waiwai a me ke kaiapuni i hana ʻia e nā mea kanu invasive, nā pepeke, a me nā mea ola wai.Ma nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae o dr.ʻO ka hōʻike a Beane, ua kipa ʻo SLELO PRISM's Early Detection Team, a ua luku ʻia nā mea kanu.Hoʻolālā ka hui e hana i nā kipa ma hope o nā kau e hiki mai ana e ʻimi no ka ulu hou ʻana.

No Iapana a me nā ʻāpana o ka ʻĀkau ʻo Kina, ua lawe mua ʻia ka porcelain berry i ka US ma kahi o 1870 ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻonaninani.He pili ia i kā mākou hua waina ʻāhiu maoli, kahi hiki ke huikau maʻalahi.ʻAʻole e like me ka hua waina, he ʻili maʻemaʻe, exfoliating a me ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, ʻo ka porcelain berry vine he maʻemaʻe, ʻili lenticele (ʻeleʻele i ka wā kahiko akā ʻaʻole exfoliating), a he pith keʻokeʻo.ʻO nā hua paʻakikī, ʻeleʻele i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka holomua mai ka lavender a i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ka uliuli ʻālohilohi i ko lākou ʻō ʻana, ʻaʻole e kau i lalo e like me nā hua waina, akā paʻa pololei.He 5-lobed ka hohonu o ka lau berry ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lau waina, ʻo ia hoʻi he 3-lobed a ʻaʻole hoʻi i hohonu hohonu, akā ʻokoʻa kēia a he hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi ʻole.

ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻano invasive ʻaʻole i ʻike mua ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻĀkau he mea ʻoluʻolu, koi ʻia ka poʻe e makaʻala i ka porcelain berry.ʻAi ʻia kāna mau hua e nā manu, a ua hiki ke lawe ʻia nā hua mai kēia heluna kanaka i nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻākau o NYS.Inā manaʻo ʻoe ua loaʻa paha kēia mea kanu, e ʻoluʻolu e hōʻike i kāu keʻena ʻo Cornell Cooperative Extension a i ʻole NYSDEC keʻena kokoke loa.Hiki ke loaʻa ka papa inoa piha o NYSDEC Regulated and Prohibited Species ma dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/isprohibitedplants2.pdf.No ka 'ike hou aku e pili ana i ka ho'omalu 'ana i nā mea 'ino ma St. Lawrence-Eastern Lake Ontario, e kipa i ka sleloinvasives.org

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

ʻAʻole ʻepekema rocket ke kanu ʻana i kahi lāʻau, he mea maikaʻi ia.Inā ʻo ia ka paʻakikī, makemake wau e liʻiliʻi nā kumulāʻau e laina ana i ko mākou mau alanui.ʻAʻole pono i ka ʻepekema ke kanu pono i kahi kumulāʻau, akā nui ke kālā e hoʻolilo ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki e kūʻai a kanu i nā kumulāʻau i hiki ke hoʻolimalima ʻia, no ka mea, e ola wale lākou i kahi hapa o ko lākou ola.

Ke hāʻule a make nā kumulāʻau ma hope o 15, 20, a i ʻole 30 mau makahiki, ʻo ka mea hope loa a mākou e manaʻo ai ʻo ke kanu ʻana.ʻOiai ʻo nā lāʻau ʻāina e like me ka lehu-mauna a me ka birch he mau ola pōkole maoli, ʻo ka maple kō a i ʻole ka ʻoka ʻulaʻula e maʻalahi i hoʻokahi haneli a ʻoi aku paha mau makahiki.I ka manawa pinepine, e pau kekahi ʻano lōʻihi i ka iwakālua no ka mea ua kanu ʻia "wikiwiki a lepo."Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā laʻana o nā kumu lāʻau e emi ana ma ke ʻano he mau makahiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hale, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā ala nui kahi i pani ʻia ai nā kumulāʻau i ʻoki ʻia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke alanui.Hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo i kēlā mau lāʻau hoʻolimalima, ʻaʻole kūʻai.

Hoʻonohonoho ka kanu hohonu i ke kahua no kahi lāʻau maʻi, ke hele pinepine nei kekahi i ka hopena hiki ʻole.Hele mai kēlā me kēia kumulāʻau me kahi "nānā hohonu" i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kumu lāʻau, pono e ʻike ʻia ma luna o ka papa lepo kumu.ʻO ke kanu ʻana i ka hohonu e alakaʻi i nā pilikia olakino koʻikoʻi e hiki mai ana.No ka lāʻau, ma mua.Eia kahi hoʻohenehene arborist: He aha kāu e kapa ai i kahi lua kanu 3-kapuaʻi no ka lāʻau?Kona luakupapau.

Hāʻawi ʻia i kā lākou druthers, hoʻonui nā aʻa lāʻau i 2-3 mau manawa o ka lōʻihi o ka lālā, a i ʻole ka laina kulu, akā ʻo 90% o lākou ka 10" kiʻekiʻe o ka lepo.I mea e noʻonoʻo ai i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo, pono ke ʻano o ka lua kanu i ke ʻano saucer a 2-3 mau manawa o ke anawaena o ka ʻōnaehana kumu, akā ʻaʻole hohonu.A i ʻole, e kiki ʻia ʻoe e ka mākaʻi kanu.ʻAe, he moʻolelo moʻolelo kēlā, akā inā e hele mai kekahi mea hoʻolalelale, hiki iā ia ke ʻāhuehue.

Ke ʻeli ʻia kahi kumulāʻau i loko o ka hale hānai, ʻoki ʻia ka hapa nui o kona mau aʻa e ka lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻeli ai.ʻO ka huaʻōlelo transplant shock e pili ana i kēia nalo pōʻino o nā aʻa.ʻIke loa, hiki i nā kumulāʻau ke ola i ke kanu ʻana, akā pono lākou e loaʻa nā kūlana kūpono no ka ulu hou ʻana o nā aʻa.He mea pono e komo nā aʻa o ka transplant i loko o ka lepo a puni, no ka mea, hiki i kekahi pale liʻiliʻi ke hoʻohuli iā lākou e huli i kahi puka.He mau laʻana nā lepo paʻa—maʻa ma nā alanui—a me ka pālolo kaumaha.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ke kāwele a puni ka pōpō aʻa i mea e pōʻai ai nā aʻa i loko o ka lole.ʻO nā hīnaʻi uwea e hoʻopuni ana i ka burlap hiki ke lōʻihi i nā makahiki he mau makahiki, a ke alakaʻi pinepine nei i nā pilikia hou aʻe i ka nui o nā aʻa.Ke hiki ka lāʻau i ka hohonu ʻākau i loko o ka lua, e hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻōpala a me ka hale uea mai nā kumulāʻau pōleʻa a me nā ʻōpala.Pono e hoʻohenehene pololei ʻia nā aʻa o nā lāʻau i ulu i ka pahu.Inā pono, e ʻoki iā lākou e hana i kēia.I ka wā lōʻihi, hoʻonui nā aʻa pōʻai i ke anawaena a hoʻopaʻa kekahi i kekahi.Ua lilo kekahi i mau aʻa kāʻei e ʻoki ai i ke kumu, ʻāpana a i ʻole holoʻokoʻa, ma lalo o ka laina lepo, a ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi e like me ka hāʻule mua ʻana a me ka make ʻana o ka lālā.

He mea nui ke koho.E like me nā kamaliʻi, nani nā lāʻau ke hoʻihoʻi ʻoe iā lākou i ka home mai ka hale hānai, akā hiki iā lākou ke ulu wikiwiki a lawe i kahi lumi ʻoi aku ma mua o ka mea āu i manaʻo ai.Inā aia kahi pūnaewele ma lalo o nā uwea a i ʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka wahi no nā lālā, pono ʻoe e koho i kahi ʻano a me nā ʻano like ʻole hiki ke ulu nui me ka ʻole o ka hakakā.E koho i kahi lāʻau paʻa i ia wahi—hiki i kekahi mau hale kūʻai ke lawe i nā kumulāʻau kūpono ʻole i ke aniau āu e noho nei.'A'ole nā lā'au a pau i ka lā.Hiki i nā maples ke kū i kahi malu, akā hiki i ka crabapple malu ke loaʻa ka crabby.ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo nā kumu lāʻau e like me ka hawthorn, hackberry a me Kentucky coffeetree he hoihoi maikaʻi i ka dormancy, kahi noʻonoʻo i hāʻawi ʻia i kā mākou hoʻoilo lōʻihi.

Me ka lepo one a koʻikoʻi paha, hiki i ka nui o nā mea organik ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka backfill.Akā ʻoi aku ma mua o 30% ma ka leo hiki ke hoʻoulu i kahi "teacup effect," e alakaʻi ana i ke aʻa aʻa.He koʻikoʻi ka Fertilizer ma nā kumulāʻau hou, no laila e kali i hoʻokahi makahiki ma kēlā.I nā lepo maikaʻi, ʻaʻole pono nā kumulāʻau i nā mea kanu pāʻoihana.

ʻO ka wai i kou hoʻopiha ʻana, e hoʻokuʻi i ka lepo me kahi lāʻau a i ʻole ka ʻau koʻi e hoʻopau i nā ʻeke ea nui.Inā ʻaʻole he makani nui kahi kahua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kumulāʻau—pono lākou i ka neʻe ʻana no ka ulu ʻana o nā kumu ikaika.ʻO ka mulching he 2-4 iniha ka hohonu ma luna o ka wahi kanu (ʻaʻole hoʻopā i ke kumu) e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka makū a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mauʻu.

Me ka nui like o ke kumu kūʻai a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, hiki ke kanu i kahi hiʻohiʻona a kā mākou moʻopuna e kuhikuhi ai me ka haʻaheo.A i ʻole, hiki iā mākou ke kanu i kahi kumulāʻau like e hoʻopau ʻia ma mua o ko mākou haʻalele ʻana.He mea liʻiliʻi wale nō ka haʻawina home, a me ka nānā ʻana i kekahi mau kikoʻī.ʻAʻohe ʻepekema rocket, laki.

Inā makemake ʻoe e aʻo i ke kanu ʻana i nā kumulāʻau i hiki i kāu mau moʻopuna ke kuhikuhi me ka haʻaheo, e ʻoluʻolu e hui pū me St. Lawrence County Soil and Water Conservation District a me Cornell Cooperative Extension ma ka Pōʻaono, ʻOkakopa 13 mai ka hola 9 am a awakea ma Canton's Bend-In- ʻO ka-River Park ma 90 Lincoln Street no kahi papa hana no ke kanu lāʻau a mālama.He manuahi ka papa a wehe ʻia i ka lehulehu, akā noi ʻia ke kau inoa mua.No ke kākau inoa a no ka ʻike hou aku, e kelepona iā Aaron Barrigar ma St. Lawrence County Soil and Water Conservation District ma (315) 386-3582.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

ʻO ka nui o nā nightshades palekana a ʻono, a hele maikaʻi i loko o nā sanwiti a me nā ʻuala.ʻO kekahi poʻe he mea make, ʻai nui ʻia e ka poʻe lawehala, akā noho ka hapa nui i kahi wahi hina ma waena o kēia mau mea ʻelua.Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, aia ma kahi o 2,700 mau ʻano i ka ʻohana nightshade, i kapa ʻia ʻo solanaceae i nā geeks Latin.Aia ka hui i nā mea kanu ʻono e like me nā tōmato, ʻuala, eggplant, pepa, a me nā tomatillos.Ua haku ʻia ma kekahi hapa e nā mea malu e like me ka jimsonweed a me ka nightshade make i hoʻomake i ka make a me ka make, ʻaʻohe ulia a me ka manaʻo, i loko o ka mōʻaukala.

Aia nā Nightshades ma nā ʻāina āpau koe ʻo Antarctica, ʻoiai ʻo Australia a me ʻAmelika Hema ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole, a me nā helu holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻano.ʻO ka paka kekahi o nā mea hoʻomalu pō koʻikoʻi, aʻo nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe, e like me nā petunias a me nā kukui Kina, e hoʻonani i kā mākou pā.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā nightshades he ʻano hihiu, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea i hoʻohana ʻia i kumu lāʻau lapaʻau no ka millenia.

Me he mea lā ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "sumac" ma mua o ka "poison" i loko o ka manaʻo o nā poʻe he nui, he mea kaumaha ia no ka mea ʻo nā sumac āpau a mākou e ʻike ai ma nā alanui a me nā pā pā, ʻaʻole ia he pōʻino.ʻO ka poison sumac, kahi e koi ai i ka wai kū, he kumu lāʻau ʻālohilohi me nā hua keʻokeʻo e hāʻule ana.Hiki iā ia ke hoʻoulu i ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa e like me ka ivy, akā he ʻano maʻamau.ʻOi aku ka nui, manaʻo nā mea a pau i ka huaʻōlelo "nightshade" ma hope o ka huaʻōlelo "make."

ʻIke loa, ʻo ka ʻāpana o ka pilikia kekahi o ka branding.ʻO ka "ʻoiaʻiʻo" make nightshade (Atropa belladonna) kūpono i kona inoa.Hiki i ka hua hoʻokahi ke make i ke keiki, a he 8-10 mau hua a i ʻole hoʻokahi lau wale nō e lawa ai e pepehi i ke kanaka makua.Hiki mai paha nā lāʻau ʻawaʻawa no ka mea ʻono nā hua poni poni hohonu, a hiki ke ʻai ʻia e nā keiki a me nā mākua.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mea kanu ma ke ʻano he ala e pepehi ai i nā ʻenemi politika a me nā kāne hoʻomaloka.Ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi, ua holoi ʻia kahi pūʻali koa holoʻokoʻa e ka waina ʻono i kāpī ʻia me A. belladonna berry extract.

Eia nō naʻe, makemake ʻo nightshade make i ka piʻi ʻana a i ʻole subtropical climates, a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia aia ma ka ʻākau o NY.ʻO ka mea maʻamau i kapa ʻia ʻo "deadly nightshade" ʻo ia ka mea ʻawaʻawa ʻawaʻawa maoli, Solanum dulcamara, a he mea ʻawaʻawa loa nā hua.Akā, loaʻa iā mākou kahi pō pōʻino, ʻo jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) i kapa ʻia ʻo diabolo-apple a i ʻole mad-apple.ʻO nā ʻāpana āpau o ka mea kanu he mea ʻawaʻawa, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua.No Mekiko a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, he lōʻihi loa kēia mauhelehele makahiki, keʻokeʻo, ke ʻano o nā pua a me nā ʻōniʻoniʻo ke nānā aku, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia i nā pā holoholona a me nā pā hale.

Loaʻa i nā nightshades ka nui o ka atropine, scopolamine, a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, akā he mea weliweli loa i nā kau nui.I loko o nā palena haiki loa, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau kemika i ka leʻaleʻa.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo kekahi mau lāʻau ʻawaʻawa ma muli o ka ʻai ʻana o ka poʻe i ka A. belladonna, D. stramonium, a me nā pō ʻē aʻe me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ia mau kemika ma ka manaʻo kuhihewa hiki iā lākou ke kiʻekiʻe.Hiki i ka mea kanu ma kahi wahi ke ʻano he nui ka ʻona e like me ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole ma kahi pūnaewele ʻē aʻe, a ʻaʻohe ala ma waho o ka loiloi lab e haʻi.

ʻO ka ʻili o ka ʻuala i ʻike ʻia i ka mālamalama e lilo i ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e hōʻike ana ua hōʻiliʻili kekahi mau kumu ʻawaʻawa.He liʻiliʻi ka pōʻino, akā no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao palekana, pono e hoʻolei ʻia kēia mau mea.Hiki i nā kemika ke komo i loko o ka ʻiʻo, a ʻo ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻaʻole lawa ia e hoʻopau loa i ka pilikia i nā pēpē a i ʻole nā ʻelemakule.Pēlā nō, ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka ʻai ʻana i kahi ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi o ka lau ʻuala a i ʻole ka lau ʻuala, akā inā pili nā keiki, e hoʻouna i nā nīnau āpau i kahi kikowaena hoʻopaʻa ʻona.E ʻoliʻoli i kāu mau pō ʻai meaʻai, akā e pale aku i nā mea malu.

He mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Paul Hetzler a me ka horticulture a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe me Cornell Cooperative Extension o St. Lawrence County.

Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-27-2020

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