Njengomntu omsebenzi wakhe ikukunceda ukulondoloza imithi, ndiyifumana ingumnqa into yokuba phantse kuzo zonke iimeko ndiyayisindisa kuthi.Senzakalisa iingcambu zabo, sizibethe ngomatshini wokucheba kunye nezinto ezitya ukhula, sizityale nzulu kakhulu, kwaye senze nezinye izinto ezininzi ezibeka impilo yabo emngciphekweni.Kuya kuba yinto eyoyikisayo ukuba banokulwa emva ngendlela ye-Tolkein's Fangorn Forest yomlingo.Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umsebenzi wemithi unokuba yingozi ngakumbi kunokuba sele unjalo.
Kodwa imithi iyakwazi ukuzikhusela kwizinambuzane nezifo.Zizo zombini izakhiwo ezikhuselayo kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela, ezinokuthelekiswa ngeendlela ezithile kumajoni ethu omzimba.Sibulela ubukhulu becala kuphando olwenziwa phakathi koo-1960 ukuya ekuqaleni koo-1980 nguGqr. Alex Shigo weNkonzo yeHlathi yase-US, siyazi okuninzi malunga nendlela imithi ezikhusela ngayo kunokuba sasisenza kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo.
Kudala siyazi ukuba, kanye njengokuba ulusu lwethu lugcina iibhaktheriya ezinobungozi ngaphandle kwethu, ixolo lisebenza njengekhaka ngokuchasene nezifo zemithi.Ekubeni ingenabo ubunewunewu bokuhamba ukuphepha iingozi, imithi ifuna “ulusu” olungqindilili kunathi.Iingqimba zezicubu eziphilileyo nezingaphiliyo zikhusela iziqu zemithi, iingcambu kunye namasebe kukulimala komatshini, ukomisa, kunye nakwizifo.
Kodwa xa kukho into ephula lo mgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela - ukukrazula ngamaxolo - okwenzekayo ngaphakathi kuyamangalisa.Xa kwenzeka ukulimala, umthi uya kuguqula ezinye zeeshukela ezigciniweyo ukuze wenze uluhlu lweekhemikhali ezikhuselayo.Emva koko isasaza kwaye ifake ezi zixhobo kwipatheni ethile ngaphakathi ejikeleze inxeba.UGqr. Shigo waba ngowokuqala ukubhala le pateni, awayibiza ngokuba yiCODIT – ukudibanisa ukubola kwemithi.
Ekwenzeni la macandelo e-CODIT, imithi yenza iindonga ezine zekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo - ezimbini ezizetyhula, i-radial enye, kunye nenye ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kweflethi ngokuthe tye.Ukuchaza ezi ndonga isuntswana esoteric, okanye mhlawumbi iyadika, kodwa ukuba unomdla iinkcukacha, olu xwebhu US Forest Service https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/misc/ne_aib405.pdf superb .
Ndingathanda ukuphawula ukuba ukuvalwa kwenxeba, okuhlala kubhekiselwa kuko “njengokuphilisa kwakhona,” akunxulumananga ngokusondeleyo nokuba kungakanani ukubola okuya kwenzeka.Ubungakanani bokubola buxhomekeke kwindlela umthi onokulukhusela ngayo usulelo.Ukuvala kulungile njengoko inkqubo yemithambo yegazi ingasafuni ukujikela kwinxeba, kodwa ukuvala akukhuseli ekuboleni kwangaphakathi ukuba umthi ubuthathaka kakhulu ukuba ungazikhusela ngokwamachiza.
Impumelelo yolu donga-ludonga ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiintlobo.Imaple enzima kunye ne-oki emhlophe, umzekelo, inokuvelisa impendulo eyomeleleyo yeCODIT.Ipoplar kunye nomngcunube, kwelinye icala, abakwazi ukulawula ukwenza naluphi na udonga lwekhemikhali, ngelixa iintlobo ezifana ne-oki ebomvu kunye nemephu ethambileyo zenza umsebenzi ophakathi.
Ngokubanzi amandla emithi yenye into ebalulekileyo.Siyazi ukuba sinoxinzelelo olungapheliyo, ukungondleki, ukungabi namanzi okanye ukuhla, sisengozini enkulu yokugula.Nokuba imaple yeswekile ayinakukwazi ukwenza iindonga zemichiza eyomeleleyo ukuba ikwimo ebuthathaka.Ngokwenkcazo, imithi ye-landscape iyagxininiswa xa ithelekiswa nabazala babo abahlala ehlathini.Umthi wasesitalatweni ukwimeko embi kakhulu, ujongene nobushushu obubonakalayo, indawo encinci yeengcambu, ityuwa yendlela, ungcoliseko lomoya nokunye.
Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ubukhulu bokulimala benza umehluko.Kwanomthi owonwabileyo, osempilweni unokonganyelwa linxeba elikhulu.Siyazi ukuba amaxesha amaninzi, umthi uyaphulukana nedabi lawo ngokuchasene nokubola.
Kuncinci okwaziwayo ngendlela imithi esabela ngayo kwizinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo.Siyazi ukuba imithi ikhusela izinambuzane ngokubandakanya i-chemistry yayo yangaphakathi ukuze idibanise iikhompawundi, ezaziwa kwizazinzulu njenge-Bad Tasting Stuff, ukuzigxotha (izinambuzane, oko kukuthi-izazinzulu).Kwiimeko ezininzi babonakala bekwazi ukulungisa into yabo yendalo yokugxotha kwi-bug ethile.Kodwa ezi khemikhali zomyili azigqibelelanga – jonga nje into enokwenziwa yimibungu yeentente kunye namanundu egypsy.
Kutshanje kuye kwavela ukuba imithi inohlobo lwenkqubo ekude yokulumkisa kwangethuba.Kuyabonakala ukuba banokubonisana malunga nokuba loluphi uhlobo lwesitshabalalisi esifikileyo kwindawo ukuze sitye amagqabi.Olu nxibelelwano lwenzeka phantsi komhlaba ngokufakelwa kweengcambu, nangona indlela yokusebenza ingaphandwanga kakuhle.Ezinye iingcali zebhayoloji zicinga ukuba iikhemikhali ezisemoyeni zinokuthwala imiyalezo enxulumene nezitshabalalisi, okanye izifo.
Imithi ikwanazo nezakhiwo ezikhuselayo ezibizwa ngokuba ziikhola zesebe, ezikumazantsi esebe ngalinye.Iikhola zesebe zinobuchule ngakumbi kunethishu yesiqu eqhelekileyo ekuveliseni imichiza yokungunda ukwenza imiqobo yokukhusela.Le khola ikholisa ukuba yiringi “yedonathi” eyandisiweyo kumazantsi esebe – kubalulekile ukuba ungayisusi xa usinwa.Ngokukodwa kwimithi eqinile, ukusika amanxeba akufuneki kugungxulwe nesiqu;kunokuba zimele zenziwe ngaphandle nje komqala wesebe.
Unokunceda ukwandisa "inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela" yomthi wakho ngokunkcenkceshela ngexesha lokoma, ukugquma kwi-dripline, kunye nokugcina izithuthi zingekho kwindawo yeengcambu.Ukubuyisela, umthi wakho uya kukunceda uhlale usempilweni ngokunikezela ngomthunzi, ubuhle kunye nobudlelwane.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwiAmazon.
Enye yezinto eziluncedo zokuba nemithi ekufutshane kukuba imithetho yokungena ekuhlaleni ayisebenzi- ungagona kangangoko uthanda ngaphandle komngcipheko wokosulelwa yi-Covid-19.Enye inzuzo, ngokuqinisekileyo, ngumthunzi.Xa ubushushu buvutha kwaye kufuneka ungqengqe ixeshana, kuhle ukuba abanye babahlobo bakho bangabalinganiswa abanomthunzi.Ingakumbi ukuba zinde, iindidi eziqolileyo ezinolwakhiwo oluqinileyo.Ewe, imithi ipholile.
Xa i-thermometer iphosa, nawuphi na umthunzi wamkelekile.Ukuba ube nethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo lokuba nemithi emikhulu apho uhlala khona, ayipheleli nje ekufumaneni ikhefu elangeni, kodwa ubushushu bomoya buya kuphola – ukuya kutsho kumaqondo alishumi – xa kuthelekiswa nangaphandle.Yinto eyoyikekayo, yendalo, kunye nohlobo lwasimahla lwe-air conditioning.
Ukuthetha ngako, ukuba usebenzisa i-air conditioner, ukuba nemithi yomthunzi emazantsi nasentshona yekhaya lakho kuya kunciphisa iindleko zakho zokupholisa ubuncinane nge-30%, kwaye mhlawumbi ukuya kuma-50%.Kufana nokubuyiselwa imali kwinxalenye yetyala lakho lombane.Imithi evuthulukileyo ilungile kuba iyakukhusela ehlotyeni kodwa ivumele ukukhanya kwelanga ebusika xa ukufunile.
Ngezo ntsuku zasehlotyeni ziqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo xa ucinga ukuba kushushu kakhulu ukusebenza ngaphandle, awuwedwa – imithi yabelana ngembono yakho.Iphotosynthesis, laa nkqubo imangalisayo iguqula ikharbon diokside nokukhanya kwelanga kube yiswekile (ngaloo ndlela igcina imithi iphila) kunye neoksijini (ngaloo ndlela isinceda sihlale siphila), ayisebenzi kakuhle ngaphezu kwama-85 degrees.Onke loo mandla elanga aya kumosha!Ngokuzenzekelayo, amagqabi anokutshisa kakhulu elangeni naxa ubushushu bomoya buphakathi, kufana nendlela indawo yokupaka i-asphalt egqatswa ngayo lilanga.
Yiloo nto i-canopy yangaphakathi yomthi ibalulekile.Kunokuba ibe ngabahlali ababi bendawo engafunwayo, amagqabi agutyungelwe ngumthunzi, aze apholiswe, ngophahla oluphezulu adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusindeni komthi, njengoko ingabo kuphela abasemsebenzini xa kushushu kakhulu kwigumbi labo eliphezulu. abamelwane ukusebenza.Ngoko ke kungcono ukuba ungakuthandi kakhulu ukuthena.Imithi ayifuni ukuba i-canopy yayo yangaphakathi “icocwe” nangawuphi na umlinganiselo omkhulu.
Ngethemba ukuba usela amanzi amaninzi kubushushu behlobo.Inokumangalisa ukuba imithi inokuphelelwa ngamanzi, ngakumbi kwixesha elitshisayo, elomileyo njenge-2016 kunye ne-2018. Nangona sivame ukucinga ukuba iingcambu zomthi zintywila nzulu ekufuneni isiselo esipholileyo, i-90% yeengcambu zomthi ziphezulu kwi-intshi ezili-10. Umhlaba, kwaye i-98% ikwi-intshi ezingaphezulu kwe-18.
Ingca emdaka, ekhangeleka ngathi ifile iya kuchacha kwimbalela kwisithuba seeveki nje ezimbalwa, kuba ingca inendlela yokulala ngaphandle kokwenzakala.Imithi, nangona kunjalo, ithatha iminyaka eliqela ukuchacha ngokupheleleyo kwixesha elomileyo lehlobo.Uxinzelelo lwembalela luwenza buthathaka umthi, nto leyo ewenza ube sesichengeni ngakumbi kwizifo nezinambuzane.
Ngelixa abalinganiswa abaninzi be-shady bengathathi kakuhle ukucwina, umthi wakho uya kuxabisa i-drench yeveki.Ulibale ingca - iyakwazi ukuzimela ngokwayo.Nceda ukhumbule imithi yakho, kwaye uyinkcenkceshele ngokucokisekileyo ukuba akukhange kune ngaphezu kweveki.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwiAmazon.
Ubuncinane ukususela ngexesha likaShakespeare, amadoda asebenzise ibinzana elithi "isondo esilungileyo (okanye esilungileyo)" ukubhekisela kubasetyhini.Oku kuyahlekisa kakhulu, kuba amadoda ebekulungele kakhulu ukuphatha amabhinqa ngokungekho sikweni ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.Abasetyhini ngamanye amaxesha babonakaliswa - ngamadoda, ngokuqinisekileyo - njengabo bezesondo ezibuthathaka okanye ezibuthathaka.Kodwa inyani yeyokuba abafazi bomelele kunamadoda xa kufikwa ekulweni izifo ezifana ne-Covid-19.Ukongezelela, amabhinqa azo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo angcono ukuhlangabezana noxinzelelo kunamaqabane awo angamadoda.
Siyazi ukuba i-testosterone yenza kube lula ukuba amadoda abe namandla ngokwasemzimbeni kunabasetyhini.Oku kukholelwa ukuba luhlengahlengiso olukhethwe ngendaleko eyenza ukuba amadoda akhusele amabhinqa - abaluleke ngakumbi kunamadoda ngokuphila kweentlobo-kunye nazo naziphi na iintsana ezikukhathalelo lwazo.Phakathi kwabantu ndikufumanisa kubuhlungu ukuba ngoxa indalo (okanye uThixo, ukuba uyathanda) wayila amadoda ukuze akhusele amabhinqa, amadoda amaninzi kakhulu wonakalisa ulungelelwano olucetywayo ngokwenza ugonyamelo nxamnye namabhinqa.
Xa kufikwa ekuphileni ngobhubhane, nangona kunjalo, abafazi bomelele ngokuphindwe kabini kunamadoda.Ngokwenqaku le-18 ka-Epreli ka-2020 kwiphephandaba lase-Bhritane i-Guardian, amadoda aphindwe kabini kunabasetyhini abasweleke kwi-Covid-19 eSpain.I-Guardian iphinda ichaze ukuba e-Italiya, izinga lokufa kwe-10.6% kumadoda kunye ne-6.0% yabasetyhini, kwaye idatha yangaphambili evela e-China ibonise izinga lokufa kwe-2.8% phakathi kwamadoda xa kuthelekiswa ne-1.7% yabasetyhini.Nasemva kokulungiswa kweempembelelo zendlela yokuphila njengenyani yokuba amadoda amaninzi kunabafazi bayatshaya, umahluko usabalulekile.
Kuyinyani ukuba kwezinye iindawo, eQuébec umzekelo, abafazi babhubhe ngesantya esiphezulu.Oku kunokuba ngumba wedemografi.I-Montréal Gazette inika ingxelo ye-80% yabasebenzi bezempilo e-Québec ngabasetyhini, kwaye abasetyhini babandakanya i-85% yabo bakumakhaya abantu abalupheleyo, athe abethwa kakhulu yi-Covid-19.Nokuba yeyiphi na i-Québec kunye nabanye abambalwa, i-Global Health 50/50, iziko elilandelela iimeko zehlabathi jikelele, ithi into ecacileyo kwihlabathi jikelele kukuba amadoda amaninzi ayanikezela.
Kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Better Half (yapapashwa ngo-2020 kodwa yabhalwa ngaphambi kokuqhambuka kwe-Covid-19), ugqirha uSharon Moalem ucacisa ukuba uninzi lwemizila yemfuza elawula amajoni omzimba akwi-X chromosome.Njengoko sifundile kwiklasi yeBhayoloji esisiseko, amadoda ane-XY chromosome pair ngelixa abasetyhini bene-XX complement.Oku kuthetha ukuba abasetyhini baneekhromozomi ze-X eziphindwe kabini kwiseli nganye emizimbeni yabo, kwaye ngokukaGqr.
Andizukungena kubuchwephesha (ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba andibazi kakuhle) bendlela intsholongwane ye-Covid-19 “eyivula” ngayo iprotein ye-receptor ebizwa ngokuba yi-ACE-2, ngaloo ndlela ifumana i-carte blanche ukuze iqhube i-amok emizimbeni yethu.Inqaku elibalulekileyo lelokuba iprotheni ye-ACE-2 ixhomekeke kwiseti yofuzo ebekwe kwi-X-chromosome yomntu.
UGqr. Moalem uthi xa intsholongwane ijikelezisa le proteni kwindoda, le ntsholongwane ikhululekile ukuba yosulele nayiphi na iseli yalo naliphi na ilungu emzimbeni wayo.Ngabasetyhini, intsholongwane kufuneka igqekeze ibe ziiproteni ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-ACE-2 ezinxulumene neechromosome ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-X, inika amajoni omzimba abasetyhini ibackup okanye "ithuba lesibini" lokukhusela umzimba wakhe kusulelo.
Kudala yaziwa ukuba iimpuku zelebhu yabasetyhini kunye neempuku zibuyela kwimeko yoxinzelelo ngokulula ngakumbi kunamadoda, agcina amanqanaba aphezulu e-cortisol kunye nezinye iimpawu zoxinzelelo ixesha elide emva kokuba kuhanjelwe ukwenzakala ngexesha lovavanyo olwahlukeneyo.Kodwa kummandla wabantu, uphando olwenziwa kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eLos Angeles ngo-2000 lwafumanisa ukuba abafazi baphatha uxinzelelo olungapheliyo kunabafana.
Kwingxelo yokugqibela, umbhali oyintloko uShelley E. Taylor ubhala ukuba ngelixa impendulo yendoda "yokulwa okanye ukulwa" ibhalwe kakuhle (kude kube kutshanje, i-80% yazo zonke uphando loxinzelelo lwenziwa kumadoda), abafazi banendlela yokusabela eyongezelelweyo.Eyibiza ngokuba yimpendulo “yokuthantamisa nokuba ngumhlobo”, uGqr. Taylor uthi ukuqhelana kwabasetyhini ukudala nokugcina amaqhina oluntu kubanceda ubunzima bemozulu kunamadoda.Uthi “…i-oxytocin, idibene neehomoni zokuzala zabasetyhini kunye neendlela ezingapheliyo ze-opioid peptide, inokuba ngundoqo [wempendulo 'yokukholisa kunye nobuhlobo'].Ukusukela ngexesha lokufunda kukaGqr. Taylor, le nto yabasetyhini idla ngokuphandwa kwaye yaqinisekiswa, ngakumbi nguLauren A. McCarthy weRochester Institute of Technology.
Kubonakala ngathi isini esilungileyo sineenzuzo ezintle xa kufikwa kwindyikityha yokusinda kunye nezinye iinzingo.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwiAmazon.
Ukhe wazibona ezi chimera zincinci zinemilenze elishumi ngaxa lithile, nangona usenokuba awuzange ubahlawule nayiphi na ingqondo ukusukela usengumntwana.Inxalenye ye-shrimp, inxalenye yekhangaru, kunye nenxalenye ye-armadillo, i-bug yepilisi ye-ubiquitous (Armadillidium vulgare) ayinabungozi, ukuba ngamanye amaxesha iyacaphukisa, i-critter ehamba ebusuku isitya uhlaza olufileyo.Ekwaziwa njengeebhugi zetapile okanye i-roly-polys, ngaba ngaba bafana bazitsalela kwibhola elincinci elincinci ukuze bakhuseleke xa bephazamisekile.
Iipilisi zeepilisi azilumi, zihlaba, zithwala izifo, zihlafuna indlu yakho, okanye zenze nantoni na engathandekiyo, kwaye abantwana bahlala bethanda ukudlala nabo.Ngapha koko, bona (iibhugi zeepilisi, hayi abantwana) benza izilwanyana zasekhaya ezilungileyo ukuba nje izinto ozilindeleyo malunga noqeqesho zingekho phezulu kakhulu.Ngamanye amaxesha bafumana indlela yabo kwiiseli kwaye babe yinkathazo, kodwa balawulwa ngokulula.
Ingcebiso phezu kwelogi, phakamisa ilitye elisicaba, okanye ukhangele phantsi kwesityalo seentyatyambo, kwaye kwiindawo ezininzi uya kufumana ezi crustaceans.Kwakutheni ukuze barhuqe bephuma elwandle baze baziqhelanise nokuphila emhlabeni yintelekelelo yakhe nabani na – mhlawumbi ulwandle luye lwaxinana kakhulu ngaxa lithile.Bemadolw’ anzima ukuyeka zonke iimpawu zabo zasemanzini, iincukuthu zeepilisi ziphefumla ngee gill.Yiyo loo nto zifumaneka kwiindawo ezifumileyo - zifuna iigill ezihlala zifumile, okanye ukutshintshiselana ngeoksijini kuya kuphazamiseka kwaye ziya kufuthaniselwa.
Ukusuka kwi-8.5 mm ukuya kwi-17 mm (malunga ne-3/8 ukuya kwi-9/16 ye-intshi) ubude, iincukuthu zepilisi zingwevu ukuya kumdaka, kunye neprofayili yomzimba econvex ngokuphawulekayo.Eli nqaku lokugqibela yindlela umntu anokubahlula ngayo kubazala babo iibhugi zemazi, ezihlala kwindawo efanayo yendalo njengezinambuzane zepilisi.Iincukuthu zemazi ziinkungu kumzi we Oniscus kunye ne Porcellio, kwaye zinomzimba othe tyaba.Kwakhona, iincukuthu zembewu azikwazi ukwenza ibhola ukuze zikhuseleke.Le nkqubo yokuqengqeleka yaziwa ngokuba yi-conglobation, igama eliqulunqwe ngokukodwa ukunceda abadlali beScrabble.
Inkalo yekhangaru yeencukuthu zepilisi kukuba imazi inesingxobo esiswini esibizwa ngokuba yimarsupium ebeka kuyo amaqanda ayo.Intshontsho liqandusela ngaphakathi kwemarsupium yalo ezele lulwelo kwaye lihlala apho de libe likhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba likwazi ukuzimela.
Nangona iincukuthu zepilisi zavela eYurophu, azifikeleli zonke iindlela zohlobo oluhlaselayo.Azibangeli monakalo ubalulekileyo kwimpilo yabantu kunye/okanye kwezoqoqosho kunye/okanye kokusingqongileyo, into ebonakalisa iintlobo zezityalo ezihlaselayo.Ndiyathandabuza ukuba iibugs zepilisi ziziva zimbi ngokungavunyelwa ukuba zingene kwiklabhu.Enyanisweni, zinceda ukubuyisela izondlo, ngaloo ndlela zincedisa ekwenziweni komhlaba ongaphezulu ophilileyo.
Ngelixa zingaphazamisi ngokwezobuchwepheshe, ngamanye amaxesha ziyinkathazo encinci ukuba ziphelela ngaphakathi.Ukuzilawula kusenokufuna umpu, i-landscaper, okanye isixhobo sokususa amanzi.Ekubeni benyanzelekile ukuba bahlale kwiindawo ezifumileyo, ukunciphisa ukufuma ngundoqo.Vula iifestile zegumbi elingaphantsi kwaye usebenzise iifeni okanye izixhobo zokumisa amanzi ukuze uthobe ukufuma kwi-cellar.
Gcina umqolo welitye elityumkileyo (okanye enye imathiriyeli eyoma lula) kumjikelezo wekhaya lakho ukugcina zonke izityalo kunye nesigcina-kufuma kude nesiseko.Ekugqibeleni, qhawula umpu we-caulk ukuze utywine iintanda phakathi kweebhloko zesiseko kunye nezinye iindawo ezinokungena.Andikwazi ukuyibaxa indlela esebenza ngayo i-caulking enenkuthalo ekungabandakanyi nawuphi na umntu ogxekayo - uya kufumana iminyaka yolawulo lwezinambuzane kunye nomsebenzi omnye ocokisekileyo wokutywina iintanda.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwiAmazon.
Intetho yakudala ethi “Indlela eya esihogweni igangathiwe ngeenjongo ezintle” iye yaba yintuthuzelo enkulu kum kule minyaka idluleyo, ekubeni ndicinga ukuba oko kuthetha ukuba indlela eya ezulwini yakhiwe ngeengcinga ezimbi, ezidla ngokufumaneka lula.Ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo, sakhe zonke iintlobo zeendlela, iindlela ezinkulu, iindlela ezidlulayo, iibhoulevards, iterraces, turnpikes, tow-paths, kunye neendlela zebhayisekile.Kodwa ngenxa yesantya esimangalisayo apho abantu bethu bomthonyama be-pollinator behla, lixesha elibalulekileyo lokutshisa uhlobo olutsha lwendlela.Indlela, ukuba ibe ngqo.
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini eyadlulayo, igcisa elisekelwe eSeattle kunye nesazi sendalo esingqongileyo uSarah Bergmann waphuhlisa umbono wePollinator Pathway.Ichazwe “njengobugcisa bokuthatha inxaxheba, uyilo kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wentlalo-ntle yendalo,” indawo yokuhlala elungelelanisiweyo yokunceda izinambuzane ezihambisa ipoleni ukuba zifumane ukutya njengoko zityhutyha izixeko nakwezinye iindawo ezinomngeni.Ukususela ngelo xesha, le ngcamango iye yasasazeka kuwo wonke uMntla Merika nangaphaya.
Iindlela ze-pollinator zinokuba lula njengomgca weentyantyambo zentyatyambo phakathi kwendlu yangasemva kunye nenye, okanye ibe mkhulu "njengebhanti yeentyatyambo" edibanisa izithuba eziluhlaza kumbindi omkhulu wedolophu.Iwebhusayithi http://www.pollinatorpathway.com/criteria/ inezixhobo kunye nezixhobo, kwaye idwelisa imigaqo engundoqo efana nesidingo sokusebenzisana namaqela ahlukeneyo kunye nee-arhente, ukusebenzisa izityalo zendalo ngokukodwa, kunye nesicwangciso sokulondoloza ixesha elide.Njengeengcamango ezininzi ezintle, ingcamango ye-pollinator pathway "ihambile," kwaye yamkelwa ngabantu abangasoloko beqhelana nomsebenzi kaNksz Bergmann.
Xa useka nayiphi na indlela yobungakanani ukuze kuxhamle i-pollinators, kubalulekile ukubandakanya amaqela ezityalo anemibala emininzi, ubude, kunye neentyatyambo zeentyatyambo.Ukuba nezityalo kwiintyatyambo kulo lonke ixesha lokukhula kubalulekile nako.Ezi ngqwalasela zinceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ezona ntlobo zininzi zezinambuzane ezisasaza ipoleni zingasebenzisa incindi kunye ne-pollen.
Kucingelwa ukuba, ii-pollinators ezingezizo izinambuzane azibandakanywa kule mizamo.Iilemurs, amacilikishe, amalulwane, iinkawu, iiopossums, kunye nezinye iintlobo ezimalunga namashumi amahlanu zezilwanyana ezinomqolo nazo zisasaza ipoleni kwizityalo.Ndicinga ukuba ukutsala inkitha yeelemurs, iinkawu okanye amacikilishe kwiindlela zokuhambisa ipoleni ezidolophini kuya kuba ngumbono opholileyo, kodwa ndinokucinga ngezithintelo ezimbalwa ngokunjalo.
Nangona inyosi yenza ubusi beposta-umntwana we-pollinator, kwisikimu esikhulu sezinto igalelo elincinci elixabisekileyo ekuvelisweni kokutya kwasekhaya kunye kwasendle.Kwimekobume esempilweni, nakwindawo ezininzi ezichaphazelekileyo, ngamanundu, amabhabhathane, oonomeva, iinyosi, iimpukane, ooqongqothwane kunye nezinye izinambuzane ezenza phantse zonke izityalo zasendle nezasekhaya.Kwingingqi efana nomntla weNew York State, impembelelo yeenyosi kwi-pollination ayinanto, ngaphandle kwamabhoma amakhulu kakhulu kwi-Champlain Valley.
Singatsho ukuba akufuneki sikhulise iinyosi kwaye sixhalabele impilo yazo - ubusi kunye nezinye iimveliso zenyosi zizityalo ezibalulekileyo - kodwa kufuneka sibe nomfanekiso ochanekileyo wokuba ngubani owenza umvumvuzelo wethu.Iinyosi zobusi zibalulekile kuphela xa ulimo olunzima luzisusile izityalo apho izinambuzane zemveli ziya kuxhomekeka ngokwesiqhelo, njengakwimithi yealmond yaseCalifornia, nakwimimandla ekhula iziqhamo ejikeleze iGreat Lakes.
Izizathu zokuba i-pollinators zibe sengozini enkulu kangangokuba zifuna iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokunqumla idolophu zintsonkothile, kodwa zinento yokwenza nezibulali-zinambuzane.Iklasi yezinambuzane ezibizwa ngokuba yi-neonicotinoids, i-neonics ngokufutshane, kudala ibandakanyeka ekwehleni kwe-pollinator.Isetyenziswa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kulawulo lwelawn-grub ukuya kwiimbotyi zesoya, ezi khemikhali zenza isityalo sisonke sibe netyhefu, kuquka umungu waso.Iindaba ezimbi kwizinambuzane zezinambuzane, kunye neenyosi kunye namabhabhathane.Ngo-Epreli ka-2018, i-European Union yavala ngokusisigxina ezintathu ze-neonics ezaziwa kakhulu ukwenzela ukukhusela iinyosi.
Kwaye imichiza yokungunda, ebekade ikholelwa ukuba ikhuselekile kwiinyosi, isandula ukubizwa ngokuba ngunobangela wokurhaneleka kokwehla kwe-pollinator.Kwingxelo kaNovemba ka-2017, iqela elikhokelwa yi-Cornell labaphandi abavela kulo lonke elaseNyakatho-mpuma bagqiba kwelokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-fungicides kwezolimo kunciphisa iinyosi kangangokuba zihlala zinikezela kwimozulu embi okanye izifo eziqhelekileyo, izinto eziqhelekileyo ezingenakufa.Namhlanje, iindidi ezingama-49 zeenyosi zomthonyama zigqalwa zisemngciphekweni, kunye neenyosi ezinobunzima ngakumbi.
Ukuba bekukho ibhaso le-pollinator, belinokuya kwiintlobo zeenyosi ezintsonkothileyo zemveli.Ubunwele sesinye sezizathu zokuba iibumblebees zikwazi ukuhambisa ipoleni ngokufanelekileyo kuneebhatyi ezityheli, ezithi ngendlela enegalelo kumvumvuzelwano olufanelekileyo.Enye into kukuba iibumblers zinokusebenza kumaqondo obushushu abandayo kakhulu kunezinye izinambuzane - nokuba idyasi yabo emangalisayo iyanceda na kuloo nto, nangona kunjalo, andazi.
Ukongeza, "i-bumble" yabo yinxalenye yobuhle babo.Kuye kwavela ukuba bangcangcazela umoya kwi-frequency ye-Goldilocks, enye ilungile nje ukuvuthulula i-pollen ekhululekile ngaphakathi kweentyatyambo ezithile ezifana neetumato.Ngamanye amazwi, banokwenza i-drive-by pollination ngaphandle kokufuna ukuhlala kwintyatyambo.Kwaye ngenxa yomdla wokungahambelani ndiya kuchaza ukuba izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yaseQueen Mary yaseLondon zifundise i-bumblebees indlela yokuqengqa ibhola encinci kumngxuma omncinci ukuze ufumane umvuzo wamanzi eswekile.Ndicinga ukuba abaphandi ngoku baxakeke ziitumente zegalufa zebumblebee.
Ukuba awukakulungeli ukuphawula uhola wendlela ohamba phezu kwepollinator, unokunceda ukwenza uluntu lwakho lube nobubele ngakumbi beenyosi kunye nebhabhathane ngokunika ulwazi malunga nale miba.Cela amagosa asekuhlaleni ukuba atshintshe imithetho yokucandwa komhlaba ukuze avumele iindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba kwizixeko zethu, iidolophu kunye neelali.Ingca ecocekileyo iyabulala kwi-pollinators - zishiye ezo dandelions, ngenxa yokulunga.Nceda, nceda ukuphelisa ubunono!Oku kuya kukhuthaza ukwahlukana kwezityalo kwaye kuxhamle kakhulu i-pollinators - kwaye ekugqibeleni, nathi.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwiAmazon.
Iimvula zika-Aprili zizisa iintyatyambo zikaMeyi, kodwa ayizizo zonke iindawo ezibonwayo.Nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba iidandelion zafika kwiMayflower, azifumani mbeko eziyifaneleyo njengabaphambukeli abahluthayo ababeka iingcambu eziqinileyo kwilizwe elitsha, okanye njengento yolonwabo egcwele ivithamin, okanye njengeyeza lezityalo elineenjongo ezininzi.
Kweli nqanaba lokugqibela, idandelion ihlonelwa kakhulu kangangokuba iye yafumana igama lesiLatini elithi Taraxicum officinale, elithetha “iyeza elisemthethweni lazo zonke izigulo.”Zininzi iinzuzo zempilo ezixeliweyo zedandelion, kubandakanywa njengenkxaso yesibindi kunye nokunciphisa amatye ezintso kunye nesinyi, kunye nangaphandle njengeyeza lokunyanga amathumba esikhumba.Andizenzi ngathi ndiyazi yonke into edlulileyo nekhoyo ngoku yokusetyenziswa kwesi sityalo, kwaye ndicebisa ngamandla ukuba udibane ne-herbalist ehloniphekileyo, kunye nomboneleli wakho wezempilo, ngaphambi kokuba uzame ukuzinyanga.
Oko kuthethiweyo, iYunivesithi yaseMaryland Medical Centre inikezele lonke iphepha lewebhu kwidandelion, kwaye icaphula izifundo eziphononongwe ngoontanga.Ndandikhe ndeva ukuba i-dandelion yayisetyenziselwa unyango lweswekile, kodwa andizange ndifumane naziphi na izikhombisi.Nangona kunjalo, i-U ye-M Medical Centre ithi:
"Izifundo zezilwanyana zangaphambili zibonisa ukuba i-dandelion inokunceda ukulungelelanisa amanqanaba eswekile yegazi kunye nokunciphisa i-cholesterol epheleleyo kunye ne-triglycerides ngelixa iphakamisa i-HDL (elungileyo) i-cholesterol kwiigundane zeswekile.Abaphandi kufuneka babone ukuba i-dandelion iya kusebenza ebantwini.Izifundo ezimbalwa zezilwanyana zikwacebisa ukuba idandelion inokunceda ukulwa nokudumba. ”
Ndingathi ayiyonto imbi lento yokhula.Ungathenga ingcambu yedandelion eyomileyo nenqunqiweyo ngobuninzi okanye ikwimo ye-capsule kwiivenkile ezininzi zokutya kwezempilo, okanye ungazifumana simahla kwiyadi yakho yangasemva, ukubonelela ukuba awusebenzisi imichiza yengca.
Igama eliqhelekileyo leDandelion livela kwisiFrentshi elithi "dent de lion," okanye izinyo lengonyama, libhekiselele kumagqabi anamandla.Amagqabi ahluka ngokubanzi ngenkangeleko, nangona kunjalo, kwaye ngaphandle kwe-mane yabo ephuzi, ayizizo zonke i-dandelion efana ne-leonid njengelandelayo.Kubonakala ukuba amaFrentshi anekona kwimarike yegama eliqhelekileyo, kuba enye i-dandelion moniker "i-pis en lit," okanye "imanzisa ibhedi," njengoko ingcambu eyomileyo i-diuretic enamandla.Okungakumbi ngaloo nto kamva.
Imifuno yeDandelion ingcono ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba igqitywe iintyatyambo.Ukuvuna emva kwexesha lonyaka kufana nokukha i-lettuce kunye nesipinatshi emva kokuba zibolile-ezityiwayo, kodwa hayi kangangoko.Ukuba ubuneedandelion ezimbalwa kwigadi yakho kulo nyaka uphelileyo, mhlawumbi zikulungele ukuncothula kwaye zitye ngoku.Uhlobo lwenguqu entsha kwibinzana elithi "ukhula kunye nokutya."
Imifuno emincinci inokutshizwa kwaye ihanjiswe kwisaladi, okanye enye ibilisiwe, kodwa ndiyithanda kakhulu xa inqunywe kwaye ifakwe.Bahamba kakuhle kwi-omelets, i-stir-fry, isobho, i-casserole, okanye nayiphi na isitya esilungileyo kulo mbandela.Iingcambu ezitsha zinokuhlanjululwa, zicutywe kwaye zifakwe.Unyango lokwenyani zizithsaba zedandelion.Isizathu sokuba zidubule kwangethuba kukuba zinamathupha eentyatyambo amiliselwe kumbindi wesithsaba sengcambu, ngelixa ezinye iintyatyambo ezininzi zidubula ekukhuleni okutsha.Emva kokunqumla amaqabunga, thabatha i-knife yokumisa kwaye ukhuphe izithsaba, ezinokutshizwa kwaye zihanjiswe ngebhotela.
Iingcambu zedandelion ezigcadiweyo zenza eyona ndawo yekofu ingcono endakha ndayingcamla, kwaye loo nto ithetha into kuba ndiyithanda kakhulu ikofu.Gcoba iingcambu ezintsha kwaye uzisasaze kwi-oven rack ukuze bangaphathani.Ungazama ngoseto oluphezulu, kodwa ndibaqhotse malunga ne-250 de babe crispy kwaye babemdaka ngokumnyama.Ngenene andinakutsho ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani, kwindawo ethile phakathi kweeyure ezi-2 nezi-3.Noko ke, ndisoloko ndiwaqhotsa xa kufuneka ndibe sendlwini, kwaye ndiwajonga rhoqo emva kwamanqaku eeyure ezimbini.Zigaye usebenzisa iprosesa yokutya okanye udaka kunye nepestle.Xa kuthelekiswa nekofu, usebenzisa ingcambu engaphantsi komhlaba ngekomityi nganye.
Isiselo sinencasa yedandy, kodwa njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, sichaphaza ngakumbi kunekofu okanye iti emnyama.Andizange ndiyifumane le ngxaki, kodwa ukuba uhambo lwakho lwasekuseni lubandakanya i-traffic snarl, khetha isiselo sakho sakusasa ngokufanelekileyo.
Andizange ndizame iwayini ye-dandelion, isithethe esaqala kwiinkulungwane zaseYurophu, kwaye ke andinawo amava okuqala okunika ingxelo, kodwa i-scads yokupheka inokufumaneka kwi-Intanethi.Abahlobo abaliqela kunye namalungu osapho bayizamile, ngophononongo olubi kunye nolulungileyo olwahlulahlulwe kakuhle.Andazi nokuba lukhetho lomntu okanye isakhono sokwenza iwayini esahlulwe ngokulinganayo.
Ngenxa yazo zonke izinto ezintle zeedandelions, kuyamangalisa ukuba lingakanani ixesha kunye nobuncwane benkcubeko yethu ebeka kuyo ukuphelisa.Kubonakala ngathi kusondelelene nokuthanda abantu abathile, abathi bamanzise ingca yabo ngemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula emagqabini afana ne-2,4-D, i-dicamba kunye ne-mecoprop.Zonke ezi ziza nemingcipheko yempilo, singasathethi ke ngamathegi amaxabiso aphezulu.
Kwabo mhlawumbi bathathe unxibelelwano lwengonyama kude kakhulu kwaye abakwazi ukulala ebusuku ukuba kukho iidandelions ezilele kwindawo, ndiya kwabelana ngemfihlo yokubakhupha ngaphandle kwendawo.Misela umatshini wokusika ukusika kwi-intshi ezine ukuphakama.Ukwenza njalo kuya kunciphisa kakhulu inani lokhula, kwaye kuya kunciphisa uxinzelelo lwezifo kunye nomonakalo wegrub ngokunjalo.
Ndithi sonke siyayeka ukuzama ukubulala ingonyama yaseMntla Melika ekuphela kwayo engekho sengozini yokuphela, kwaye sifunde ukuyixabisa nokuyisebenzisa ngakumbi.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwiAmazon.
Imithi emide kakhulu kweli cala le-Rockies, ipine yethu emhlophe esempumalanga (i-Pinus strobus) yenye yezona ntlobo-ukuba azikho kakhulu - kwezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko ebalulekileyo kwi-Northeast.Nangona intshatsheli yangoku yase-US sisigebenga saseNorth Carolina esinobude obuziimitha ezili-189 ubude, abagawuli bokuqala babhala iipayina ezimhlophe ukuya kuthi ga kwi-230 yeenyawo.Ipayina emhlophe idume ngobubanzi bayo obukhethekileyo kwaye obucacileyo (amaqhina angenaqhina), amaplanga anombala okhanyayo asetyenziselwa ukubeka phantsi umgangatho, ukwenza iipaneli kunye nokusheya kunye namalungu olwakhiwo.I-New England yakhiwe kwipayina emhlophe, kwaye kwezinye izindlu ezindala, iibhodi zeplanga zepine zangaphambili ezingamashumi amabini okanye ngaphezulu ububanzi zingafunyanwa.
Umgangatho ofana necathedral westand sepayina emhlophe esele ikhulile ithande ukuvuselela uxabiso lwendalo, ukuba asiyomvakalelo enzulu yoloyiko nentlonipho.Ngokumalunga nokuchongwa, ipine emhlophe yenza kube lula.Yiyo yodwa ipine out empuma yemveli ethwele iinaliti kwimiqulu emihlanu, enye inobumba ngamnye "mhlophe."Ukucaca, iileta azibhalwanga kwiinaliti.Iicones zayo ezinomtsalane, eziziintshi ezintandathu ubude ezinezikali ezinencam yeresin zilungele ukuqala umlilo, kunye nezidanga kunye neminye imihombiso yeeholide.
Inomtsalane njengoko iimpawu zayo eziphathekayo zinjalo, ipine emhlophe isinike izipho ezingabambekiyo, kodwa zixabiseke ngakumbi.Ngenaliti zayo ezintlanu ezidityaniswe kwisiseko, umpayina omhlophe wanceda ukukhuthaza amazwe amahlanu asekuhlaleni ukuba abeke phantsi iingalo zawo kwiwaka leminyaka eyadlulayo, kwaye ahlangane kunye kwinoveli yomanyano lwedemokhrasi ebizwa ngokuba yiHaudenosaunee okanye i-Iroquois.Neenkosi zayo ezingamashumi amahlanu ezinyuliweyo, izindlu ezimbini zowiso-mthetho, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa, esi sakhiwo sintsokothileyo nesihlala sihleli sibe yiplani yoMgaqo-siseko wase-US.
UJefferson, uFranklin, uMonroe, uMadison kunye noAdams babhala ngokuncoma kwabo iHaudenosaunee Confederacy.UFranklin kunye noMadison babeyithanda kakhulu loo nto, kwaye babongoza iikoloni ezilishumi elinesithathu ukuba zamkele umanyano olulungelelanisiweyo olufanayo.Phakathi kweeflegi zokuqala zeNguqulelo kwakukho uluhlu lweeFlegi zePine Tree, kwaye ukhozi, nangona lususiwe kwi-pine perch, luhlala luhlala kwimali yase-US.
I-Haudenosaunee isabonisa ipine emhlophe, ebizwa ngokuba ngumthi woxolo, enokhozi olunempandla phezulu.Ukhozi lukhona ukuze lubukele iintshaba ezinjengokunyoluka nokungaboni kakuhle.Kwiziphoso zayo, inyanda yeentolo ezintlanu zibhijelwe ukubonisa ukomelela kumanyano.Akunjalo nje ukuba amalungelo abasetyhini banamhlanje aqala eSeneca Falls, NY kumthunzi ongokomfanekiso wepayini emhlophe.Abantu bokuqala ababengahloneli Thixo njengoMatilda Jocelyn Gage babhala ngommangaliso wabo wokuba kwiilali zaseHaudenosaunee, amabhinqa ayephathwa ngentlonelo elinganayo neyamadoda, nokuba ugonyamelo lwalo naluphi na uhlobo olujoliswe kumabhinqa lwalunganyanyezelwa.
Ngezizathu ezininzi zokuthanda iipayini ezimhlophe, ndakhathazeka xa iipayini ezimhlophe zaqala ukubonisa iimpawu zoxinzelelo kwiindawo ezininzi zoluhlu lwazo.Ukuqala malunga no-2009, iinaliti zaqala ukujika zibetyheli kwaye zehla kwangoko, kwaye ukukhula okutsha kuye kwadodobala.Ekuqaleni ezi mpawu zazithintelwe kwiindawo ezinomhlaba ongekho nzulu okanye ongekho mgangathweni, kunye nakwipaseji zendlela apho imithi yayisele igxininiswe ngokucolwa ityuwa, etshisa amagqabi kunye neengcambu.Imbalela ye-2012 kunye ne-2016, engazange ibonwe ngokubhekiselele kumswakama ophantsi womhlaba, ibeka iipines emva ngakumbi.Ngo-2018, kunye nezinye iipayini kwiindawo ezityebileyo zazijongeka zigula.
Njengakwizifo ezininzi ezisanda kufunyanwa, oku kuncipha, okubizwa ngokuba yi-white pine inaliti isifo (WPND), akuqondwa ngokupheleleyo.Into eyaziwayo kukuba inkitha yeentsholongwane zokungunda zibandakanyeka.Izifo ezine ezichaphazela iinaliti ziye zabekwa zodwa, nangona zimbini okanye ezintathu kuphela ezikhoyo kuyo nayiphi na imeko.Okudida ngakumbi kukuba i-pathogens yezinye iintsholongwane zenaliti ziye zabhalwa, kodwa nganye inqunyelwe kwiindawo ezithile.Kuye kwachongwa intsholongwane yengcambu, yaye enye eyosulela izicubu zesiqu ibonakala isasazwa sisinambuzane esinomlinganiselo.
Ngaphambili, ukuhla ngesiquphe kweentlobo zomthi bekudla ngokuba sisiphumo sesitshabalalisi esingesosemvelo okanye i-pathogen efana nesifo se-Dutch elm, i-chestnut blight, okanye i-emerald ash borer.Into engaqhelekanga malunga neWPND, ngaphandle kwento yokuba phakathi kwesithandathu kunye neshumi eziphilayo zinokuthi zisebenze, kukuba zonke zizalwa kwindawo echaphazelekayo.I-New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) ichonge enye enokuthi yavela ngaphandle koMntla Melika, kodwa oku akuzange kuqinisekiswe.
I-website ye-UMass Extension Landscape, i-Nursery kunye ne-Urban Forestry ichaza ukuba "Ukungabikho kwe-pathogen engeyiyo yokuzalwa okanye inambuzane kukhokelela abaphandi ukuba baphande indima yeemeko zokusingqongileyo, eziye zatshintshwa yimozulu eguqukayo.Ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nemvula ukusuka ngoMeyi ukuya kuJulayi kuye kwanceda ukutshisa ubhubhane lweWPND.Imiba ejongene nempuma yepine pine iya kuqhubeka, kodwa ukhetho lolawulo lukhona ukunceda ukuphucula impilo kunye namandla epayini emhlophe. "
Kumhlaba wasekhaya, iBartlett Tree Research Laboratory icebisa ukuba “Ukugquma kwipayina ezimhlophe kunye nokunkcenkceshela nzulu kanye ngeveki ngexesha lokutshisa kuyacetyiswa.Inkqubo yokuchumisa kufuneka imiselwe, kwaye umhlaba pH ugcinwe phakathi kwe 5.2 kunye ne 5.6.Lungisa nakuphi na ukunqongophala kwe-micronutrient (efana nentsimbi), kwaye unciphise ukugangatheka komhlaba ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokungenisa umoya.Ipayina ezimhlophe aziyi konwaba ixesha elide kumhlaba wodongwe, okanye lowo une pH engaphezulu kwe 7.0.Kwakhona, qiniseka ukuba utyala zonke iipayina ngaphandle koluhlu lwesitshizi setyuwa, kwaye ubanike indawo eyaneleyo.
Abaphathi bamahlathi banokunceda ngokucutha iipayini ezimhlophe.Ubungqina bangaphambili bubonisa ukuba ukufakwa kwenitrogen kunokunceda.Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe, qhagamshelana ne-ISA-Certified Arborist, i-NYSDEC Forester, i-Private Consulting Forester, okanye i-ofisi yakho yoLwandiso lwengingqi.Ufundo olunzulu ngakumbi lunokufumaneka ku-https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/forest-ecology-and-management/vol/…
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwiAmazon.
Ngeli xesha lonyaka xa kungekho nto ingako ibonakala iqhakaza ngaphandle kweedandelions kunye needaffodils, i-pollen ayizi engqondweni ngendlela enokuthi ngayo kamva kwixesha lonyaka xa i-goldenrod igcwele yonke indawo.Yintoni engaqhelekanga kukuba iintyatyambo esizibona ngokukhawuleza - iidandelion kunye ne-goldenrod ziyimizekelo emihle - zineenkozo ezinkulu, ezincangathi zomungu ezingaphephezeki lula kwimpepho kwaye zisenze sithimla.
Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uqhelene “nehay fever” kwaye unyuke intsimi ye-goldenrod etyatyambe ngokupheleleyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba usabele.Gcina umgama kwiintyatyambo ezibukekayo ukuba i-pollen allergies ingumba.Iintyatyambo ezingabonakaliyo zezona zifanele zilumkele.Yima – loo nto ayikhange iphume kakuhle.
I-pollen ngokuqinisekileyo ligalelo lendoda kwimbewu.Uninzi lweentlobo zineendawo zokuzala zamadoda nabasetyhini ezifumaneka ngokufanelekileyo kwisityalo esinye.Abanye, njengama-apile, banayo yonke i-shebang kwintyatyambo enye, ngelixa ezinye ezifana ne-melon zineentyatyambo eziziinkunzi kunye nezesifazana.Iindidi ezimbalwa - i-holly ngumzekelo - zinezityalo ezahlukeneyo zamadoda nabasetyhini.
Isizathu sokuba ezinye iintyatyambo zitshize ngemibala, ivumba elimnandi, kunye nencindi kukunyoba izinambuzane, iintaka kunye nezinye izilwanyana ukuba zithwale umungu ukusuka kwindawo yentyatyambo yobuduna ukuya kwimazi ukuze zenze iintsana zezityalo.Sisicwangciso esisebenza kakhulu.Icala eliphantsi, nangona kunjalo, kukuba kuthatha amandla amaninzi.
Elinye iqela lezityalo lagqiba kwelokuba kwakungumsebenzi onzima ukutsala i-pollinators, kodwa kulula ukutsala umoya, onokuhambisa umungu.Kodwa esi sicwangciso asisebenzi, ngoko ke izityalo ezinje ngepayini kufuneka zikhuphe izinto ezininzi (impova, hayi umoya).Olu hlobo lwenkozo yomungu luncinci kangangokuba lunokukhukuliseka kwiimayile ezingama-400 ukuya elwandle.Izityalo zomoya, eziquka imithi emininzi ngoku "entyatyambo," zineentyatyambo ezincinci, ezinqabileyo, ezihlala zifana nombala wesityalo - ngokusisiseko azibonakali.
Umngcunube, umngcunube, i-elm kunye nemaple zonke zivuvuzwa ngumoya, kwaye zidubula ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.Yinto entle kakhulu, kuba iintyatyambo ezikhula kwangoko ezifana ne-bumblebees zifuna imithombo ye-pollen xa zingekavulwa iintyatyambo.Nangona kungenakukhanya njenge-pollen evela kwi-ragweed, i-pollen evela kwi-willows kunye ne-poplar inokubangela iimpawu zokungabikho komzimba.
Imvula, ngokucacileyo, ihlamba uthuli, i-mold spores kunye ne-pollen evela emoyeni, ngelixa iimeko ezomileyo zikhokelela kwi-buildup of allergens emoyeni.Abo baguliswa kukwaliwa yinto ethile banokufumana isiqabu ngomlinganiselo othile ngokuthwala umnqwazi onomphetho obanzi ukuze bathintele iinwele zingabi yipollen.Iindondo zelanga zezemidlalo ezivalayo zinokunceda ukugcina umungu ungekho kwiibhola zamehlo omntu.Kwaye nangona iimpahla ezomisiweyo zivumba kakhulu, musa ukuxhoma iimpahla zakho ngeentsuku eziphezulu ze-pollen kuba uya kunxiba intlupheko yakho.
Iimeko ze-pollen zinokufumaneka kwiiwebhusayithi ezininzi - i-airnow.gov kunye ne-aaaai.org yimizekelo emibini emihle.Ngokwentelekiso, inani le-pollen lisezantsi kakhulu ngoku, njengoko lifudumala, ungathandabuzi ukuphuma phandle.Mhlawumbi tyala iintyatyambo eziqaqambileyo, eziqaqambileyo.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwiAmazon.
Usuku Lomhlaba lixesha apho sizama ukuhlonipha iplanethi esixhasayo.Uninzi lwethu luya kubandakanyeka ekukhweleni intaba, ukukhwela ibhayisekile, okanye ukunceda ekucoceni indawo elunxwemeni okanye ecaleni kwendlela.Sonke siyazi ukuba kumnandi ukuntywiliselwa kwindalo.Ekugqibeleni, inzululwazi iye yafikelela kwingqiqo, kwaye ngoku kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokuba imithi, ingca kunye neendlela zamanzi azisithobisi nje kuphela, kodwa ziyimfuneko kwimpilo njengokutya okulungileyo kunye namanzi acocekileyo.
Izilwanyana ezivinjwa indawo yokuhlala yendalo ziba nobundlobongela.Baqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokuziphatha ezingaqhelekanga kwiintlobo zabo;amaqhina oluntu ayawohloka kwaye ukugula kwanda.Oku kuyinyaniso kuzo zonke izilwanyana, nkqu nezingaqhelekanga.
KULUNGILE, qikelela esi silwanyana: Sikwi-phylum Chordata, okuthetha ukuba sinomqolo, othintela iincukuthu kunye nezirhubuluzi, hayi umkhondo omkhulu.Udidi lwazo ziiMammalia;iimazi zolu hlobo zivelisa ubisi ukuze zincancise amantshontsho azo.Ikwi-oda yePrimate, eyinciphisa kakhulu.Usapho lwayo yiHominidae, uhlobo lwayo yiHomo, kunye neSapien luhlobo.
Umbuzo weqhinga (uxolo);sithi.Kuyinyani ukuba abantu babekwe ngaphandle kwezinye iintlobo ngeendlela ezibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa sisezizilwanyana.Ke ngoko, sinocingo olunzima ukuba sintywiliselwe kwihlabathi lendalo.UGqr. Frances Kuo ovela kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois e-Champaign-Urbana uthi abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezingenamithi okanye ezinye iimpawu zendalo bafumana iipateni zokuwohloka kwezentlalo, ngokwasengqondweni nangokwenyama ezifanayo nezo zibonwa kwezinye izilwanyana eziye zahluthwa. indawo yokuhlala yendalo.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezifunyenweyo, uphando lukaGqr. Kuo lubonisa ukuba abantu abadala abadala bahlala ixesha elide ukuba amakhaya abo akufuphi nepaki okanye enye indawo eluhlaza, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yabo yentlalo okanye yezoqoqosho, kwaye abafundi beekholeji benza ngcono kwiimvavanyo zokuqonda xa iifestile zabo ze-dorm zijonga izicwangciso zendalo. .
Uphando lwakhe lukwabonisa ukuba abantwana abane-ADHD baneempawu ezimbalwa emva kwemisebenzi yangaphandle kwiindawo ezinqabileyo.
Ehlabathini lonke, abantu batsaleleka kwindalo, nokuba ngumfanekiso kuphela.Ngokukodwa, sifumana i-savannah, apho saqala ukuba ngumntu kwiminyaka eyi-200,000 edlulileyo, enomdla kakhulu.Sitsalela kumhlaba ofanayo njengeepaki, kwaye senza imodeli yeeyadi zethu ngendlela efanayo.NgeDNA yethu, nangezinye izinto zemfuza ezibizwa ngokuba zii-epigenes, sinxulunyaniswa ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nendalo.
Le ntambo enzima ibonakaliswe yi-real-time imaging yobuchopho.Iintlobo zeepateni umntu adibana nazo kwindalo, nokuba kukwi-pine cones, i-nautilus shells, i-diatom, i-snowflakes, amasebe emithi, okanye iindunduma zesanti, zibizwa ngokuba ziipateni ze-fractal.Ingoma yeentaka kunye nesandi sokuqhekeka kwamaza ziipateni ezifanayo.Iipateni zeFractal, ziye zajika, zichaphazela kakhulu amaza obuchopho bethu ngeendlela ezilungileyo.
Inqaku likaFebruwari 2014 kwi-guardian.com lichaza indlela izigulane zesibhedlele emagumbini aneembono zomthi zinexesha elifutshane lokuhlala esibhedlele kunye nesidingo esincinci samayeza eentlungu xa kuthelekiswa nezigulane ezingenazo i-vistas zendalo.Iqhubeka ithi emva kweyure nje kwindawo yendalo, ukusebenza kwememori kunye nexesha lokuqwalasela liphucula i-20%.
Abaphandi beYunivesithi yaseRochester banikela ingxelo yokuba ukuchanabeka kwindalo kukhokelela abantu ekubeni babe nolwalamano olusenyongweni, baxabise uluntu ngakumbi, baze babe nesisa ngakumbi.
Njengomntu otyala imithi, kudala ndicaphula uphando olubonisa ukuba ukutyala imithi kunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho kakhulu.Imithi ikwanyusa ixabiso lepropathi, kwaye ngengozi, yenza abantu bachithe imali eninzi.Nokuba zizityalo kudederhu lweevenkile okanye imithi ekwiindawo zokuthenga edolophini, abantu bachitha iindawo eziluhlaza kwiindawo eziluhlaza.
Asineli nje ukusabela kwindalo, asikaphulukani namandla ethu okuzibandakanya nayo.Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba abantu banokulandela kakuhle ngevumba.Abo bangaboni kakuhle bebesebenzisa i-echolocation iminyaka emininzi ngoku, kodwa enye into efunyenwe mva nje kukuba singakwazi ukuphindaphinda phantse kunye namalulwane.
Xa wayebuzwa ukuba abantu bayayidinga na indalo, uGqr. Kuo waphendula wathi “Njengesazinzulu andinakunixelela.andikakulungeli ukuyithetha loo nto, kodwa njengomama owazi uncwadi lwenzululwazi, ndingathi ewe.”Nokuba siyayifuna okanye siyayifuna nje, sikwindawo engcono kakhulu kwindalo, ke sebenzisa inzuzo yayo eninzi.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwiAmazon.
Ukuhamba ngemoto ngeempelaveki zasentwasahlobo kundenza buhlungu.Kungenxa yokuba ndihlala ndidlula usapho olunye ngaphandle kwingca kwi-American Gothic configuration: umhlakulo esandleni, mhlawumbi kunye neqabane kunye nabantwana babo.Kukho umthi omhle omncinci osuka kwiziko lomyezo kwelinye icala labo, kunye nomngxuma ongendawo onzulu emhlabeni kwelinye.Ukuba ndandingenazintloni kangako, ngema ndithethe ngoxolo.Kuyacaca ukuba benza umngcwabo womthi.
Usuku lwe-Arbor luza ngoLwesihlanu, nge-24 ka-Epreli, ngoko cinga ukutyala umthi kunye nosapho okanye abahlobo bakho.Kodwa yenza oko ukuze into ihlale ixesha elide kunawe.Akukho ngqiqo yokuqesha umthi kumngxuma onzulu wokutyala xa unokuwutyala ngendlela efanelekileyo.
Iingcambu zemithi zibanzi - ngokuphindwe kathathu ubude besebe, zithintele umqobo - kwaye azikho nzulu.Amashumi alithoba eepesenti zeengcambu zemithi zikwi-intshi ezilishumi eziphezulu zomhlaba, kwaye i-98% ikwi-intshi ezilishumi elinesibhozo eziphezulu.Iingcambu zemithi azikho nzulu kuba zithanda ukuphefumla rhoqo.Ndicinga ukuba sonke sinokunxulumana naloo nto.
Imingxuma yomhlaba ivumela iingcambu ukuba zifumane ioksijini, ethi ekugqibeleni iphume kumphezulu womhlaba.Amanqanaba eoksijini ehla ngobunzulu bomhlaba, ade afikelele kufutshane neqanda.Kwisilt, udongwe okanye umhlaba ovunduvundu, loo ndawo inokuba ngaphantsi kweenyawo phantsi.Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi, ukongeza umgquba okanye umgquba kumngxunya onzulu wokutyala uqinisekisa ukuba iingcambu ziyakufuthanisela, kuba iintsholongwane eziqhekeza izinto eziphilayo ziya kusebenzisa yonke ioksijini eseleyo.
Yonke imithi iza nemiyalelo yokutyala, nokuba akukho tag.Ukuze ufunde ezi zikhombisi-ndlela, fumana indawo ekufutshane nesiseko apho i-trunk ivuleka khona kwaye iingcambu ziqala.Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-trunk flare, kwaye yigeyiji yobunzulu.Ukuvuleka kwesiqu kufuneka kubonakale nje kumphezulu womhlaba.Ngomfanekiso omncinci kakhulu, ngakumbi umthi omncinci ohlonyelweyo, oku kunokuba luqili.Ngokusisiseko fumana ingcambu ephezulu kwaye uyipakishe malunga ne-intshi ngaphantsi komhlaba.
Ayiyiyo yonke imithi etyalwe ngokunzulu kakhulu efayo, kodwa yonke ihlupheka kakhulu, kwaye nakwezona meko zintle, kuyayithatha iminyaka ukuba ifumane umthi ofanayo otyalwe ngokuchanekileyo.Ngokubanzi, imithi emincinci ihamba ngcono kunemikhulu.Ngamanye amaxesha umthi omncinane ungaphila ngokuthumela iingcambu ezinefibrous (adventitious) ukusuka kwisikhondo sawo ngaphantsi nje komphezulu womhlaba.Imithi emikhulu nayo iyakwenza oku, kodwa iingcambu ezintsha ezikrwece aziyi kuxhasa umphezulu omkhulu.
Kukho intetho yakudala ethi, “grumba umngxuma ongamashumi amahlanu eedola ngomthi weedola ezintlanu.”Kusenokufuneka kuhlengahlengiswe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kodwa imbono isenayo imali.Umngxuma wokutyala kufuneka ubume ngesosari kwaye ka-2-3 ubukhulu benkqubo yeengcambu, kodwa ungabi nzulu ngakumbi, okanye aMapolisa okuTyala angakunika itikiti.Akunjalo ngokwenene, kodwa ukuba i-arborist iyenzeka ukuba ifike, inokukugxeka ngokukrakra.
Ngaphambi kokuzaliswa, susa yonke i-burlap kunye ne-twine.Iikheji zocingo kwimithi yebhola kunye ne-burlap kufuneka zisikwe xa umthi ubekwe emngxunyeni.Iingcambu zomthi ezikhule kwisikhongozeli zinokuba neengcambu ezisangqayo ekufuneka zikrazulwe ngqo, okanye ziya kuba ziingcambu ezibhinqileyo emva kweminyaka kwaye ziminxe isiqu.
Ukongeza imithwalo yezinto eziphilayo kwi-backfill enokuthi ibuyele kumaxesha amandulo, xa abantu babenokuthi babambe i-arborist, ukuba umntu wayenomsebenzi, kwaye uyiphose emngxunyeni wokutyala.Ngokunokwenzeka ekuphenduleni oku, abaxhasi bezityalo ngoku bacebisa into encinci okanye ayikho into eyongezelelweyo yezinto eziphilayo kwiimeko ezininzi.
Kwimihlaba eyisanti kakhulu okanye enodongwe olunzima, umlinganiselo ophakathi (ukuya kuma-30%) we-peat moss, umgquba okanye ezinye izilungiso zingasetyenziswa kwi-backfill.Noko ke, musa ukongeza isanti eludongweni—leyo yindlela izitena ezenziwa ngayo, yaye izityalo ezininzi azikhuli kakuhle kwizitena.Ukongeza i-organic matter ngaphezulu kwesinye kwisithathu ngomthamo kunokubangela "isiphumo se teacup," kwaye iingcambu zinokufuthanisela.Isichumisi sinoxinzelelo kutshintsho olutsha, ke linda okungenani unyaka kuloo nto.Kwimihlaba yemveli esempilweni, umthi usenokungaze ufune isichumiso sorhwebo.
Nkcenkceshela ngokucokisekileyo njengoko ugcwalisa umva, kwaye ujikelezise umhlaba ngentonga okanye umqheba wefotsholo ukuphelisa iipokotho zomoya.Ngaphandle kokuba indawo inomoya kakhulu kungcono ungawubeki umthi.Ukushukuma kuyafuneka ukuze i-trunk eyomeleleyo ikhule.I-intshi ezimbini ukuya kwezine ze-mulch phezu kwendawo yokutyala (kodwa ingachukumisi isiqu) iya kunceda ukugcina ukufuma kunye nokucinezela ukhula.Kuphantse ukuba akunakwenzeka ukunkcenkceshela ngaphezulu kofakelo olutsha, kodwa kuyenzeka.Kulo lonke ixesha lokuqala, jonga umhlaba rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa ukuze uqiniseke ukuba ufumile kodwa awunamanzi.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwi-amazon.
Umtsalane wengingqi uvula rhoqo ngo-Epreli, kwaye malunga neeveki ezine - ngokuxhomekeke kumthunzi, imbonakalo kunye nokuphakama - unokujonga "umboniso" kwiindawo ezininzi ezivulekileyo ezikufutshane nawe.Ukusebenza simahla, nangona kufumaneka kuphela ama-matinees.
Isiganeko sasentlakohlaza kukudumba kwesityalo esixhaphakileyo, nangona sisaziwa kancinci, isityalo esidubula kwasekuqaleni.Kuxhomekeka ukuba ubuza bani, inokuthi ichazwe njengomthi okanye isihlahla, nto leyo eyenza ndizibuze ukuba ifihla into.Ngapha koko, le nto inee-aliases ezininzi kuneyeyona ifunwa kakhulu eMelika.Ngokwahlukeneyo waziwa njenge-serviceberry, shadbush, shadwood, shadblow, Saskatoon, juneberry kunye ne-wild-plum, ngumthi omncinci ukuya kophakathi ophendula kwi-Amelanchier canadensis, igama layo lezityalo.Kwezo zikhetho, ndikhetha ijuneberry, nangona isiqhamo saso sinokuvuthwa ekuqaleni kukaJulayi kumntla weNew York State.
Sisityalo sokuqala somthi esivelisa iintyatyambo ezibonakala kakuhle, kwaye iintyatyambo zaso ezimhlophe zinokubonwa emacaleni endlela, kwiingcingo nakwincam yehlathi kuyo yonke indawo yethu ngoku.Ixolo eligudileyo, elingwevu-siliva linomtsalane ngokwalo.Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko, ijuneberries inokukhula njenge-multi-stem clump, kodwa ihlala ikhula njengemithi ye-trunk enye efikelela kwi-20 ukuya kwi-40 ubude ubude.Ayizizo iintyatyambo zayo zakuqala nje ukunyanga ubuhle, zibhengeza indawo yomthombo wamaqunube azingca ngexabiso lezondlo ngaphezu kwaso nasiphi na esinye isiqhamo.
I-Juneberries ivame ukuhoywa njengomthombo wokutya, ngenxa yokuba iintaka zingasibetha kwi-punch, kwaye ngenxa yokuba i-juneberries ikhula ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba isiqhamo ngamanye amaxesha asifikeleli.Ngenxa yokuba ijuneberries inomswakama omncinci kuneblueberries, iphezulu kancinane kwiprotheyini kunye neekhabhohayidrethi, izenza zibe kukutya okukhulu kweembaleki kunye nabanye abantu abasebenzayo.
Amajikijolo athambileyo, amnyama amfusa ane potassium ephindwe kabini kunamaqunube aluhlaza ukongeza kwisixa esikhulu semagnesium kunye nephosphorous.Bangumthombo olungileyo wentsimbi, nabo, baphantse baphindwe kabini kunamaqunube.Amaqunube anevithamin C eninzi, ithiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B-6, vitamin A kunye nevitamin E.
Amaqunube enza isityalo esikhangayo somhlaba, kwaye singasetyenziselwa ukuhenda iingoma eziculayo njengemisedare waxwings eyadini yakho.I-Amelanchier alnifolia, uhlobo oluvela kumaThafa aseMntla ngokusondeleyo kwi-Northeastern yethu yase-A. canadensis, ingcono ukusetyenziswa ekhaya, njengoko ingakhuli ibe yinde, ngoko isiqhamo siya kuhlala sifikeleleka.Inokunyamezela uluhlu olubanzi lweemeko zesayithi kwaye iya kuphumelela nakwimihlaba ehluphekileyo.Ilanga elipheleleyo liyimfuneko, nangona kunjalo.Enye into edibanisayo kukuba amahlamvu ejuneberry ajika isalmon-pinki ephawulekayo ekwindla, esongeza kwixabiso layo njengesihlahla se-landscape.Buza i-nursery yendawo yakho malunga nemihlanganisela yejuneberry.
Amaqunube amnandi kwaye enza iipayi ezibalaseleyo.Zikulungele ngokukhethekileyo ukukhenkceza, njengoko zenza i-smoothies egqwesileyo, egcwele izondlo unyaka wonke.Kuluncedo ukukhenkceza kuqala kwi-cookie sheets, kwaye emva koko uyidlulisele kwizikhongozeli ezininzi.Ngaloo ndlela abenzi uhlobo lwe-monolithic juneberry glacier efuna itshizi, ulongamelo lwabantu abadala kunye nekiti yoncedo lokuqala ukuze kuqhawulwe iqhekeza.
Abantu bomthonyama abakumntla woMntla Merika babewaxabisa amaqunube, yaye abemi baseYurophu balandela umzekelo wabo.Nawe unokuxhamla kwesi siqhamo sasendle singaxatyiswanga kangako.Eli lixesha elihle lokuqwalasela indawo yezityalo zejuneberry zokuvuna kweli hlobo.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwi-amazon.
Esinye sezityalo endizithandayo zinokuguquguquka kakhulu, okanye zibhideke kakhulu.Kwelinye icala, iingcango ezichwepheshile ezifana nemivundla kunye nexhama ziyala ukuyiphatha, kodwa abantu abaninzi, ndibandakanyiwe, bayakuyitya yonke imihla xa ifumaneka.Ngelixa ukunxibelelana nayo kubuhlungu, kuye kwangqinwa ukukhulula iintlungu ezithile ezingapheliyo.Ingene nzulu kwiminyaka engaphezu kwewaka yentsomi, ngaxa lithile inamandla okucoca isono, ukanti inzululwazi yezamayeza iyigqala njengesicombululo esisemthethweni kwizigulo ezininzi.Abanye abalimi bacinga ukuba lukhula olukhathazayo, kodwa abanye bayaluhlakulela.
I-nettle ehlabayo, i-Urtica dioica, inzalelwane yaseYurophu, e-Asia, nakumantla e-Afrika kodwa sele ixhaphake kuwo wonke uMntla Merika ukusuka kumantla eMexico ukuya kumantla eKhanada kangangeenkulungwane.Iingcali azivumelani malunga nenani leentlobo ze-nettle kunye ne-subspecies kwihlabathi jikelele.Ukubhidanisa izinto, uninzi lwala luwelana ukuze lube yimixube.Nangona iindidi ezimbalwa azihlabanga, ukuba yinettle kwaye ikunika irhashalala, kulungile ukuyibiza ngenettle.
Iminatha ihluma iinaliti ezincinci kwiziqu, emagqabini, nakwiintyatyambo zazo.Ebizwa ngokuba zii-trichomes, ezi naliti zifana neglasi-njengesilica zitofa umxube weekhemikhali ezicaphukisayo xa zidibana.I-cocktail iyahluka ngeentlobo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya i-histamine, i-5-HTP, i-serotonin, i-asidi ye-formic kunye ne-acetylcholine.
Ngoko ke kwakutheni ukuze umntu abeke olu tshaba luxhobe kakuhle emlonyeni wabo?Kaloku, xa kuphekwa amarhawu, iinwele ezihlabayo ziyatshatyalaliswa.Ngaphaya koko, amarhawu ngawona anencasa aphekiweyo aluhlaza, asendle okanye asekhaya, endakha ndanawo.Inencasa okwenkukhu.Ukudlala.Inencasa kakhulu njengespinatshi, ngaphandle kweswiti.Iminatha inokubiliswa, iqhunyiswe okanye iqhotswe.Zinkulu ngokwazo okanye kwiisuphu, i-omelets, i-pesto, i-casseroles, okanye intle kakhulu nasiphi na isidlo esimnandi onokuza naso.
Enye yezinto endizithandayo ngenettles kukuba zezinye zezinto zokuqala eziluhlaza ukuhamba emva kokuba ikhephu linyibilika.Ndimele ndikhankanye ukuba kuphela phezulu kwezityalo ezincinci ezivunwa ukuba zitye.Into entle kukuba okukhona ukhetha, kokukhona amanqwanqwa amancinci akhula abuyele.Ekugqibeleni baya kubade kakhulu kwaye baqine, kodwa ukuvunwa rhoqo kunokwelula ixesha le-nettle ukuya ngoJuni.
Kwisiseko sobunzima obomileyo, iinettles ziphezulu kwiprotheyini (malunga ne-15%) phantse nayiphi na enye imifuno eluhlaza eluhlaza.Bangumthombo olungileyo we-iron, i-potassium, i-calcium, kunye neeVithamini A kunye no-C, kwaye banomlinganiselo ophilileyo we-Omega-3 / Omega-6 fatty acids.Ngenxa yokuba ukomisa kuphinda kuthintele ukuhlaba kweminatha, ziye zasetyenziswa njengokutya kwezilwanyana zasekhaya.Namhlanje iminatha idla ngokutyiswa kwiinkukhu ezizalelayo ukuphucula imveliso yazo.
IYunivesithi yaseMaryland Medical Centre inika ingxelo yokuba iinettles zinceda ukuthomalalisa iimpawu, ezinjengobunzima bokuchama, iBenign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) emadodeni.Ngokumalunga nokusebenzisa iintlungu ukuthomalalisa iintlungu, i-U ye-M Medical Centre ikwachaza ukuba uphando “… lucebisa ukuba abanye abantu bafumana isiqabu kwiintlungu ezihlangeneyo ngokufaka igqabi lenettle kwindawo ebuhlungu.Olunye uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ukuthatha isicatshulwa somlomo se-nettle ehlabayo, kunye neziyobisi ezichasene nokuvuvukala (NSAIDs), zivumele abantu ukuba banciphise idosi yabo ye-NSAID. "
Njengoko iCat in the Hat yathi, akuphelelanga apho.Unokucinga ukuba i-U ye-M yayithengisa i-nettles ngendlela ebonakala ngathi iyayikhuthaza.Qwalasela olu khuthazo: “Olunye uhlolisiso lokuqala lwabantu lwabonisa ukuba iipilisi zenettle zinceda ekunciphiseni ukuthimla nokurhawuzelelwa kwabantu abanehay fever.Kolunye uphononongo, i-57% yezigulana zilinganisa i-nettles njengesebenzayo ekudambiseni i-allergies, kwaye i-48% yathi i-nettles yayisebenza ngakumbi kunamayeza okuxhatshazwa ayewasebenzisa ngaphambili.
Abalimi basebenzisa iinettles “njengomgquba oluhlaza” ngenxa yokuba (iiminatha, oko kukuthi—abalimi basenokuba nenitrogen eninzi, kodwa abadityaniswa ngokuqhelekileyo emhlabeni.) banenitrogen eninzi, kunye ne-iron nemanganese.Iminatha nayo inokunceda ukutsala izinambuzane eziluncedo.
Yintoni ongenakuyenza ngamarhawu?Ndicinga ukuba bafana ne "thneed" kaGqr. Seuss.Kuyavela ukuba ungazinxiba, nazo.Iminatha isetyenziswe iminyaka engama-2,000 njengomthombo wefayibha ekwenzeni amalaphu.Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, iJamani yasebenzisa i-nettle fiber ukwenza iyunifomu yomkhosi.Ndenze intambo kwiziqu zenettle usebenzisa indlela elula ebizwa ngokuba yi-reverse-wrapping.
Ukuba unesiqwenga senettle, chitha ixesha elithile uchola imifuno enempilo njengoko kufika intwasahlobo.Inye into eqinisekileyo: Xa ujikelezwe ngamanethi, akufuneki ube nexhala malunga nokungena ekuhlaleni!
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwi-amazon.
Ngaxa lithile sikhe saxakwa luxwebhu ekutyholwa ukuba lubhalwe ngesiNgesi, ukanti lubhalwe ngolwimi lwasemzini olufana nelegal-ese, medical-ese, okanye science-ese.Uhlaselo olunjalo lolwimi lunokusishiya siziva sikruqukile, sibhidekile, sikhungathekile kwaye soyikeka.Ewe, inzululwazi ngoku ingqina ukuba ukusebenzisa igama elikhulu xa isinciphiso sisenza kakuhle akulunganga kuthi sonke.
Uhlelo lwe-12 kaFebruwari, ngo-2020 lwe-Ohio State News luqaqambise uphononongo lwakutsha nje malunga neengozi zejargon yesayensi, ekhokelwa nguHillary Schulman, unjingalwazi oncedisayo wonxibelelwano kwiYunivesithi yaseOhio State.UShulman neqela lakhe baqukumbela ngelithi “Ukusetyenziswa kwamagama anzima nakhethekileyo kuluphawu oluxelela abantu ukuba abafanelekanga.Ungabaxelela ukuba amagama athetha ntoni, kodwa akunamsebenzi.Sele bevakalelwa kukuba lo myalezo awubafanelanga.”
Ndiyakhalaza ngoku kwaye ke malunga nejagoni.Qwalasela isibakala sokuba zizilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu kuphela eziya kulala ebusika.Izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kunye nezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kufuneka zivume kubahlobo bazo ukuba zidla ngokugqabhuka nje ngexesha elibandayo, ngelixa izilwanyana ezilalayo kwimozulu eshushu kufuneka zithi ziyaqikelela, kunokuba zilale.Ndiyangcangcazela xa ndicinga ihlazo lokubizwa ngokuba ngumntu ongalaliyo.
Kodwa eneneni ndiyinto yomhanahanisi, kuba ndiyayithanda ngasese i-jargon, kwaye iyangena ekubhaleni kwam ngaphezu kokusempilweni.Yaqala kwiKholeji kaPaul Smith kumantla e-NY State xa ndafunda “izilwanyana ezingenamqolo” zizinto ezirhubuluzayo eludakeni naphantsi kwamatye emazantsi emilambo.Ngequbuliso baye bakufanelekela ngakumbi ukufundisisa.Ndinebhongo kakhulu ngephepha lam lexesha, iNgxelo yeMpembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo ehlekisayo apho ndicaphula izinto ezifana noLloyd, Zar kunye noCarr Ukuguqulwa kweSorenson Coefficient of Species Diversity and Evenness, apho igama elithi "C" lilingana no-3.321928 (nceda ubhekisele ukuya kwiTheyibhile B kwiSihlomelo).
Oonjingalwazi bam babeyazi kakuhle into endiyithethayo.Kodwa ingxaki yommi ophakathi ofuna ukwazi impembelelo enokubakho yophuhliso olukhulu kwidolophu yakowabo ayizange yenzeke kum ngelo xesha.Ukwenza ingqiqo kumakhulu okanye amawaka amaphepha e-crap efana naleyo kwiNgxelo yeMpembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo ayingomntu otyhafileyo wentliziyo.
Emva koko ndasebenzela iSebe laseNew York State of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) ukuba liphande kwaye licoce umhlaba kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba angcoliswe yioli kunye nezinyibilikisi.Okanye, kwi-jargon yeshishini, i-L-NAPL kunye ne-D-NAPL.Ezo ziindidi ezimbini zamaapile anetyhefu, ndiyacinga.Ngokwenyani bamele “uLwelo oluKhanyayo, olungaNazi-kwiSigaba soMmanzi” kunye “nolwelo oluxineneyo, olungelulo lweSigaba soMmanzi.”Emva kweengxelo ezimbalwa ezizele loo magama, kunye nezinto ezinje “ngomoya-moya ngokusebenzisa iilensi ezincinci ze-heterogeneic kulwakhiwo lwangaphandle lomkhenkce,” kunye “noguqulo lwexesha lonyaka lwe-hydrogeological gradient,” amehlo am aya kuwela.Ayengamaphepha ebendiwabhalile ke lawo.
Kudliwano-ndlebe ne-CBC Radio's As It Happens umsasazi uCarol Off kwangolo suku lunye ingxelo kaSchulman yaphuma, u-Schulman wacacisa ukuba “andithethi kuthethelela ngokuchasene nejagoni.Ndicinga ukuba kukho ukuchaneka nokusebenza kakuhle ngala magama abantu abawaziyo abawaqondayo. ”Le ngongoma ephambili.Umzekelo, yonke ijargon entle endifunde ukuyisebenzisa kwi-NYSDEC yayibalulekile ekuthetheni nabacebisi kunye neekontraka.Ndifumanise ukuba emva kokuba ndintywiliselwe kwihlabathi lolungiso lokuchitheka iminyaka embalwa, yaba yinto yesibini ukuthetha naye wonke ngaloo ndlela.Kwafuneka ndiphinde ndifunde indlela yokuthetha ngokuqhelekileyo, ndithi, umninimzi onequla elingcolisekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nomcebisi owayenikwe umsebenzi wokuyila inkqubo yokucoca.Kuko konke ubuzaza, sinokufuna ukuguqulelwa kweengxelo zobugcisa, ezenziwe ngababhali abagqwesileyo abanemvelaphi eyomeleleyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
Njengoko uHillary Schulman waxelela i-CBC, "Xa izazinzulu zisebenzisa la magama ngokuzenzekelayo zinokubahlukanisa abaphulaphuli babo ngaphezu kokuba beqonda."Andifaneleki njengenzululwazi, kodwa ndibhala malunga nesayensi, ke ndiya kuzama ukuba ndingafihli kwangoko.
Ngenqaku elipheleleyo elivela kwiYunivesithi yaseOhio State, yiya ku https://news.osu.edu/the-use-of-jargon-kills-peoples-interest-in-science…
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwi-amazon.
Nangona umama wam wase-Ireland waseMelika wandifundisa ukuba isimaphambili esingu-O' (inzala) sasiyinxalenye yeefani eziqhelekileyo zase-Ireland ezinjengoKelly, uMurphy, uHogan noKennedy, kuya kuvakala kungaqhelekanga ezindlebeni zam ukuba ezi ntsapho zibuyela kwiNdala ngequbuliso. -Ifomu yehlabathi.Ndinomcimbi ofanayo kunye ne-New-World marsupial ecacileyo, i-opossum.KwiNtlambo yaseGenesee yeLizwe laseNew York apho ndakhulela khona, aba bahlalutyi bakwiindawo zonke babesaziwa ngabantu bonke njengeepossums , yaye kusavakala ukuba igama labo libizwa ngamagama amathathu.
Kwiintlobo ezili-103 ezaziwayo zeopossums ehlabathini, phantse zonke zihlala eMzantsi nakuMbindi Merika (kwirekhodi, akukho zipossum okanye iiopossums eIreland).Apha kuMntla Merika, sinenye kuphela, iVirginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana).
Kubonakala ngathi esi silwanyana savela eMzantsi Melika, saqala ukuvela kwingxelo yefosili kwiminyaka emalunga nezigidi ezingama-20 eyadlulayo.Yabhadula emantla malunga ne-2.7 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ngexesha elibizwa ngokuba "yi-Great American Interchange," ngokucacileyo uhlobo oluthile lwenkqubo yokuqala yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle.Oku kwakuxa iintlobo zasemntla ezifana nexhama, iimpungutye, imivundla, iibhere, iingcuka kunye neotters zahlasela uMzantsi Melika.Ukongeza kwi-possums, abahlalutyi basemazantsi abafudukela emantla baquka i-anteater kunye namalulwane e-vampire, kunye neentlobo zeentlobo ezingazange ziyithande imozulu yethu, kwaye zaphela ngokukhawuleza apha.
Njenge skunk, i-moose, i-muskrat, i-woodchuck kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezininzi ezizalelwa eMelika, ezi zilwanyana zanyisayo ziyaziwa kuthi baseYurophu basemzini ngelinye lamagama abo okuzalwa.Kule meko, i-opossum ligama elithi Powhatan, elaqala ukubhalwa ngesiNgesi nguCaptain John Smith malunga ne-1609 eJamestown kwikoloni yaseVirginia.Ndifundile ukuba igama elithi Powhatan elithi “apassum” libhekisa kwinto emhlophe nenja, kodwa uSmith walichaza eli rhamncwa njengelilingana nekati, linomsila wempuku, nentloko efana neyehagu.
Nanamhlanje, abantu bayaqhula ukuba i-opossum yayidityaniswe kunye namalungu ashiyekileyo, nangona ndicinga ukuba i-platypus ithatha ibhaso laloo nto, (iwebhu) izandla-phantsi.Kuya kufuneka ndivume iipossums zikhangeleka ngathi zi-menagerie: Zinezithupha ezichasayo njengeenkawu, iikoalas kunye neepandas, nangona iinyawo zazo zangasemva, kunezingaphambili, zezona zikhawulezayo.Ekuphela kwemarsupial yaseMelika, banento eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi yokusalisa iintsana kanye njengokuba iikhangaru kunye neewallabies zisenza.Imisila yazo i-prehensile, iyakwazi ukujikeleza kwaye ibambe izinto ngendlela inkawu ekwazi ngayo.Yaye ngomlomo onamazinyo anjengenaliti angama-50, iipossum sesona silwanyana sanyisayo sinamazinyo akuMntla Merika.Mhlawumbi bangaphantsi kwe-spare-parts critter, kwaye bafana nesilwanyana esinezixhobo ezininzi.
Loo mzekeliso usenokuba nobuchule, njengoko iipossum zibhetyebhetye ngokugqithiseleyo, azixabanisi kwaphela ngento eziyityayo okanye indawo ezihlala kuyo.Ukutya kwabo kungaquka nantoni na ukusuka kwinkunkuma kunye nenyama ebolileyo, iziqhamo ezitsha kunye nemifuno, ukuphila izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kunye namaqanda entaka.Intsapho yeeopossum enamantshontsho ejoeys afikelela kwishumi elinesithathu ngokulinganayo isekhaya kumthi onomgongxo osehlathini, kumgodi oshiyiweyo wenkuni kwifama, okanye ngaphantsi kweveranda engasemva kwihlomela-dolophu.
Ukunxulumana kwazo necarrion kunye nokutya okunuka ngakumbi kunika i-opossums igama elibi, kodwa xa kuthelekiswa neempuku, iiraccoon kunye neeskunks ezixhasa imigqomo yomgquba kunye nokubulawa kweendlela, ziphuma zinuka njenge roses.Enye into, iipossums azifane zibe nomgada.Kukholelwa ukuba ubushushu bomzimba wabo obusezantsi ngokungaqhelekanga benza ukuba kube nzima ukuba intsholongwane iphile, yiyo loo nto bengathathelwa ngqalelo njenge-rabies vector.Ngokuqhelekileyo bathobekile, kwaye abaziwa ngokukhathaza abantu okanye izilwanyana zasekhaya.
Enyanisweni, nokuba ipossum ibinomsindo, ibingenakukwazi ukuzibamba."Ukudlala i-possum" akusiyo iqhinga, kodwa impendulo ye-neurological efana nokuxhuzula.Njengoko umzimba wayo ugoba kwaye uqina, imilebe yayo ihlehla ukuze iveze amazinyo, agqunywe ngamathe abilayo.Eyona nto imnandi kukuba ulwelo olunuka kakubi luphuma kumadlala alo ezimpundu.Kuthatha naphi na ukusuka kwimizuzu embalwa ukuya kwiiyure ezininzi ukuze isilwanyana sibuyele ezingqondweni.Akumangalisi ukuba ukusebenza okunyanzelisayo kufakwe kwi-possum DNA.Le ndlela yokusabela yokuzikhethela inamandla ngokweminyaka, ngoko ke umntwana oselula usenokungayifumani imemo yokuquleka kangangemizuzu embalwa kumdlalo wokufutha.
Ngoku ekubeni ikhalane elinemilenze emnyama okanye yexhama sele lizinzile kwingingqi yethu, isifo seLyme kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zaso, kunye nezinye izifo ezithwalwa ngamakhalane, zizisongelo zokwenyani.Ukuba i-opossums ayikubethi njengobuhle, unokuzithanda ngcono xa ufunda ukuba itya malunga ne-95% yamakhalane abawafumana emizimbeni yabo.Bade babhaqwe kwikhamera bechola amakhalane aqunjelwe ebusweni bamaxhama.Ngenxa yokuba ikhalane elibhinqileyo lidumba ngokuphindwe kangangama-600 kubunzima bomzimba walo wokuqala, ndiyaqikelela ukuba ukutya elinye kungalingana nokuba nesoseji yegazi kwisidlo sangokuhlwa.
Uqikelelo lwenani lamakhalane alubulalayo lwahluka kakhulu, kodwa ebudeni beminyaka emibini ukuya kwemine yokuphila kwayo, iopossum inokubulala amakhalane amalunga nama-20 000 ukusa kuma-40 000.Ngelixa kunokuvakala ngathi sonke kufuneka siqalise ukukhulisa iipossums zesilwanyana sasekhaya, masibeke oku kumxholo: loo manani amele inzala yamakhalane amaxhama angama-7 ukuya kwi-14.Nangona kunjalo, kungcono kunanto.
Ngokutsho kwe-researchgate.net, ii-opossums zazithintelwe kumazantsi-mpuma e-United States kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo.Ngelo xesha uluhlu lwabo lwalusuka empuma yeTexas ukuya kutsho emantla e-Illinois, emva koko empuma, lunqumla nje emazantsi eGreat Lakes kumgca orhabaxa onqumla emantla ePennsylvania ukuya elunxwemeni.
Ngoku zifumaneka kulo lonke elaseWisconsin, eMichigan, naseNew England, nakumazantsi eOntario naseQuebec ngokunjalo.Xa ndafudukela eSt. Lawrence Valley ngo-2000, abantu basekuhlaleni ababekhulele apho baqinisekisa ukuba kwakungekabikho naziphi na iipossums kuloo mmandla.Akuzange kube ngu-2016 apho ndabona khona i-opossum yam yokuqala yokubulawa kwendlela apho.Ukususela ngoko, ukubona kuye kuxhaphake minyaka le.
Akukacaci nokuba eli lizinga lendalo lokusasazeka, okanye ukuba liye lakhawuleziswa lutshintsho lwemozulu olubangelwa ngumntu olufana namaxesha onyaka okukhula amade kunye nobusika obupholileyo.IiOpossums azilali, ngoko kunokwenzeka ukuba ingqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo inokuba yinto ekhe yanciphisa uluhlu lwazo.Nokuba kunjalo, ndicebisa ukuba samkele abafikayo abangaqhelekanga kodwa abalungiswe kakuhle.Sonke sasingabaphambukeli kanye.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwi-amazon.
Ngaxa lithile sikhe saxakwa luxwebhu ekutyholwa ukuba lubhalwe ngesiNgesi, ukanti lubhalwe ngolwimi lwasemzini olufana nelegal-ese, medical-ese, okanye science-ese.Uhlaselo olunjalo lolwimi lunokusishiya siziva sikruqukile, sibhidekile, sikhungathekile kwaye soyikeka.Ewe, inzululwazi ngoku ingqina ukuba ukusebenzisa igama elikhulu xa isinciphiso sisenza kakuhle akulunganga kuthi sonke.
Uhlelo lwe-12 kaFebruwari, ngo-2020 lwe-Ohio State News luqaqambise uphononongo lwakutsha nje malunga neengozi zejargon yesayensi, ekhokelwa nguHillary Schulman, unjingalwazi oncedisayo wonxibelelwano kwiYunivesithi yaseOhio State.UShulman neqela lakhe baqukumbela ngelithi “Ukusetyenziswa kwamagama anzima nakhethekileyo kuluphawu oluxelela abantu ukuba abafanelekanga.Ungabaxelela ukuba amagama athetha ntoni, kodwa akunamsebenzi.Sele bevakalelwa kukuba lo myalezo awubafanelanga.”
Ndiyakhalaza ngoku kwaye ke malunga nejagoni.Qwalasela isibakala sokuba zizilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu kuphela eziya kulala ebusika.Izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kunye nezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kufuneka zivume kubahlobo bazo ukuba zidla ngokugqabhuka nje ngexesha elibandayo, ngelixa izilwanyana ezilalayo kwimozulu eshushu kufuneka zithi ziyaqikelela, kunokuba zilale.Ndiyangcangcazela xa ndicinga ihlazo lokubizwa ngokuba ngumntu ongalaliyo.
Kodwa eneneni ndiyinto yomhanahanisi, kuba ndiyayithanda ngasese i-jargon, kwaye iyangena ekubhaleni kwam ngaphezu kokusempilweni.Yaqala kwiKholeji kaPaul Smith kumantla e-NY State xa ndafunda “izilwanyana ezingenamqolo” zizinto ezirhubuluzayo eludakeni naphantsi kwamatye emazantsi emilambo.Ngequbuliso baye bakufanelekela ngakumbi ukufundisisa.Ndinebhongo kakhulu ngephepha lam lexesha, iNgxelo yeMpembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo ehlekisayo apho ndicaphula izinto ezifana noLloyd, Zar kunye noCarr Ukuguqulwa kweSorenson Coefficient of Species Diversity and Evenness, apho igama elithi "C" lilingana no-3.321928 (nceda ubhekisele ukuya kwiTheyibhile B kwiSihlomelo).
Oonjingalwazi bam babeyazi kakuhle into endiyithethayo.Kodwa ingxaki yommi ophakathi ofuna ukwazi impembelelo enokubakho yophuhliso olukhulu kwidolophu yakowabo ayizange yenzeke kum ngelo xesha.Ukwenza ingqiqo kumakhulu okanye amawaka amaphepha e-crap efana naleyo kwiNgxelo yeMpembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo ayingomntu otyhafileyo wentliziyo.
Emva koko ndasebenzela iSebe laseNew York State of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) ukuba liphande kwaye licoce umhlaba kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba angcoliswe yioli kunye nezinyibilikisi.Okanye, kwi-jargon yeshishini, i-L-NAPL kunye ne-D-NAPL.Ezo ziindidi ezimbini zamaapile anetyhefu, ndiyacinga.Ngokwenyani bamele “uLwelo oluKhanyayo, olungaNazi-kwiSigaba soMmanzi” kunye “nolwelo oluxineneyo, olungelulo lweSigaba soMmanzi.”Emva kweengxelo ezimbalwa ezizele loo magama, kunye nezinto ezinje “ngomoya-moya ngokusebenzisa iilensi ezincinci ze-heterogeneic kulwakhiwo lwangaphandle lomkhenkce,” kunye “noguqulo lwexesha lonyaka lwe-hydrogeological gradient,” amehlo am aya kuwela.Ayengamaphepha ebendiwabhalile ke lawo.
Kudliwano-ndlebe ne-CBC Radio's As It Happens umsasazi uCarol Off kwangolo suku lunye ingxelo kaSchulman yaphuma, u-Schulman wacacisa ukuba “andithethi kuthethelela ngokuchasene nejagoni.Ndicinga ukuba kukho ukuchaneka nokusebenza kakuhle ngala magama abantu abawaziyo abawaqondayo. ”Le ngongoma ephambili.Umzekelo, yonke ijargon entle endifunde ukuyisebenzisa kwi-NYSDEC yayibalulekile ekuthetheni nabacebisi kunye neekontraka.Ndifumanise ukuba emva kokuba ndintywiliselwe kwihlabathi lolungiso lokuchitheka iminyaka embalwa, yaba yinto yesibini ukuthetha naye wonke ngaloo ndlela.Kwafuneka ndiphinde ndifunde indlela yokuthetha ngokuqhelekileyo, ndithi, umninimzi onequla elingcolisekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nomcebisi owayenikwe umsebenzi wokuyila inkqubo yokucoca.Kuko konke ubuzaza, sinokufuna ukuguqulelwa kweengxelo zobugcisa, ezenziwe ngababhali abagqwesileyo abanemvelaphi eyomeleleyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
Njengoko uHillary Schulman waxelela i-CBC, "Xa izazinzulu zisebenzisa la magama ngokuzenzekelayo zinokubahlukanisa abaphulaphuli babo ngaphezu kokuba beqonda."Andifaneleki njengenzululwazi, kodwa ndibhala malunga nesayensi, ke ndiya kuzama ukuba ndingafihli kwangoko.
Ngenqaku elipheleleyo elivela kwiYunivesithi yaseOhio State, yiya ku https://news.osu.edu/the-use-of-jargon-kills-peoples-interest-in-science…
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwi-amazon.
Umfazi wam we-francophone uhlala ehlekisa njengoko ndiqala ukufunda ulwimi, njengexesha endandithetha ngalo i-connard xa ndithetha i-canard.Kubantu abathetha isiNgesi abantetho isisisiNgesi phaya phandle, i-canard ithetha idada, ngelixa ukulingana okurhabaxa kwe-connard ligama elinemvano-siphelo "spithead," kwaye ongafuni ukuba abantwana bakho bathethe.Kodwa apho i-mallards kunye nezinye ii-puddle-dada zixhalabile, ezi zimbini zihlobene.I-drake okanye indoda yi-connard epheleleyo ngamanye amaxesha.
Umgaqo kaDarwin othi “survival of the fittest” awusoloko ungowokuba ngubani ophumeleleyo kumlo we-antler okanye kukhuphiswano lokujijisana ngengalo.Ukuba sempilweni kuthetha ukuyifanelekela kakuhle imeko-bume kabani ukuze uphile ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze uvelise ezinye yaye ngaloo ndlela udlulisela iDNA kabani.Ngaphezu kwayo yonke enye into, kuthetha ukuba bhetyebhetye.
Imallard, mhlawumbi lelona dada laziwayo eMntla Melika kunye nedrake enentloko eluhlaza ekhazimlayo, ibhilidi e-orenji eqaqambileyo kunye nekhola emhlophe eprim, isenokuba lolona didi lunamandla.Ngapha koko, isazi ngebhayoloji yeYunivesithi yaseAlberta uLee Foote ubabize ngokuba “yiChevy Impala yamadada.”Kwabo bazalwa emva ko-1990, i-Impala eyayifudula iyindawo yonke yayiyinjongo yazo zonke, phantse i-bullet-proof sedan.
Umthonyama kuMntla kunye noMbindi Melika, i-Eurasia kunye noMntla Afrika, i-mallard (i-Anas platyrhynchos) iye yaziswa eMzantsi Melika, e-Australia, eNew Zealand naseMzantsi Afrika.Inokuba luncedo ngakumbi kune-Impala.IManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo, iqela elizinikele ekulondolozeni ubuncwane bendalo, ilidwelisa (idada, kungekhona inqwelo-mafutha) “njengeentlobo ezingabalulekanga kangako.
inkxalabo.”Eli gama livakala lingenamdla, kodwa kukho inkxalabo kwiindawo ezinjengoMzantsi Afrika neNew
Ngokungafaniyo neemoto, apho imixube ilungile kodwa ingafane ikhululwe, i-mallard hybrids ixhaphake kangangokuba amanye amadada anokuphela ngokukhawuleza njengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkalo echazayo yohlobo yinyani yokuba ayikwazi ukuwela nezinye iintlobo ukuvelisa inzala, okanye naziphi na ezichumileyo.UMallards, ngokucacileyo, akazange alufunde uncwadi.Ndiyayithiya xa indalo isenza loo nto.
I-Mallard hyper-hybridization kungenxa yokuba zavela kwi-Pleistocene yamva nje, kutshanje ngokwemigaqo yendaleko.IMallards kunye nezalamane zabo "kuphela" baqala kwiminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa amawaka.Izilwanyana ezisuka kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo zinexesha lokusasaza kwaye ziphuhlise ulungelelwaniso olulodwa, rhoqo kubandakanya utshintsho lomzimba kunye nokuziphatha olubenza bangahambelani neentlobo ezinxulumeneyo.
IiMallards zihlala zikhwelana namadada amnyama aseMelika, kodwa zikwazala ubuncinane neshumi elinesibini lezinye iindidi, kwezinye iimeko ezikhokelela ekulahlekeni okanye kufutshane nokuphela kweentlobo.Ngokutsho kweGlobal Invasive Species Database (GISD), "Ngenxa yesiphumo [yokuzalanisa kwezilwanyana eziyingozi], idada laseMexico alisajongwa njengesilwanyana, kwaye kusekho ngaphantsi kwesihlanu ekhulwini samadada angwevu aseNew Zealand angaxutywanga."
Iimallards luhlobo lwedabi okanye idada elidlalayo, elinika iintloko phantsi kwamanzi ukuze litye kwimollusks, imibungu yezinambuzane kunye nemisundululu, ngokuchaseneyo nokuntywila emva kwexhoba.Zikwatya imbewu, ingca kunye nezityalo zasemanzini.Beqhelene kakuhle nabantu, babonakala bevuyiswa kukutya isonka semihla ngemihla kwiipaki zedolophu.
Isicwangciso sabo sokukhwelana, nangona singenaxanduva kwimpumelelo yabo, sisenokuba luphawu lwaso.Malunga nama-97% eentlobo zeentaka zesi sijikelezi-langa, ukukhwelana sisiganeko esifutshane, sangaphandle apho izinto zenkunzi zigqithiselwa kwimazi ngokuthi zombini zibambe umqolo wazo ziphelele kunye kwinto ebizwa (ngabantu ubuncinane) “kukuncamisana okugqunyiweyo. ”I-cloaca yindawo evulekileyo yentaka esetyenziselwa ukuhambisa amaqanda, ilindle kunye nantoni na, njengoko kufuneka.Lo msebenzi we-PG-13 uvakala nantoni na ngaphandle kothando.
Amadada athile aye kwelinye icala, edlala kwi-X-rated, isini esinobundlobongela.I-puddle-idada amadoda anokuba namalungu amade kunemizimba yawo, nto leyo ebeka izinto ngendlela yethu bafana.Kwakhona, kuqhelekile ukuba inani leentaka zemallard zikhwelane nesikhukukazi ngasinye, ngamanye amaxesha ngaxeshanye, ngamanye amaxesha zibangele ukwenzakala okanye, kunqabile, ukufa kwemazi.
Oku kubonakala kuyindlela embi yokuqhuba uhlobo, kunye needrakes ezibulala abafazi.Kodwa ngokwembono yeqela-lokusinda, kukho ingqiqo kuyo.Iimazi ziye zabonwa ziqokelela amadada amakhwenkwe abonakala ngathi akukho nto ingcono anokuyenza.Isizathu sokuba isikhukukazi semallard sivuthulule iholo yequla okanye ezinye ii-drake-hangouts ukuze sizenze basilandele sinento yokwenza nobomi baso.Ngokuchaseneyo nerhanisi laseCanada, elaziwa ngokuphila ukusuka kwiminyaka elishumi ukuya kumashumi amabini anesihlanu kwindalo, iimallards zasendle zinobomi obuphakathi kweminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu.Oku kuthetha ukuba ipesenti ephezulu yeemazi, eziqala ukuzala kwiminyaka emibini, ziya kukhwela kube kanye kuphela ebomini bazo.Ukudityaniswa okuninzi, okunokubeka isikhukukazi emngciphekweni, kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba amaqanda aso aya kuchuma.
Kwaye amadada amantombazana anemfihlo, ukuba ayiqhelekanga, iqhinga - xa isikhukukazi sifumana ingqalelo yabafana, sisenokungakwazi ukubagxotha kodwa sinokukhetha udada-dada.Ukuba indoda ayimfanelanga, uya kukhokelela ilungu lobudoda lelahleko kwilungu lobufazi de libe ligqibile, i-copulation fake-out.Kodwa ukuba uyathanda
idrake, umfana onethamsanqa uya kuvunyelwa ukuba ahambe iiyadi ezilithoba zonke.Ukuthetha – ndiyathandabuza ukuba lide kangako.
Ngokucacileyo, iimallards azifuni uncedo lwethu ekufumaneni ukutya.Kwiimeko ezininzi ayingombono ulungileyo – kwaye imithetho kamasipala yasekuhlaleni inokukuthintela – ukondla iintaka zasemanzini.Oku kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kongcoliseko lwamanzi kunye nezifo, kwanezinye izigulo ezichaphazela abantu.Oko kubizwa ngokuba “kukurhawuzelelwa ngabantu abaqubhayo,” isifunxi-gazi sedada esinokuthwaxa abantu abahamba elwandle, sisona sincinane kubo.I-GISD ithi “…i-mallards yeyona nto iphambili kumgama omde we-H5N1 [umkhuhlane weentaka] kuba ikhupha inani eliphezulu lentsholongwane kunamanye amadada ngelixa ebonakala engakhuselekanga kwiziphumo zawo… inika ikhonkco kwiintaka zasendle, izilwanyana zasekhaya, nabantu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibe yintsholongwane ebulalayo.”
Ubomi obufutshane be-mallards baqhube iintlobo zokuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezibandakanya ukuziphatha kakubi kwamadoda.Abantu abanasizathu sinjalo.Kuya kuba yidada ukuba thina bafana singavuma ukuba singaze senze njenge-connard, kodwa oko kusenokungabi yinyani kwihlabathi elintsonkothileyo.Mhlawumbi ubuncinane sinokuzama ukuthetha iilwimi ezimbini.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwi-amazon.
Ngamanye amaxesha ndiye ndizibuze ukuba ingaba izibetho zeBhayibhile zeYiputa yamandulo ziye zahlala ngendlela enye okanye enye.Iintyatyambo zolwelwe oluyityhefu, oluthi ngamanye amaxesha lujike amanzi abe nombala obomvu wegazi, luya lusanda.Iimbuzane kunye neentwala zithathelwe indawo ngamakhalane exhama, endinokuthi mandundu ngakumbi, kwaye asinqongophele isichotho ngexesha lonyaka.Uqhambuko lwamasele lusenokuba alizange lwenzeke ukususela kwixesha likaFaro, kodwa amaxoxo kamoba anetyhefu athunyelwa eOstreliya ngoku avuthuza apho, etshabalalisa zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana zalapho.Yaye ngoku, ibubu leenkumbi libangela ubunzima obukhulu eSomalia, e-Ethiopia naseKenya.
Apha kuMntla-mpuma, sisikelelwe ngokukhululekileyo kuhlobo lweentethe ezitya ibubu eziqhubeka zibangela ukubandezeleka eAfrika.Nakuba kunjalo, iinkumbi ziye zaba yingxaki kangangokuba ngo-2014 iSebe Lokulondolozwa Kwemekobume laseNew York State (NYSDEC) labhengeza ezo nkumbi njengeSidilo esiSetyenzwayo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba “azinakukwazi ukwaziswa kwindawo ekhululekileyo.”Ngamanye amazwi, iinkumbi zisemthethweni kuphela kwindawo ezingenakubaleka kuyo.
Njengesiqhelo oku kuvuleka okukhohlisayo, endingaxolisi ngokunyanisekileyo.Kwintamo yethu yehlathi, iinkumbi ezichaphazela i-NYSDEC kunye namanye amaqela olondolozo ziinkumbi ezimnyama (Robinia pseudoacacia), imithi enemvelaphi kuMbindi-Mpuma we-US.
Ilungu losapho lwe-ertyisi, inkumbi emnyama ivuthwa kubude obuziimitha ezingama-60-80, kwaye izenzele initrogen yayo “ngokulungisa” initrogen esemoyeni ngokusebenzisa ibhaktiriya yomhlaba osebenzisanayo kumaqhuqhuva eengcambu.Esi sichumiso sasimahla sinika inkumbi inzuzo kwiindawo ezingenazo izondlo.Ukongeza, baziingcali zokuziqhelanisa ngokuzenzela iingcambu okanye izihluma, kanye njengeepopulari.Ingakumbi kumhlaba ombi, oku kunokukhokelela kwimithi yeenkumbi ekufutshane ne-monoculture.Iinkumbi izinika elinye iliso elimnyama ngokuba nameva abukhali akwazi ukuhlinza iimpahla kunye nolusu.
Ngokwenkcazelo, uhlobo oluhlaselayo lusuka kwenye i-ikhosistim (ngokuqhelekileyo phesheya kolwandle), iyakwazi ukukhula kwaye ithathe indawo yabakhuphisana nabo bomthonyama, kwaye ibangela iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zoqoqosho, i-ikholoji, okanye impilo yabantu.Imizekelo efana ne-emerald ash borer, i-Asian longhorned beetle, i-Japanese knotweed, kunye ne-swallow-wort ifaneleka ngokucacileyo kwelo tyala, ebangela umonakalo weebhiliyoni, kodwa ingenazo iimpawu zokukhulula.
Ndicinga ukuba akulunganga ukupeyinta zonke izinto ezihlaselayo ngebrashi enye.Enye into, kuba kukho ngaphezu kwe-400 yeentlobo ezihlaselayo kwi-NY State kuphela, iibristles ziya kuphelelwa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba ugqibe umsebenzi.Kuyathakazelisa ukuba iinkumbi ezimnyama, eziye zasasazwa kuluhlu lwazo lwemveli kwiminyaka engama-500 okanye ngaphezulu eyadlulayo, kuphela kuthiwe zihlasela kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo.Kwiithafa, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zeentaka ezihlala kwindawo enengca ngokubanzi, inokuba yingxaki ngokwenene.Nangona kunjalo, zininzi ezinye iindawo apho iluncedo ngokucacileyo, ngokwezoqoqosho kunye nendalo.
UGqr. Robert P. Barrett weYunivesithi yaseMichigan State, obephanda ngemithi yeenkumbi ezimnyama ukususela ngo-1978, ubhala ukuba “... ngenxa yeeflavonoids kwi-heartwood, [umthi weenkumbi ezimnyama] unokunyamezela iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 emhlabeni.”Hambisa ngaphaya, redwood, ehlala iminyaka engama-30 kuphela.Ukumelana nokubola kuko okwenza ukuba iimfuno zepali zocingo lweenkumbi zibe ngaphezu kwexabiso elikhoyo ngeli xesha.
Lo mgangatho sisizathu sokuba iinkumbi ezimnyama zangeniswa eYurophu ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1600.Ngokuhamba kwexesha, amahlathi aseYurophu enze umsebenzi obalaseleyo wokukhetha iimpawu ezifana neziqu ezithe tye, ezifanayo, kwaye namhlanje eyona mithombo ilungileyo yeenkumbi kuthiwa ifumaneka eHungary.Amafama aseYurophu akhawuleza aqonda ukuba amagqabi eenkumbi ayengumthombo oxabisekileyo weprotheyini kwimfuyo eyetyisayo, kwaye nanamhla oku isetyenziswa ngolo hlobo eYurophu nakumazwe amaninzi aseAsia apho iinkumbi ezimnyama zazithunyelwa khona.
Ebhalela iNkqubo yeeFama ezincinci zaseCornell, iNgcali yoLwandiso uSteve Gabriel uqaphela ukuba abafuyi beenyosi bazixabisile iinkumbi ezimnyama.Iintyatyambo zayo zingumthombo obalulekileyo wencindi yeenyosi, yaye ubusi obuvelayo, maxa wambi obubizwa ngokuba lubusi lomnga, bufunwa kakhulu.UGabriel ubhala kwakhona ukuba iinkumbi ezimnyama zisetyenziselwa "njengesityalo somongikazi" kwiibhoma ze-walnut kuba ibeka i-nitrogen emhlabeni, kwaye ayichatshazelwa yi-toxin ekhutshwe kwiingcambu ze-walnut.
Enye ingongoma yeyokuba iinkumbi ezimnyama zilungele ukubuyisela imingxuma yegrabile, imigodi yemigodi kunye nezinye iindawo ezinzima.Ekuqukumbeleni iphepha lakhe lowe-1990 elithi “Intethe Emnyama: Intlobo Yemithi Eneenjongo Ezininzi Yemozulu Epholileyo,” uGqr. Barrett uthi “Njengomnye wemithi eguquguqukayo nekhula ngokukhawuleza ekhoyo kwimozulu epholileyo, iya kuhlala ixatyiswa ngokukhukuliseka komhlaba. ulawulo kunye nokutshalwa kwamahlathi kwiindawo ezinzima.Kusenokufuneka amahlathi amatsha ezityalo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza ukuze kuthotywe iCO2 kwiatmosfera yethu.”
Iinkumbi ezimnyama azikhuli ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezihlelelekileyo kuphela, iinkuni zazo zinexabiso eliphezulu lobushushu ngokomthamo wawo nawuphi na umthi okuMntla-mpuma.Iitshati zeWood-BTU azifane zivumelane, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokwahluka kweemeko zokukhula ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwenye ezichaphazela umgangatho womthi, kodwa iinkumbi ezimnyama zihlala zilinganiselwa phakathi kwezigidi ezingama-28 kunye nama-29.7 ezigidi zeBTU ngentambo nganye.Oku kuyibeka ngokuhambelana, okanye ngcono kancinci kune, hickory.Uvavanyo olwenziwe yi-Southern Forest Biomass Working Group lufumanise ukuba kulo naluphi na uhlobo lomthi oluvavanyiweyo, iinkumbi ezimnyama zezona zinexabiso eliphantsi ukukhula kwaye zinike elona xabiso likhulu lobushushu, malunga nezigidi ezingama-200 ze-BTU ngehektare nganye emva kweminyaka emihlanu.
Ngorhwebo, iinkumbi ezimnyama zifunwa kakhulu ngamaplanga asemgodini, amaqhina kaloliwe, ukwakhiwa kwezikhephe, kunye nezicelo ezininzi apho kubalulekile ukumelana nokubola.Ngokutsho kwe-wood-database.com, "Iinkumbi eziMnyama yinkuni enzima kakhulu kwaye eyomeleleyo, ekhuphisana ne-Hickory (i-Carya genus) njengeyona imithi yasekhaya eyomeleleyo kunye neqinile, kodwa ngokuzinzileyo kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola."IManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo iyigqala njengeyona mithombo izinzileyo nelungele indalo yamaplanga, yaye iNational Wildlife Foundation ithi isingathe iindidi ezingama-57 zamabhabhathane namanundu.Zonke izizathu ezilungileyo zokubetha iinkumbi kuluhlu lwezibetho.
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwi-amazon.
Kwiinzame zokukhuthaza indlela yokuphila esempilweni, ndingathanda ukulumkisa uluntu malunga neekhemikhali eziyingozi ekutyeni nakwiziselo zethu.Enye ngokukodwa ibonakala kunzima ukuyiphepha.Lumkela iDihydrogen Oxide, ikhompawundi eyoyikisayo ekwaziyo ukudleka isinyithi, inyibilikisa ikhonkrithi, kwaye yonakalise uluhlu lwemathiriyeli yasekhaya.Yima, hayi – ngamanzi nje lawo.Unemincili yonke into.
Kulungile, nantsi iindaba eziphazamisayo: iminqathe ephilayo zaziwa ngokuba ziqulethe (2E,4E,6E,8E) -3,7-dimethyl-9- (2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-retinoic acid.Bambelela;uxolo – yiVithamin A yendalo leyo. Kodwa iimbotyi zesoya ezingenazibulali zinambuzane ngokuqinisekileyo zigcwele i-4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin.Oko kuya kukwenza ukuba ucinge kabini malunga nokubeka i-tofu kwifolokhwe yakho.Yhu, ndiyenzile kwakhona.Laa nto yiVithamin B6, efumaneka kwiinkozo ezininzi- ndiyaxolisa ngokubeka unyawo lwam emlonyeni wam.
Sonke sifuna ukutya okunempilo, okunencasa, okungenatyhefu.Ngelishwa, kuya kuba nzima nangakumbi ukwazi ukuba ukutya kwethu kuyayifanela na loo nkcazo.Amagama afana ne "organic" kunye "nendalo" iye yankcenkceshelwa kwaye yaxutywa kwi-stew ye-bureaucracy - endicebisa ukuba wonke umntu aphephe, ngendlela-kwaye aphulukene nokubaluleka kwawo.Ngamafutshane (ngaphandle kokuba uyalwani), ukutya okukwixesha lonyaka nakwingingqi kuhlala kusilungele.Ukuba umlimi uQinisekisiwe nge-Organic, okanye unokungqina imveliso yakhe okanye inyama ayiphathwanga ngamachiza, kungcono kakhulu.Kodwa akukho ndlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba ukutya okuthile ngaphandle kweekhompawundi ezongeziweyo.
Inye into ekufuneka siyikhumbule kukuba konke ukutya esikutyayo - kwaye ngokwenene iiseli zethu - zenziwe ngemichiza.Ngokuxhomekeke kulwimi olusetyenziswa ngumntu, ezi zinto zinokubonakala ziyingozi ngokupheleleyo.
Kukho umbutho ekuthiwa yi-International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists okanye i-IUPAC, umsebenzi wawo ikukusibhidanisa.Ewe, nantso into abayenzayo, kodwa asiyonjongo yabo.Endaweni yoko, aba bantu baye bavumelana ngenkqubo yamagama yendalo yonke yeekhemikhali ukuze ulwimi lungabi ngumqobo kuphando.Kodwa ke
Eyona nto yenzekayo kukuba into esempilweni iya kuhlala ibonakala isoyikeka kwabangengawo amachiza.Ukuba uyalithanda ivumba lemithi yompayina, njengoko ndenzayo, uphefumlela i-isomeric tertiary kunye nesecondary cyclic terpene alcohols.Kuvakala ukoyikisa, kodwa kukhuselekile ngokupheleleyo.Ukubunjwa kuyahluka ngokweentlobo, kodwa ukuba ngumpayini omhlophe, unuka iNombolo yeCAS 8002-09-3.Kwifom egxininisiweyo, ioli yepine ibhalwe njenge-pesticide kunye ne-eye irritant enzima.Ngumdlalo nje wegama, nangona kunjalo.Nceda, qhubeka nohambo lwakho ehlathini.
Eyona nto indikhathazayo yindlela amagama asetyenziswa ngayo.Nangona ndiyitya inyama, kwandicaphukisa ukubona umzobo wamva nje we-intanethi ogxeka ukutya okusekwe kwimifuno, okufana nenyama (okanye nantoni na endivunyelweyo ngabaququzeleli kunye namagqwetha ukuba ndiyithethe) ngokuba “neekhemikhali eziyingozi” kuzo.Isibhengezo sakhankanya i-iron phosphate, “isithiyelo se-slug;”titanium dioxide, “isixhobo esimhlophe esisetyenziswa kwipeyinti;nezinye izinto ezoyikekayo.
Ewe, i-iron phosphate yinto eyenzeka ngokwendalo.Ikwalungile nakuwe, logama nje ungatyi ubunzima bomzimba wakho.Kulapho i-slugs iphosakele.I-Titanium dioxide ayiyondalo, kodwa ndiyaqinisekisa ukuba sele utyile iponti yayo ngoku, kuba ikuzo zonke iziqholo zethu, ikofu creamer, iilekese,
UPaul Hetzler yingcali yendalo, i-arborist, kunye nomfundisi wangaphambili kunye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwi-amazon.
Ukunqunqa umthi ngumbandela endinokuwulungisa.Ayinamsebenzi, ayibukeki, ayinasimilo, iyingozi, kwaye inokubangela ukunyuka kwempandla yamadoda kunye neempelaveki ezinemvula.I-Topping ayinakucingelwa, iyoyikeka, imbi kwaye i-yucko!Oko kufanele kucace kakhulu.Akukho mibuzo?Owu, kanye kanye yintoni ukugalela umthi?Bambelela.Mmmm Kungcono.Kwafuneka ndosule ugwebu emlonyeni.
Ukunqunyulwa kwemithi, okungayi kuchaphazela ngokwenene iinwele zakho okanye imozulu, kukususwa kwamalungu kunye okanye / iziqu kubude obungenasizathu, ukushiya i-stubs.Ngokwahlukileyo kwaziwa njengesihloko, ukurhangqwa komnqwazi okanye ukuncamathelisa, kuyagxekwa nguMbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe weArboriculture kunye neminye imibutho yobungcali yokukhathalela imithi.
I-Topping ayifanele ibhidaniswe kunye ne-pollarding, isiko eliqala kumaxesha e-feudal xa abalimi babenokubulawa ngenxa yokugawula imithi yenkosi, kodwa bavunyelwe ukuba banqumle ulwandiso lwesetyana lonyaka ngamnye ukubuyisela kwi-callus "ibhola" ukuze isetyenziswe njengamafutha kunye. ifula.I-pollarding ayisebenzi kuzo zonke iintlobo, kwaye ukuze uphumelele kufuneka uqalwe xa umthi usemncinci, kwaye uqhubeke ngonyaka.
Buyela kwi-topping.Iwenza mfutshane umthi, kodwa ayiguquli iDNA yomthi ewuyalela ukuba ukhule ufikelele kwiintlobo zawo.Emva kokuba isakhiwo sesebe sendalo sibhujiswe ngokunyuka, ukukhula okutsha kuqhuma kwi-bark.La mahlumela, abizwa ngokuba yi-epicormic sprouts, aya kuba ngamasebe amakhulu.Ngelishwa, zihlala zincamathele kakubi kumthi womzali.
Ngenxa yokuba umthi ungxamele ukuphinda ufumane ubude bawo obugunyaziswe ngokwemfuza, amasebe amatsha akhula ngokukhawuleza kunesiqhelo.Uyazi ukuba ukungxama kwenza inkcitho, kwaye njengoko umthi ukhupha la malungu atshintshiweyo, "uyalibala" ukongeza i-lignin eninzi, ekukuplanga oko imivalo yokuqinisa intsimbi kwikhonkrithi.I-Lignin yinto enika amasebe amandla.Ke ngoku sinamasebe abuthathaka kunawokuqala, kwaye adityaniswe kakubi ukuya esiqwini okanye kumthi omkhulu wesebe.
Kodwa kukho izinto ezimbini ezingakumbi.Into Eyokuqala kukubola, okungena kwinxeba ngalinye elingaphezulu.Amasebe ethu amatsha abuthathaka ngokukhawuleza azifumana sele ebolile.Ingathatha iminyaka engamashumi amathathu okanye inokwenzeka ngaphantsi kwesihlanu, kodwa yonke i-topping cut ikhula ilungu elibulalayo.Kwizinto ezimbalwa eziqinisekileyo eziqinisekileyo ebomini, ezithathu kuzo “kukufa,” “irhafu,” “nokugatywa kwemithi kudala iingozi.”
Into yesiBini luhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomthi.Umthi onomnqwazi kufuneka ukhuphe imali ebhankini (isitatshi esiphuma kwindawo yokugcina) ukuze utshintshe iinkuni ezithwele amagqabi ngexesha apho uninzi lwe-akhawunti yawo yebhanki, isitashi esigcinwe kwizicubu ezinomthi, iye yabiwa kwaye iqhutywe kwi-chipper. .
Imithi ifuna oovimba ukuze yenze imichiza ekhuselayo ekhusela izinambuzane nokubola, ukwandisa iingcambu, nokuvelisa amagqabi onyaka ngamnye.Umthi ophakanyiswe phezulu uba buthathaka yaye usesichengeni ngakumbi sokubola, izifo nezinambuzane kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambi “konyango” lwawo.Ukuba kufunwa umthi omfutshane, kufuneka kutyalwe uhlobo olufutshane olukhula.
Isenokuvakala ngathi ndibuyela umva, kodwa kukho uqheliselo olubizwa ngokuba “kukuncitshiswa kwesithsaba” okunokunciphisa kancinci ubude bemithi yomthi oqinileyo ngelixa igcina uyilo lwendalo.Ukunciphisa isithsaba kuthatha uqeqesho oluhle ukwenza ngokufanelekileyo.Inokunciphisa ubude bomthi ngama-20-25 ekhulwini, kwaye kufuneka iphindwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-3-5 njengoko ibonwa njengobulumko ngumgcini wezityalo onamava.
Olunye uqheliselo, olubizwa ngokuba “kukubhitya isithsaba,” luthetha ngoloyiko lokuvuthuza komthi.Oku kukuthenwa ngobuchule kwamasebe ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke ikhenopi ukunciphisa ukumelana nomoya.Ubuninzi obungama-20% amasebe aphilayo anokuthathwa.Kwakhona, oku kuthatha isakhono esikhulu ngakumbi kunokweqa.
I-International Society of Arboriculture, umbutho wophando kunye nemfundo weengcali zokukhathalela imithi, ucebisa uluntu ukuba inkampani yemithi ethengisa i-topping topping kufuneka ingaqeshwa ukwenza nawuphi na umsebenzi.Ixesha.Ukubeka nje, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ungabavumeli ukuba babeke unyawo kwindawo yakho.Inkampani ezimisele ukubeka phezulu imithi ngenkcazo engaphantsi kobuchwephesha, kwaye ayinakukwazi ukuqonda ezinye izinto zokunakekelwa kwemithi, kubandakanywa neenkqubo zokhuseleko ezisisiseko.
Ukunqunyulwa kwemithi kwamkelekile, nangona kunjalo, kubo bonke abonwabela ii-hat racks ezingamashumi amane, kunye namatyala oxanduva.Ngoku kukho nayiphi na imibuzo?
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu le-ISA-Ontario, kunye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Rhoqo ngonyaka ndifundisa iiklasi ezininzi zokuchongwa kwemithi yasebusika.Nangona zihlala ziqhutyelwa ngaphandle kungakhathaliseki ukuba kubanda kangakanani, ukuvavanya kwabafundi kubonisa ukuba iiklasi ezinjalo ziyonwabisa.Ukubonisa abathathi-nxaxheba indlela yokuxelela umthi womthi okhuni owenziwe ngamagqabi ukusuka kwenye yinto enye, kodwa ukucacisa ukuba kutheni umntu kufuneka azikhathaze kunzima.Enye impendulo isenokuba, “Ikuvavanyo.”Kodwa kukho izizathu ezininzi ezisebenzayo - kunye ne-offbeat embalwa kunye nezikhuthazo ezinomdla - ukwazi uhlobo oluthile lomthi ukusuka kwenye ebusika.
Ngokwembono yokusinda, nabani na ozifumana elahlekile okanye evalelwe (okanye owomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba angangena enkampini) ekupheleni kobusika angafumana amanzi ngokukhuselekileyo ngokusela incindi.Xa amaqondo obushushu enyuka ngaphezu komkhenkce emini nangaphantsi ebusuku, incindi ifumaneka kwiswekile, ethambileyo (ebomvu) nesilivere yeemaphu.I-maple sap iya kuqukuqela ekwindla ngexesha lokunyibilika kwe-oscillation yemihla ngemihla.
Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba amagqabi aphume, i-maple sap-flow iyaphela, kodwa iibhirch - ezimhlophe (iphepha), ezityheli, ezimnyama, ezingwevu, kunye nomlambo - zivelisa incindi eninzi ukusuka phakathi ku-Epreli ukuya kuMeyi.Imidiliya yasendle iya kukunika imithwalo yesiselo esingena pathogen nayo.Ekwindla nasekuqaleni kobusika, ukwazi i-shrub dogwoods kunye ne-viburnums ukusuka kwi-honeysuckle kunokukukora amajikijolo anencasa, azele amandla kunokuba abe yingozi.
Ukuba umtsha kwindawo yokuhlala ezilalini, unokuchitha ixesha elininzi ngokulula, ungasathethi ke ngokuphelelwa ngamaplanga ebusika, ukuba usika intaphane ye-basswood ucinga ukuba luthuthu.Kunceda kakhulu ukwazi ukuba kwi-pinch, umntu unokutshisa umlotha omtsha kunye ne-cherry, ngelixa ezinye iinkuni ezisanda kunqunyulwa ziza kuphuma kwisitofu sezinkuni.Ngaphezu koko, unokukholisa abahlobo bakho ngokwahlula umjikelo wemephu ethambileyo ngesandla esinye, kwaye emva koko ubanike i-chunk ye-elm okanye i-hickory ye-bitternut ukuzama ithamsanqa labo.Andithi ndakhe ndayenza into enje mna.
I-Bark ayikho into ethembekileyo ye-ID.Inokubonelela ngesikhokelo, kodwa ayifanelanga ukuthenjwa njengomthombo oyintloko.Iibhirches zinokuba nexolo elimnyama, eliphuzi okanye elibomvu, umzekelo.Ayizizo zonke ii-hickory ezinamaxolo e-shaggy.Amaxolo echerry kunye ne-ironwood anemida exwesileyo enombala okhanyayo ebizwa ngokuba ziilentile, kodwa kuphela kwimithi emincinci.Ezinye iipateni zamaxolo, njengemisele emile njengedayimane yothuthu, isenokungabikho ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zesiza kunye nempilo yomthi.
Isixhobo esingcono sokuxilonga lilungiselelo, okuthetha ukuba amasetyana akhula ajongene kwelinye kwisebe, okanye ayatshintshana.Uninzi lwemithi luyatshintshana, ngoko sijolisa kwizinto ezichaseneyo: imephu, umlotha kunye ne-dogwood, okanye "i-MAD."Izihlahla kunye nemithi emincinci kwintsapho yaseCaprifolaceae, efana ne-viburnums, ichasene, nayo.Ukukhawuleza "i-MAD Cap" inokukunceda ukugcina umkhondo wokuba ngubani ochasayo nongekhoyo.
Iphunga liyisalathisi esithembekileyo, kodwa kuphela kwiintlobo ezimbalwa.Amasetyana e-birch emthubi namnyama anuka kwaye incasa ngathi yi-wintergreen.Hlaba isetyana lecherry kwaye uya kufumana i-almond ekrakra.Imaple ethambileyo (ebomvu) kunye nesilivere inexolo elifanayo, kodwa amasetyana esilivere yemaple ivumba akwinqanaba xa yaphukile.
Zonke iinkuni zethu zomthonyama zizihlahla, ezishiya imaple kunye nothuthu njengamalungu odwa eklabhu yomthi ochaseneyo.Unokucinga ukuba oko kuya kwenza izinto zibe lula, kodwa izinto ezenzeka emithini zinokuhlwayela ukudideka.Isetyana ngalinye kuthuthu olunikiweyo okanye isebe lemaple lisenokuba liphosakele “isebe leqabane” lalo kwelinye icala lelo sebe.Ukuqhekeka, iintsholongwane, umonakalo owenziwe ngumkhenkce kunye nezinye izinto ziya kwenza oko, ke ungawathembi ngokupheleleyo amalungiselelo esebe.
Ngethamsanqa kuthi, i-buds, njengeVulcans, ayinakuxoka.Jonga ngokusondeleyo kwisetyana ukuze ubone ukuba amathupha achasene okanye ayatshintshana.Ubungakanani be-Bud, imilo kunye nokubekwa kuya kunika imikhondo eyongezelelweyo.
I-Beech inamathupha amade, afana nelance.Ibhalsam-populari inamaqhuma ancangathi, anevumba elimnandi.Iimephu ezibomvu kunye nesilivere zine-puffy, i-reddish buds.I-Sugar maple buds imdaka kwaye i-conical, njengekhowuni yeswekile.Imi-oki inamaqhuqhuva ekupheleni kwesetyana ngalinye.Iintyatyambo zeenkumbi ezimnyama "ezingabonakaliyo" zifihla phantsi kwexolo.
Ngaphakathi kwithupha ngalinye kukho igqabi leembryonic (kunye/okanye intyatyambo).Ukukhusela iintlawulo zabo zethenda, uninzi lwezihlahla zemithi zinezikali ezidlulayo ezivula entwasahlobo.I-Basswood buds inezikali ezimbini okanye ezintathu, ezihluka kakhulu ngobukhulu.I-Sugar maple buds inezikali ezininzi, ezifanayo.Ibutternut kunye nehickory buds azinazikali.Izixhobo ze-ID zomthi wasebusika zingcono kakhulu zi-buds.Khumbula ukuba;inokuba kuvavanyo.
Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nokuchongwa kwemithi, bona incwadi kaCornell ethi “Yazi Imithi Yakho,” efumaneka njengokukhuphela mahala (http://www.uvstorm.org/Downloads/Know_Your_Trees_Booklet.pdf)
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu le-ISA-Ontario, kunye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Ngamanye amaxesha kuvakala ngathi i-Old Man Winter ine-app ye-oscillation yobushushu ayivulayo ngaphambi kokunyamalala iveki okanye ezimbini, mhlawumbi kwindawo eshushu.Andithi imozulu kaDecember ibinzima, ibingumsindo nje.Ithemometha iye yagxuma yaya phezulu nasezantsi, ukusuka kumbi ukuya kuthi ga ngaphantsi kweqanda, kwaye ubuyele kumashumi amane anesihlanu ngaphezulu kwaloo veki inye.Ndiyinto yonke engalindelekanga, kodwa xa ubona ipateni, ibali liyadika.
Ukulandela imozulu nganye eguquguqukayo, ndiva abantu besithi indlela ekubhideke ngayo ukurhuqa amagqabi ngenye imini, ukugalela ikhephu ngomhlakulo, emva koko kusetyenziswe iikramponi ngosuku olulandelayo ngenxa yemvula eqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo.Ukuba ucinga ukuba kuyacaphukisa kuthi bantu, abanobunewunewu bokubuyela kumakhaya ethu afudumeleyo, khawucinge ukuba izilwanyana zivakalelwa njani.
Imvula engumkhenkce inokonakalisa izinto kwiintaka eziculayo.IiChickadees azikwazi ukwahlula i-birch kunye ne-alder catkins ezixhomekeke kuzo ekutyeni.Iinuthatches azikwazi kukhupha imbewu kwipine kunye ne-spruce cones ezigqunywe emkhenkceni.Iziganeko ezinjalo ze-glaze ziqhelekileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa zivela rhoqo xa ubusika butshintsha ingqondo yabo yonke imihla embalwa.I-ice crust phezu kwekhephu inokwenza kube nzima kwi-grouse kunye ne-turkeys, kunye nexhama ngokunjalo, ukufumana ukukhangela.
Yinto ecacileyo ukuba ikhephu elinzulu lithintela amaxhama ekufikeleleni uhlaza emhlabeni, ngaphezu kokuthintela ukuhamba kwawo.Njengoko i-snowpack isiba nzulu i-intshi ezilishumi elinesithandathu okanye ngaphezulu, izisu zabo ziyarhuqa, kwaye kunzima kubo ukuphakamisa imilenze yabo phezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba bathathe inyathelo.Kwezi meko, ixhama liya “kuya phezulu,” lifumane ikhusi kwindawo yokuma ye-conifer.Phantsi kwekhenopi ehlala iluhlaza kukho ikhephu elincinane kakhulu emhlabeni kuba amagqabi athintela ikhephu elininzi.Ingxaki kukuba ukutya kuncinane kakhulu, yaye indlala ibakho ngamaxesha athile kwiiyadi zamaxhama.
Ngexesha lobusika obuqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo, iiturkeys ezininzi nazo zibulawa yindlala.Ngokuqhelekileyo bakhangela ukutya ngokuhamba kunye nokukrwela kwi-duff ukuze bafumane ukutya, into abangakwaziyo ukuyenza kwikhephu elinzulu.I-Turkeys iya kufuna amajikijolo ahlala kwizihlahla kunye nemithi efana ne-highbush cranberry, i-hawthorn, i-sumac kunye ne-hackberry, kodwa oko kutya kulinganiselwe.
Ukanti ezinye izidalwa zixhomekeke kwikhephu ukuze ziphile.Iimpuku ezincinci, i-meadow voles ngokukodwa, zihamba kakuhle kwihlabathi eliphantsi kwekhephu, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-subnivean environment.Zikhuselekile kwiintaka ezidla inyama, ezona zilwanyana zibalulekileyo, kwaye zinokufumana imbewu eninzi yokhula kunye nezinye izityalo ezinokutya kuzo.Ngelishwa oku ngamanye amaxesha kubandakanya ixolo leziqu zemithi emincinci, nto leyo edanisa abalimi kunye nabaninimzi.Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo ze-Adirondacks, i-American okanye i-pine marten izingela iintonga phantsi kwekhephu.
Xa izinto ezimhlophe zifumba, imivundla yeshoe, eneenyawo ezinoboya obude, ineadvanteji ngaphezu kwamarhamncwa afana neempungutye ezineenyawo ezithambileyo.Kodwa ngemijikelo ephindaphindiweyo yokunyibilika komkhenkce, olo ncedo luyanyibilika.Kwaye iintlobo ezithile zinxiba ezimhlophe ngeenyanga ezibandayo.I-camouflage emhlophe ayisebenzi kwi-ermines kunye nemivundla xa imozulu eguquguqukayo ihlala itshintsha umbala ongasemva.
Iimeko zasebusika zichaphazela ubomi basemanzini, kwakhona.Ioksijini ingena emanzini ngokudibana nomoya, kwaye isuka kwi-photosynthesis yezityalo zasemanzini.Umkhenkce kunye nekhephu kwiindlela zamanzi zinqamla ukukhanya kwelanga kwizityalo, kunye nokudibana nomoya ukuya emanzini.
NgokukaBud Ziolkowski waseSaranac Lake, owayesakuba ngumhlohli weKholeji kaPaul Smith onemvelaphi kwibhayoloji yezokuloba, inani elincinci leentlanzi lidla ngokufa ngenxa yeemeko zasebusika minyaka le.Noko ke, ebusika obugqunywe ngumkhenkce ixesha elide, ioksijini esemanzini inokuncipha kangangokuba iintlanzi ezininzi zinokufuthaniselwa.Intlanzi ayizizo zodwa ezisebenzisa ioksijini phantsi komkhenkce-izityalo ezibolayo kwintlenga engaphantsi okanye i-benthos isebenzisa ngaphezulu kakhulu kuneentlanzi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba i-Old Man Winter iza kubuya kungekudala, itshiswe lilanga kwaye yonwabile, kwaye icime i-"App yomkhenkce nomlilo" ukuze siqhubeke nexesha elifanelekileyo lonyaka.
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu le-ISA-Ontario, kunye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lwabantu baseMntla Melika balivile ibinzana elithi “Yenza iMelika ibe nkulu kwakhona,” isilogeni esisetyenziswe liphulo likaTrump elikhokelela kunyulo jikelele lwase-US luka-2016. Nokuba le ntetho ingaqondwa njani okanye ingaqondwa kakuhle, kuyindalo ukuba ingcinga. yokubuyela kwindawo engcono ekuhambeni kwexesha yabetha abantu abaninzi baseMelika.
Ndicinga ukuba izigqibo ezininzi zoNyaka oMtsha zinento yokwenza nombono ofanayo: Ukuba sitya ngcono, senze umthambo ngakumbi, siyayeka icuba, sinciphise utywala okanye ukutya okunamafutha, sinethemba lokubuyisela ubunzima obufanelekileyo okanye amandla omzimba esasinawo ngaphambili.Nokuba asizange sibe nomfanekiso ogqibeleleyo okanye impilo engenasiphako, sicinga ukuba singumntu ongcono kwaye singathanda ukuqhubela phambili ukuya kuyo.Ngokubanzi, lo ngumnqweno olungileyo.
Ukubuyisela isizwe kwixesha lamandulo bekuya kuba liqhinga.Thatha i-US, umzekelo.Ngo-1969, abasebenzi benza ingeniso eyi-26% ngaphezulu kunanamhlanje.Kodwa kwakukho izidubedube zobuhlanga, nemilambo eyatshayo, nayo.Ngeminyaka yoo-1950, uqoqosho lwakhula ngama-37%, kodwa amakhulu amawaka abantwana bosulelwa yipoliyo.Ewe kuyafana kuyo yonke indawo – alikho ilizwe elinexesha eliqaqambileyo xa ukroba emva komkhusane.
Nangona kunjalo, libali elahlukileyo kuthi njengabantu ngabanye.Kumntu, sonke sasikhulile, yaye sinako ukubuyisela ezinye zezona mpawu zalo zixabisekileyo.Ukuzivocavoca kunye nokutya okufanelekileyo kulungile, kodwa ngokombono wam akukho nto ngaphandle kwemiba esisiseko sokuziphatha kwethu okuhle.
Xa ndandineminyaka engama-28 ubudala, ndandisitya ukutya okuziinkozo, i-iron emponthiweyo, ndingaseli yaye ndingatshayi, ndinyamezele njenge-decathlete, yaye ndandisebenza nzima, nto leyo eyayiza kuyihlazisa iPuritan.Kodwa hayi ixesha elinzima.Ekubeni ndandinebhongo ngezo zinto, ndandidla ngokubagweba abantu abangafezekanga.Andikwazi ukuyivuma indlela endandingakhuselekanga ngayo ukuba ndibonisa uloyiko lwam kwabanye.Ndandifuna ukwenza okulungileyo, kodwa maxa wambi ndandiba neentloni.
Ngoku kabini kuloo minyaka, ndiye ndaqalisa ukubuyela kubukhulu.Ewe, kwelo cala ngokubanzi.Ewe, ndingasebenzisa umthambo omninzi kunye neelekese ezimbalwa, kodwa ayisiyiyo eyona nto kugxilwe kuyo.Xa ndandimhle ngokwenene?Yimpendulo efanayo nakuwe.Kuwo wonke umntu.
Nokuba uyakholelwa ukuba uThixo wasidala njengembonakaliso egqibeleleyo kodwa ekhethekileyo yomfanekiso kaThixo, okanye siyimveliso yeebhiliyoni ezine zeminyaka yenkqubo egqwesileyo yebhayoloji ebizwa ngokuba yindaleko, okanye zombini, kufuneka uvume ukuba seza emhlabeni. .Kulungile, ngokuqinisekileyo - sifika singenakunceda kwaye sifuna ukuhoywa.Yiloo nto.
Sehla koomama bethu siye kwiPlanethi yoMhlaba ngokugqibeleleyo sikwazi ukufumana kunye nokunika uthando, olukwaziyo nokulangazelela ukufunda izinto ezimangalisayo.Siza ngamandla amakhulu ovelwano kunye novelwano.Wonke umntu osandul 'ukuzalwa ubonisa amandla kunye nomnqweno wokudibanisa kunye nokudibanisa nabantu.Nawuphi na umntu.Kwimveku, wonke umntu wamkelekile, njengokuba benjalo ehlabathini.
Ngemini yokufika kwethu, sasikwazi ukuthanda nabani na, kungakhathaliseki ibala lolusu, isini, okanye apho avela khona.Ngaloo mini sasivuleleke ngokupheleleyo ekuziveni sikufanele ukuba lapha kwaye sithathe indawo yethu ehlabathini.Ngaloo mini, into eyayiphakathi kwemilenze yethu ayizange iyichaphazele indlela esizijonga ngayo thina okanye abanye.Kwaye ngokunjalo nethoni yolusu lwethu okanye ezinye iimpawu.Senziwe ngolu hlobo.Bubukhulu obu.
UThixo okanye indalo isithumela apha ekusongelweni kwethu kombala wolusu ogqibeleleyo, ngesini sethu esigqibeleleyo.Ummandla wehlabathi kunye neqela lobuhlanga apho umntu azalelwa khona lithuba elithile, okanye lilungile kubomi bomntu, kuxhomekeke kwimbono yakho.
Ukuba uyakholelwa kuThixo, unentembelo yokuba indalo yobuthixo ayinasiphako.Enoba uThixo wenza abantu abamnyama okanye abamdaka okanye abalusu olukhanyayo akunamsebenzi.Uyaqonda ukuba zonke ziyimbonakaliso egqibeleleyo yobuNgcwele.Nangona kunjalo, uloyiko olungavunywanga lunokuhenda abantu balo naliphi na imvelaphi ukuba babonise ukungaqiniseki kwabo kwiqela abalijonga njengelahlukileyo.Kuyathuthuzela ukwenza imiqobo phakathi kwethu “nabanye.”Ikwavelisa iziphumo ezibi.Kodwa ke kumntu wokholo, kuyingozi ngokukodwa.
Ukugqiba kwelokuba into engenamsebenzi njengombala wolusu, isiphene okanye ulwimi isibeka phezulu - okanye sahluke kakhulu kuyo - enye kukuvakalisa ukuba sazi ngcono kunoThixo.Kukuthi sichanekile, kanti ke uThixo uphosisile.Akukho ukunyelisa ukoyikeka okanye ingcwaba.Ycinge.
Ngenxa yokungalingani kwemivuzo emikhulu nengenakuthelekiswa nanto ehlabathini lonke, abantu abaninzi ngakumbi bayabandezeleka.Ingqesho ayiseyiyo imilinganiselo efanelekileyo, njengoko iintsapho ezisebenzayo zisiya ziwela kubuhlwempu.Akumangalisi ukuba abantu boyike.Into yoloyiko kukuba iya kuba yeyakho ukuba awuyivumi.Nantsi inyani enika umdla: Unokwenza kuphela ngenkalipho ukuba uziva usoyika kuqala.Olu ayilombono wam;yinkcazelo yenkalipho: “ukukwazi ukwenza into eyothusayo.”(Oxford)
Umtsalane wobuzwe, ubuhlanga, ubufundamentali kunye nezinye ii-isms ngeli xesha ziyaqondakala.Ibuhlungu, kodwa iyaqondakala.Ukugxeka abanye - amanye amazwe, iinkcubeko, iinkolo;uyayichaza – kuba iingxaki zomntu ziyaluphelisa uloyiko.Uloyiko alupheli.Itshintsha ibe yintiyo, nto leyo ephelisa uloyiko.Kwaye ukuba into yokuzonda komntu ishiya indawo, "uloyiko lwe-Novocain" luya kudlula, kwaye enye entsha iya kufuneka ukuze inqande uloyiko.
Kuthatha isibindi esikhulu ukuva uloyiko lomntu.Ukuba ukwiqela elinkolo yalo ibandakanya ukungathembi, okanye inzondo kwelinye iqela, kuthatha isixa esimangalisayo sobukroti ukuqaphela loo nkolelo njengento eshukumayo esekwe kuloyiko.Bambalwa kakhulu abaneebhola zokuyenza.Ngokuqhelekileyo ngabasetyhini abakhokela indlela yokuphuma kwi-insanity of blame and inzondo "-isms" kwaye babuyele kwihlabathi lenene.
Njengoko abantu abaninzi betyhila iBhokisi kaPandora yoloyiko kwaye beqonda ukuba ayizukubabulala - kwaye enyanisweni ngoku baziva bonwabile kunangaphambili - abanye baya kulandela.Yinkqubo ecothayo ekuqaleni, ayigcwali kwaphela i-adrenaline njengenzondo ephuma emlonyeni, kodwa xa uloyiko lwakho luphumile, awusayifuni iNovocain yexesha elifutshane yokugweba kunye nokusola okuya kuthi kungaphumeleli ixesha nexesha.
Hay nam ndiyoyika.Ucinga ukuba unokuba nesibindi?Vuma uloyiko lwakho kuwe.Bazive, nangona bengakhululekanga.Khumbula, wazalwa umkhulu.Finyelela kulowo wantlandlolo, wokwenene ongaziyo iyantlukwano phakathi kwabantu nokwavulekele ukuthandwa nangabo bonke abantu.Qhubeka.Zenze ube mkhulu kwakhona.
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu le-ISA-Ontario, kunye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Uninzi lwethu luvele kudederhu lweevenkile okanye kwikonsathi (iikonsathi ngakumbi, ngenxa yesizathu esithile) ukufumanisa ukuba isithuthi sethu asizange sakhukuliseka kwaye sakhukuliseka kulwandle lwendawo yokupaka iimoto.“Ukulahlekelwa” yimoto yomntu epakiweyo yingxaki eqhelekileyo kangangokuba ngoku kukho ii-apps zokunceda ukudibanisa izithuthi kunye nabanini bazo.Ke kusenokumangalisa ukuva ukuba inzululwazi ibonakalise ukuba sinazo izakhono zendalo zasekhaya.
Iinkqubo azikaqondwa ngokupheleleyo okwangoku, kodwa into enye enokunceda abantu bahambe yintsimbi ezintlokweni zethu.Ilungile loo nto – yiya ngaphaya, Magneto.Abanye abantu bane-iron ebuchotsheni kunabanye, kwaye uninzi lwethu lumazi ubuncinane umntu omnye esirhanela ukuba unomhlwa ogqithisileyo phakathi kweendlebe zabo.Inyani yile, sonke sineeseli ezityebileyo ze-ferrous ezibekwe kwi-cerebellums kunye neziqu zobuchopho ezinokusinceda sijonge eMantla.
Izilwanyana, ewe, zingcono kakhulu kwi-non-GPS navigation kunabantu.Xa sithetha malunga nabahlalutyi abanokufumana indlela yabo yobuchule, ihobe yehome mhlawumbi ifika engqondweni.AbakwaHomer banamandla angaqhelekanga okufumana ngokuchanekileyo indlela yabo ebuyela kubanini babo nokuba bathathwe kumgama ongaphezu kwewaka leekhilomitha.Ibali lokwenyani: eNew Zealand, inkonzo yePigeongram yaqala ngowe-1898 ukusa kowe-1908, inezitampu ezikhethekileyo.Amahobe ayebalulekile ekukhokeleleni kuhlaselo lwaseNormandy xa kwakubalulekile ukuthula koonomathotholo.
Ukuhamba ngeentaka kufundwe kakuhle, kodwa okuninzi akukaziwa.Nangona iintaka zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana indlela yazo ejikeleze iplanethi, njengokuqondwa kophawu kunye nokuqhelaniswa nelanga, uvakalelo kumhlaba wobuzibuthe lubalulekile.Iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka zifuduka ebusuku kuphela, ngoko ke iimpawu zomhlaba kunye nendawo yelanga ayinakunceda.
Ngethamsanqa kuthi, uMhlaba luhlobo oluthile lwemagnethi ebulela kumbindi wawo wangaphandle ojikelezayo wentsimbi etyhidiweyo.Ukuba ibingeyiyo umazibuthe omkhulu, besiya kuqhotyiswa sonke sibe shushu ngemitha yelanga.Kutshanje kuye kwacaca ukuba izilwanyana zisebenzisa imolekyuli yeprotini ebizwa ngokuba yi-cryptochrome ukuze zikwazi ukubona umhlaba wemagnethi.Oku kubandakanya ukulungelelaniswa kwamaza okukhanya okuluhlaza, lawo aphakathi kwama-400 kunye
480 nanometers.Ukungqinelana nale nyaniso kukuba i-cryptochromes isebenza kuphela emini.Khona kuthekani ngezo zikhova zasebusuku?
Iintaka, kufumaniseke ukuba, zineentloko zentsimbi ezinzulu, (njengoko omnye umphengululi eyibeka kakuhle) “intsimbi enentsimbi engaphakathi kulwelwe olungaphakathi lwesikhumba somlomo ongasentla.”Nantso ke, icace njengentsimbi.
Iiseli zemithambo-luvo ezine-ferrous-rich zabhaqwa kuqala kumahobe, kodwa zonke iindidi zeentaka kucingelwa ukuba zinawo.Abaphambukeli abahamba imigama emide bafuna ezi kakhulu, kodwa neenkukhu kunye neentaka ezihlala kuzo ziyaziwa ukuba zinikwe ikhampasi yangaphakathi.Kwiphepha lophando elapapashwa kwiphephancwadi iPLOS One ngoFebruwari 2012, umbhali oyintloko uG. Falkenberg ubhala athi: “Ulwazi lwethu lubonisa ukuba le nkqubo intsonkothileyo yedendritic emlonyeni luphawu oluqhelekileyo lweentaka, kwaye inokuba sisiseko esibalulekileyo seemvakalelo indaleko yobuncinci beendlela ezithile ezikhokelwa yimagnethi.”
Intsimbi enzima ayipheleli nje kwiintaka.Iintsholongwane, i-slugs, i-amphibians kunye neentlobo ezininzi zezityalo zingabaqokeleli bentsimbi abangekho zingqondweni.Uphononongo olusanda kupapashwa malunga neempendulo zabantu kwimagnethi yafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwezifundo zisabela kwimagnethi eveliswe elebhu.Njengoko kujongwe kwizikena zobuchopho ezisebenza ngexesha lokwenyani, izifundo zinokubona xa i-polarity iguqulwe njengenxalenye yophononongo.Kushicilelo lwe-18 kaMatshi ka-2019 kwijenali ye-eNeuro, umbhali okhokelayo uConnie Wang ubhala "Sinika ingxelo apha ngempendulo eyomeleleyo, ethe ngqo yobuchopho bomntu kujikelezo olufanelekileyo lwendalo kumhlaba wombane womhlaba.I-Ferromagnetism… ibonelela ngesiseko sokuqala ukuphononongwa kokuziphatha kwemagnetoreception yabantu.
Eyona nto yatsala ingqalelo yam sisifundo esitsha esiphuma eMzantsi Korea.Kwiphepha elipapashwe kwi-PLOS One ngo-Epreli ka-2019, uKwon-Seok Chae et al.bafumanisa ukuba, nokuba bavale amehlo kwaye benxibe iiplagi ezindlebeni, abantu abangamadoda ababezile ukutya imini yonke babonakala bezijonge kwicala abalinxibelelanisa kakhulu nokutya.Oko ndingakholelwa.
UPaul Hetzler wayefuna ukuba yibhere xa ekhulile, kodwa wasilela uphicotho.Emva kokuba efumene usizi lwakhe ngokubhekisele kweso siganeko sibi, ngoku ubhala ngendalo.Kubandakanya iibhere, kanye ngexesha.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Imithi evuthulukayo, izitendi ze-ayisikrimu ezisecaleni kwechibi, kunye neemarinas zonke zivala ukwindla ngalunye ngesizathu esifanayo: njengokuba imini isiya isiba yingqele kwaye ingqele ingena, iimpahla zabo ziye zingabi nangeniso kangako.Ngexesha elithile kunengqiqo ukubethelwa kweehatshi kude kube yintwasahlobo elandelayo.
Ezinye iindawo ezishishinayo zihlala zivulekile ixesha elide;mhlawumbi banenzuzo yeendleko abanye abangenayo, okanye banokhuphiswano oluncinci.Ezimbalwa zichasene, zivala ivenkile kwi-hint yokuqala yokuwa.Elo ngamalinge anokuthi aqhubeleke ekuphakameni kwehlobo.Ndithetha ngemithi apha, kunjalo.Imithi enamagqabi abonisa umbala phambi kweentanga zayo ezizintlobo-ntlobo zikwenza oko kuba ayiphumi kakuhle.
Iifektri zeswekile ezisebenza ngelanga esizibiza ngokuba yimithi ziyonga kakuhle, kwaye zicokisekile kucwangciso lwazo.Njengomthetho abaphili ngaphaya kwamandla abo.Ukongezelela ekukhanyeni kwelanga, zifuna ikharbon diokside, isibonelelo esifanelekileyo samanzi nezondlo, yaye iingcambu zazo zifuna ukuphefumla lula.Inqaku lokugqibela libalulekile.
- kwaye utyalo-mali kwi-solar array, eyaziwa ngokuba ngamagqabi.Emva kokuhlawula amagqabi alo onyaka, iindleko zalo zibandakanya ukuphefumla ebusuku, kunye nokugcinwa okufunekayo njengokudityaniswa kwee-antimicrobial compounds ekuphenduleni ukulimala.Umvuzo wayo ziiswekile;akhawunti yayo yokonga, starches.
Njengoko ihlobo lisiya liqatsela, ubusuku obude bunyusa iindleko (ukuphefumla), ngelixa iintsuku ezimfutshane zizisa ingeniso, ekugqibeleni inyanzelise imithi yomthi oqinileyo ukuba ivale ixesha lonyaka.Noko ke, ukuba iingcambu zomthi zixinene, ukuphefumla kweengcambu kuyaphazamiseka, yaye iingcambu azikwazi kuwenza umsebenzi wazo.Ifektri yayo yeswekile iya kungasebenzi kakuhle xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zayo, kwaye inenzuzo encinci iyonke.Imihlaba egcwele ityuwa ye-deicing, kunye nomonakalo owenziwe ngoomatshini nawo uya kuphazamisa ukusebenza kweengcambu.
Iyadi kunye nemithi yesitrato ifumana amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni, imimandla ethintelweyo yeengcambu, kunye nokhuphiswano olumandla kwingca.Imithi enamakhaya akufuphi nolwandle ineminye imingeni: ukuguquguquka kwamanqanaba amanzi kurhafisa iingcambu zayo, kwaye loo mihlaba ithanda ukungabi nazondlo.Imithi enjalo iya kufikelela kwinqanaba lekhefu ngaphambi kwemithi eqinile, kwaye iya kubala umbala kuqala.
Umbala wangaphambili luphawu oluthembekileyo loxinzelelo lomthi, kodwa i-palette inika ulwazi ngokunjalo.Siyazi ukuba i-orange (carotenes) kunye nephuzi (xanthophylls) sele ikhona ngaphakathi kwamagqabi, efihliweyo yi-chlorophyll eluhlaza.Imithi iqala ukwenza i-waxy compound ukuvala amanzi kunye nezondlo kumagqabi abo, okulingana nobusika kwinkampu - ikhusela imibhobho yamanzi.Njengoko amagqabi ehluthwa, i-chlorophyll iyafa, iveze tyheli kunye ne-orenji.
Uluhlu olubomvu-omfusa (i-anthocyanins), nangona kunjalo, libali elahlukileyo.Ii-pigments ezibomvu ziveliswa ekwindla ngezinye iintlobo, iimephu ngokukodwa, ngexabiso elikhulu.Inzululwazi kusafuneka ize nengcaciso ebambekayo yoku.Inqaku malunga nobomvu kukuba imaple ibonisa ezininzi
ukwimpilo entle ngokwaneleyo "ukumosha" amandla ukwenza i-anthocyanins.Kunyaka ophelileyo kwiNtlambo yaseOttawa nangaphaya, iimephu zeswekile zazityheli kuphela, okokuqala kwinkumbulo ephilayo eyenzekileyo.Iimaphu ezithambileyo (ezibomvu) zazinobuninzi obubomvu, kodwa iimephu ezinzima zazingenabo.Oku kubonisa ukuba njengeentlobo zijongene noxinzelelo olukhulu olungapheliyo.
Ukuba enye yemithi yeyadi yakho inamagqabi ajika umbala kwaye ehla kwangoko, unokuqiniseka ukuba iyancipha, kwaye kuya kuba kuhle ukuqesha i-Arborist eQinisekisiweyo ukuba iyivavanye.Ukuba i-ice cream yakho ye-ice cream oyithandayo ivala kwangethuba, oko kunokupela ingxaki kubanini, kodwa banokudinwa nje.
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu le-ISA-Ontario, kunye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kumazon.com
I-Offhand andikwazi ukucinga okuninzi endinokukuthetha ukukhusela umona, ukubawa, nobudla-kudla, kodwa i-sloth yahlukile.Ubomi bezinye izidalwa buxhomekeke ekulaleni kangangesiqingatha sonyaka, nto leyo endiye ndazama ukuyifihla kubantwana bam abakwishumi elivisayo.Izicwangciso zokusinda zamalulwane, iinkuni kunye nezinye izilwanyana ziquka ixesha elide le-sloth.Okuhlekisayo kukuba, isloth asizilali.
Ukuba i-hibernation ichazwa ngokukhululekileyo njengexesha lokungasebenzi kunye nokunciphisa imetabolism kwizilwanyana ezinegazi elifudumeleyo (i-endotherms) ebusika, ngoko ke abaninzi bethu kwiindawo ezisemantla bayayenza.Kakade ke, kukho okungakumbi kunoko.Kuyavela ukuba phakathi kweengcali zebhayoloji, eyona nkcazo yayiyingxoxo-mpikiswano de kwaba kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo.
Yayidla ngokuba ligama eligcinelwe "ezinzulu" ii-hibernators ezinobushushu obuphambili kunye nezinga lentliziyo lehla ukuya kwiqhezu elincinci lamaxabiso azo ehlotyeni.Umzekelo omhle inokuba ziimpuku ezithile zeArctic ezifumana ngaphantsi kancinane kwe-0 degrees Celsius okanye 32 Fahrenheit.Ngoku isetyenziswa kuso nasiphi na isilwanyana esinokuthoba ubushushu bomzimba kunye nemetabolism.Ukwehlisa ngokusebenzayo i-metabolism yomntu kuvakala njenge-oxymoron, kodwa masingabheneli ekubizeni amagama.
Izilwanyana ezinegazi elibandayo okanye ii-ectotherms ezifana namasele kunye neenyoka nazo ziye zilale ebusika.Ngokusisiseko iyafana nokufukama, ngaphandle kokuba iingcali zebhayoloji ziyibiza ngokuba yi-brumation.Oku kungenxa yokuba ijargon yenza abathandi besayensi abakhohlakeleyo bazive bengcono, ke nceda ubahlekise (thina) ukuze baqhubeke nomsebenzi wabo olungileyo.
Ngeectotherms, unokuthi i-hibernation iyenzeka;abayenzi “” loo nto.Kwanokuba akuyomfuneko ukuba basebenze kuyo njengezilwanyana ezanyisayo, i-torpor yazo isenomtsalane.Amanye amasele, amafudo kunye neentlanzi zinokutshona ebusika eludakeni olungenawo ioksijini, kwaye azikho mbi kakhulu xa ukunxitywa kuza kusentlakohlaza.
Uninzi lwe-hibernators luguqula iishedyuli zabo ngokwemozulu: ukuba ihlala ithambile ukuya kuNovemba, iibhere ezimnyama kunye ne-chipmunks zigxumeke kade kunesiqhelo.Kodwa ezinye izilwanyana, ezaziwa ngokuba zii- obligate hibernators, zozela
ivaliwe ngokwekhalenda.Nokuba unokuthatha i-hedgehog yaseYurophu ukuya e-Aruba ebusika, iya kuba yi-narcoleptic ngaxeshanye njengoko amaqabane ayo enzayo emva kwi-Highlands yaseScotland.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iibhere azikhange zenze uluhlu lwe-hibernator, kodwa ngoku zixutywe kunye nezo-popsi-squirrels ezihlala emhlabeni kwicandelo lezilwanyana ezincancisayo ezinomkhenkce kubusika baseArctic.Iibhere ezisemantla akude zingatyi okanye zingaseli ukuya kutsho kwiinyanga ezisibhozo, zisebenzisa amanqatha agciniweyo ukuze kufakwe amanzi kunye namandla.Ukuba besingenalo ixesha elide izihlunu zethu beziya kumoshakala, kodwa baneendlela zokulawula iiproteni ukuze izihlunu zabo zingabi ne-atrophy.
ayisiyiyo le nto kuthiwa.Ngokwendalo iingcali zebhayoloji ziyile igama elithi torpor yasehlotyeni: uqikelelo yi
ixesha elifanelekileyo lokusnuza kwimozulu eshushu.Ngubani owenza oku?Amanye amasele ahlala entlango azijikeleze nge-mucus "ibhaluni yamanzi" ukuze alinde ixesha lokoma.I-African lungfish ineqhinga elifanayo xa amachibi abo omile okwexeshana.
Okumangalisa ngakumbi kukuba ubuncinane omnye umlinganisi yiprimate, njengoko sinjalo.I-fat-tailed dwarf lemur yaseMadagascar ihlala kumthi onomgongxo kangangesiqingatha sonyaka de kuphele ubushushu.Ukuba isalamane sethu esisondeleyo sinokulala, kuthekani ngathi?Imiboniso bhanyabhanya yezeNzululwazi ibonise oosomajukujuku bevuka emva kweminyaka behamba, kwaye oku kunokuba ngomnye umzekelo apho into ecingelwayo namhlanje iba yinyani ngomso.
I-NASA yabhengeza ngo-2014 ukuba ijonge indlela yokubeka abasebenzi bemishini yesithuba seminyaka emininzi kwiipopayi ezinqunyanyisiweyo kangangeenyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu ngexesha.Mhlawumbi oku kungenxa yokuba uLawulo lweMishini akufuneki ukuba limamele ngokungapheziyo “Ngaba sikhona?”ukuncwina ngasemva kwesiphekepheke.
Nangona amabali okulala kwabantu egcwele, iimeko ezibhaliweyo zinqabile.Ngamanye amaxesha umntu uwela emkhenkceni kwaye avuselelwe kwiiyure kamva kungekho monakalo ocacileyo wobuchopho okanye ezinye iziphumo zexesha elide.Oku kunokwenzeka xa ubushushu bomzimba buyehla ngokukhawuleza, njengoko bekuya kuba njalo xa untywiliselwa emanzini omkhenkce.
Ukuba ubushushu bomzimba buhla ngokucothayo, i-hypothermia idla ngokuphumela ekufeni, ukuba iyaqhubeka.Kuyabonakala ukuba kukho izinto ezikhethekileyo.Omnye umzekelo wenzeke ngo-2006 xa umhambi owenzakeleyo wachitha iiveki ezintathu eziqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo kwiNtaba iRokko ekwintshona yeJapan engenakutya namanzi.Iqondo lobushushu lakhe lehla laya kutsho kuma-22 ngokukaCelsius okanye
Izazinzulu ziya kuqhubeka nokufunda ukufukama kwizicelo zonyango.Kodwa ukuba awungomntu wasebusika, musa ukwenza ngathi ulala phantsi ngokuba livila, vele usine kwaye, uyazi.Yinyamezele.
Isazi sendalo eside, uPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu le-ISA-Ontario, i-Canadian Institute of Forestry, kunye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Phantse wonke umntu obone iWalt Disney classic "Bambi" walila iinyembezi, okanye ubuncinci wathintela umnqweno wokulahlwa (oko kukukhala kwiScrabble-ese).Nokuba bendisazi ngemiphumo etshabalalisayo yamaxhama ekuvuseleleni amahlathi, singasathethi ke ngezityalo, imihlaba kunye nezitiya, ibiya kuba yintlungu kum.
oneminyaka emihlanu ubudala xa umama kaBambi wabulawa.(Yhu—i-spoiler isilumkiso apho, uxolo.) Kodwa imovie yayinokuphela njani ukuba bonke babephila ngolonwabo emva koko?
Bunjani ubomi kwezo zimbalwa zinethamsanqa, mhlawumbi zikrelekrele, iinyamakazi ezinomsila omhlophe ezikwaziyo ukunqanda iimoto, iingcuka, iiprojectiles kunye nezifunxi-gazi ezingaphaya kweminyaka embalwa yokuqala yokuphila?Ngaba ixhama elisele likhulile liyakwazi ukutshiza i-hostas yakho ibe yinub xa amazinyo ayo ephelile?Ndiba nomfanekiso ngqondweni kaGrand-Buck oqiqiweyo ebambe ukuba izikhotha zetyuwa zazingcono xa wayeyintshontsho, kwaye abantwana abanonyaka kulula ukuwela indlela kwezi ntsuku ngoku iimoto zineziqhoboshi zokuvala isitshixo.
Ngokunzulu nangona kunjalo, ubomi buya busiba nzima ngeendlela ezininzi njengoko izinto eziphilayo zikhula.Buza nabani na othathe umhlala-phantsi eFlorida ukuba kutheni bemkile emantla eNew York kwaye baya kukuxelela ukuba ubusika bumnandi de kwabakho isifo samathambo kunye nezinye izigulo ezahlukeneyo. Kwenzeka ntoni kumaxhama asendle njengoko esiba ngabemi abadala-ngaba anikezela kwimpilo enxulumene nobudala imiba efana namalungu amabi, amazinyo abolileyo, okanye amathumba?
Ndibeke umbuzo kumhlalaphantsi weSebe lezoLondolozo lweNdalo yaseNew York State (NYSDEC) i-Wildlife Biologist uKen Kogut, ohlala ngaphandle kwePotsdam.Wahleka.“Ukufa kwexhama ngenxa yokwaluphala endle yi-oxymoron,” watsho.UKen waqhubeka wachaza ukuba ngokwemiqathango yokuzingela, i-NYSDEC
idatha ibonisa ubuninzi bexhama elivuniweyo likwi-1.5 ukuya kwi-3.5 ubudala ubudala (kuba bazalwa ngoMeyi noJuni, ixhama lihlala likwisiqingatha sonyaka ngokuzingela)."Ukubona inkunzi eneminyaka esixhenxe okanye esibhozo ubudala [kwisikhululo sokujonga i-NYSDEC] yinto engaqhelekanga kakhulu."
Ukubonisa le ngongoma, qwalasela ukuba iMax Planck Institute for Demographic Research ithi umndilili wokuphila kwemisila emhlophe evalelweyo yiminyaka eyi-16, kunye nexhama elidala eliqinisekisiweyo elihlala lineminyaka engama-23 ubudala.Thelekisa oko kunye nomsila omhlophe wasendle, ongenalo irekhodi elihle, ngoko kuthetha.Ubomi obuqhelekileyo bexhama lasendle?Ngokwengxelo yeYunivesithi yaseMichigan, iminyaka emibini.Ewe.Ishumi lithathwa njengomda weminyaka ephezulu, kwaye yinto enqabileyo kakhulu apho.
Ukumisela i-vintage ye-white-tails ibizwa ngokuba yi-deer eguga, akufanele idideke kunye nokuguga kwabazali, oko kungumsebenzi wenani kunye nenqanaba lomsebenzi wabantwana babo.Sifumanisa njani ukuba mingaphi imihla yokuzalwa ixhama elinalo?Ugqirha wamazinyo.
Umsila omhlophe unamazinyo e-canine (i-irony, ngokudabukisayo, ilahlekile kubo) kunye ne-incisors kumhlathi ophantsi, kodwa akukho nanye phezulu.Ngamanye amazwi abanakuhlutha isetyana ngendlela umvundla onokwenza ngayo, kodwa kufuneka balikrazule ngokunyusa intshukumo.Kodwa zona zineemolas eziphezulu nezisezantsi, yaye ukunxitywa kwazo kusetyenziselwa ukuchaza ukuba indala yexhama.Okanye, njengoko oku kusenziwa ngokubanzi emva kokufa.
Amaxhama asele ekhulile aqala njengohlobo lweprojekthi yenzululwazi yabemi ekhaya.Kwiminyaka edluleyo, abazingeli ababeneliso elibukhali ababekwazi ukubona ixhama elithile ukusuka kunyaka ukuya phambili ukuya phambili babephawula ukunxitywa kwemolar xa livunwa.Iminyaka yonxulumano lweminyaka yamaxhama eyaziwayo kunye nokuguga kwamazinyo (kuvela ukuba yimilimitha enye ngonyaka) yenza abazingeli abafana nomfama wobisi kunye nomseki weKlabhu ye-NYS Big Buck uBob Estes waseCaledonia, NY, iingcali zokwaluphala kwemisila emhlophe.
Ngaphandle kokuzingela, enye into eqhubela phantsi umndilili wokuphila kwamaxhama asendle kukuphathwa kakubi kweemazi ziimazi neebhere ezimnyama.Okumangalisayo kukuba, kwii-Adirondacks, le yokugqibela inokubulala iifawn ezininzi kuneecoyotes.I-predation kunzima ukuyibala, nangona kunjalo, njengoko ama-coyotes kunye neebhere zidla yonke into yokugqibela - ithambo, iinwele kunye nezibilini - zaso nasiphi na isilwanyana esisibulalayo okanye esisifumene sifile sezinye izizathu.Ngenxa yokuba amarhamncwa engaziva ekhuselekile ekuhleni, awawatyi amaxhama afileyo ecaleni kwendlela, ashiywe ebole.
Ukungqubana kweenqwelo zamaxhama ngomnye umba omkhulu, kunye neSebe lezoThutho leLizwe laseNew York
enika ingxelo ngama-65,000 ngonyaka.Kodwa indlala ngexesha lobusika obunzima, utsho uKogut, mhlawumbi yeyona nto inokubulala amaxhama amadala.Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya i-molars egugileyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba babe namafutha omzimba agcinwe kancinci ukuya ebusika kunexhama elincinci.
Ngayo yonke le ndyikityha yokufa, ngaba imisila emhlophe iyaphela?Kunzima.UGqr. Peter Smallidge, i-State Forester for
ixhama ngeemayile ezimbini zesikwere.Namhlanje kukho malunga nesigidi, ngaphezu kokwaneleyo ukutshabalalisa amandla amahlathi amaninzi okuphinda ahlume, njengoko imithi emincinci iqwengwa ngamaxhama ngoxa ikhula.
Isifo seLyme sikwasisiphumo sokugcwala kwamaxhama.Ingcali yoLwandiso lweZilwanyana zaseCornell uGqr. Paul Curtis ukholelwa ukuba ukuba amaxhama aye ehla ngaphantsi kwesithandathu seekhilomitha nganye, esephezulu kunoxinano lwembali, amakhalane amaxhama, asasaza isifo seLyme, anganqaba kakhulu ukuba abe sisongelo kwimpilo yoluntu. .
Yintoni enokubangela ukuba amaxhama ehle ngolo hlobo?Andazi, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ayisayi kuba badala.
Isazi sendalo eside, uPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu le-ISA-Ontario, i-Canadian Institute of Forestry, kunye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Njengenkqubo yezopolitiko, i-cranberries inokushiya incasa emuncu emlonyeni wakho.Kodwa ngokungafaniyo nezopolitiko, i-aftertaste ekrakra inqumla nayiphi na i-sweetener, i-flavour ye-cranberries iphuculwa ngokukhawuleza kunye neswekile encinci.
Ukuthi i-cranberry entsha imuncu kufana nokuthi i-Picasso kunye ne-Monet ngabapeyinti abalungileyo ngokufanelekileyo.Enyanisweni inokuba nexabiso eliphantsi le-pH kune-asidi yesisu.Phantse iyamangalisa into yokuba abantu baqala ukuzitya, akunjalo?
I-cranberry, esondelelene kakhulu ne-blueberry, inzalelwane ye-latitudes ephezulu ye-hemisphere esemantla kwihlabathi jikelele.Ngumdiliya olandelayo ohlala uluhlaza, okanye ngamanye amaxesha isihlahla esincinci kakhulu.Eli gama lithatyathwe kumagqabi ayo entyatyambo, ajikajikayo okanye atsalwa ngasemva ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo eyenza ukuba intyatyambo yayo epinki ifane (kwezinye) intloko kunye nephepha le crane.Uhlobo lwaseNyakatho Melika yiVaccinium macrocarpon, kwaye ngethamsanqa kuthi inamajikijolo amakhulu kuneentlobo ezisenyakatho yeYurophu nakwezinye iindawo.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-shrub eyaziwa ngokuba yi-highbush cranberry iyinkohliso kwaye ayihambelani nezinto esizidlayo kunye nokutya kwethu kweeholide.Olu hlobo lokubhideka malunga namagama aqhelekileyo lwenzeka kakhulu.Kwilizwe lezityalo akukho mithetho yelungelo lokushicilela, yiyo loo nto oongqondongqondo bezityalo abaneentloko ezitsolo njengeyakho ngokwenene bathanda la magama amnandi esiLatini.
Ewe siyazi ukuba abantu bomthonyama baseMelika basebenzisa amaqunube, kwaye bawazisa kubafuduki bokuqala baseYurophu.I-akhawunti yobuqu esuka ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1500s ichaza indlela ezinye ii-Algonquins ezazisa ngayo iikomityi ezizele ngamaqunube kwiiPilgrim ezisandul' ukufika njengoko babesiza elunxwemeni.Ndicinga ukuba ngaphandle kokuba bekukho iswekile yemephu kunye namaqunube, mhlawumbi isenzo sabo senzelwe ukutyhafisa abafuduki ukuba bangahlali.
Amakholoni athathela ingqalelo kwiibhola ezincinci ezibomvu ezihlala zibizwa ngokuba ngamaqunube e-moss okanye amaqunube ebhere, kwaye ngeminyaka yoo-1820s amanye amafama aqalisa ukuthumela ngaphandle esi sityalo sitsha e-Europe.Ukuzikhulisa kusenokungabonakali njengokuba unokulindela, nangona-imifanekiso yeecranberries edada kwindawo ebonakala ngathi lichibi inika umbono ongalunganga.
I-cranberries yasendle idla ngokufumaneka kwiindawo ezimanzi ezifana neebhogi, kodwa amaqunube alinyiweyo akhuliswa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezilawulwa ngononophelo.Ezi ndawo zinesanti, zinezinga lelaser kwaye zinkcenkceshelwa kakhulu, zingqongwe ziiberms ukuze amasimi azaliswe ngamanzi ama-intshi ezintandathu ukuya kwezisibhozo ukwenza ukuvuna kube lula.Ngenxa yokuba amaqunube aqokelelwe ngolu hlobo anobomi obufutshane beshelufa, ahlala emkhenkceni, enkonkxiweyo okanye acocwe ngoko nangoko.I-cranberries yokutya okutsha idla ngokuthathwa ngesandla kwimihlaba eyomileyo.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, i-cranberries iye yaboniswa kwiintlobo ezininzi zeenzuzo zempilo kunye nokuthanda kwabo.Sekude kwaziwa ukuba ziphezulu kwiiVithamini C kunye ne-E, i-pantothenic acid, kunye ne-manganese, ubhedu kunye nezinye iiminerali.Kodwa ziipropathi zabo ze-antioxidant eziye zenza abantu bachulumancile.
Ukuba ubone "oligomeric proanthocyanidins" edweliswe kwi-candy bar usenokungayithengi.Kodwa ezi kunye nezinye iikhompawundi zendalo zininzi kwiicranberries, kwaye ngaphandle kwamagama awoyikisayo zikulungele.I-Cranberries ifundiswa ngokunzulu ngezibonelelo ezinokubakho ekunyangeni isifo seswekile, isifo samathambo, umhlaza kunye nezinye izifo.
Uphando lucebisa ijusi ye-cranberry-izinto ezilungileyo, hayi ijusi ye-wannabe egcwele isiraphu yengqolowa-inokunceda ukukhusela amatye ezintso ezisekwe kwi-calcium.Ukumodareyitha kuzo zonke izinto, njengoko kuninzi kakhulu (ijusi ye-cranberry, kungekhona ukumodareyitha) kunokubangela amatye e-oxalic acid-based bladder.
Uphononongo lukwabonisa ukuba ijusi ye-cranberry iyayithintela iibhaktheriya ezithile eziyingozi ukuba zinganamatheli kuthi.Kubonakala ngathi iTeflon kubo.Nangona ijusi ye-cranberry ayifunyaniswanga isebenzayo ekuphatheni izifo ze-urinary tract, ilungile ekuthinteleni ngokumisa ibhaktheriya ye-coliform ukuba ibambelele kwiindawo ezingezizo.Iindaba ezimnandi zamazinyo akho, kwakhona: i-cranberries inceda ukugcina iintsholongwane ezibolayo zisuka zibe glowum ukuya kwi-enamel, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa iplaque yamazinyo kunye nemingxuma.
Kwaye njengokuba umatshini wokukhankasela unyulo luka-2020 ufudumala uya kuvuya ukuva ukuba iicranberries zikwanceda ukuthintela iibhaktheriya ezibangela isilonda ekubeni zibeke ikoloniyali yesisu somntu kwaye zenze izilonda.Ngapha koko, izibonelelo zabo zentliziyo zibandakanya ukuthoba “ezimbi” ze-LDL cholesterol egazini kunye nokwandisa ezo ze-HDL ze-cholesterol ezilungileyo.Ke ukuba ungumntu othanda iindaba, gcina iicranberries zikufutshane ngexesha leendaba.
Isazi sendalo eside, uPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu le-ISA-Ontario, i-Canadian Institute of Forestry, kunye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Ekukhuleni kwethu, izithethe zentsapho yethu yokubulela zazilungelelene kakuhle.Saqala satya kakhulu, kodwa emva kwesidlo sangokuhlwa mna nabantakwethu ababini senza umthambo ngamandla kangangemizuzu engamashumi amathathu okanye ngaphezulu.Oko kuqhele ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuxambulisana malunga nokuba ngabaphi abafana ababini abaza kufumana ukophula ithambo leTurkey.Ewe ngamanye amaxesha bekubuya umva ukuba lowo woyisiweyo ukhale kakhulu kangangokuba anyuselwe kwiqela elitsala amathambo.Ukulandela isiganeko, "ukuzilolonga" okuqhubekayo kunokubakho ukuba kukho iimvakalelo ezinamandla malunga nobulungisa bomdlalo.Ngethamsanqa, ukophuka kwamathambo kwakupheleliselwe kwinkuku ephekiweyo, yaye thina bazalwana sisavana.
I-furcula efana ne-Y, okanye i- wishbone njengoko abantu abaqhelekileyo beyibiza ngayo, iyingqayizivele kwiintaka, kwaye iyaphula ukuze inqume ukuba ngubani ofumana i-halves enkulu - kwaye ngoko umnqweno okanye inhlanhla - ibuyela emva kwiminyaka engamawaka ambalwa.Ngokwengxelo kukho iindlela ezifihlakeleyo zokuphembelela ukuba ngubani ofumana isiqingatha esingcono, kodwa ezi zazingaziwa kuthi njengabantwana.
Nokuba amasiko akho e-Thanksgiving awabandakanyi ukwaphula i- wishbone, sonke siyibonile imithi efolokhwe ngendlela efanayo.Ngokungafaniyo nomnqweno wokwenyani, nangona kunjalo, akukho siphumo sethamsanqa kuye nabani na okwiimeko ezinjalo, kuba imithi eyahlulahlulwe ibe ziziqu ezibini okanye iziqu ezifana ne-Y ephezulu igwetyelwe ukwahlula.I-engile ecutheneyo apho ezi ziqu zimbini zahlulwe khona, kokukhona umanyano lubuthathaka, kodwa amathuba okuqhekeka ahlala ekhula ngokukhula.
Kwinqanaba elithile, ukuthambekela kweziqu ezininzi kukufuza.Kwimeko yehlathi, imithi enesakhiwo esingafanelekanga iyahlukana ngexesha lomoya okanye iziganeko zomthwalo womkhenkce.Yindlela yendalo yokukha imithi enemfuzo engcono (okanye ithamsanqa, ngamanye amaxesha) ukuze uphile ixesha elide kunye nembewu yehlathi elizayo.Le nkqubo yokukhetha ilungile kwimithi, kodwa hayi kwimithi ekhula kwiiyadi zethu, izitalato kunye neepaki.
Singamandla “okhetho olungekho ngokwemvelo” olunoxanduva lokukhetha ukuba yeyiphi imithi eza kutyalwa, kwaye phi.Kuthatha umzamo omkhulu, iindleko kunye nexesha ukuze umthi womthunzi ufikelele ekuvuthweni, kwaye sifuna ukuwugcina ujikeleze ixesha elide.
Yonke imithi ineziphene, uninzi lwayo oluyingozi.Kodwa ezinye zinokuba yingozi.Ukuthintela ukwaphuka kwamalungu amakhulu, kunye nezimangalo ezibhabhayo ezihambelanayo kunye nobutyobo, imithi eneziphene ezicacileyo idla ngokususwa njengesiqhelo.Kuba iingxaki ezininzi zemithi zisisiphumo semisebenzi yethu, akubonakali kufanelekile ukuthumela umthi womthunzi ovuthiweyo kuloo arboretum enkulu esibhakabhakeni ukuba sinokufumana enye indlela.
Kwenye indawo kufuneka kubekho idolophu encinci entle ebizwa ngokuba yiNarrow Forks.Apho imithi ixhalabileyo, eli ligama lengxaki eyenzeka xa i-engile yokuncamathela phakathi kweziqu ezibini ezikhuphisanayo (codominant) ibukhali, kunokuba ibentle.Ezona zincamathelweni zinamandla zivulekile kwaye zisondele kwi-U-shaped.Iifolokhwe ezimxinwa okanye iimanyano ziba buthathaka ngokukhula kwaye ekugqibeleni zisilele.Ukuqhekeka okukhulu, okuhlala kuyintlekele, kwenzeka ngexesha lezaqhwithi zeqhwa, ii-microbursts kunye nezinye imozulu enobundlobongela.
Xa unenjongo exabisekileyo efana neqanda leFabergé okanye indawo yokudlala yabantwana ekumgama othe kratya womthi “wonqweno”, kufuneka inyathelo lokuyilungisa.Ukubulela kwi-Easter lelona xesha lihle kakhulu lokuba imithi yakho ye-landscape ihlolwe ngokufanelekileyo, kuba i-architecture yemithi kulula ukuyibona xa amaqabunga ecinyiwe.Umthi okwimo embi kakhulu unokufuna ukususwa, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi, ukuthenwa ngobuchule kunye nenkqubo yentambo efanelekileyo kunokuwugcina.
Ikhewubhuli kufuneka yenziwe ngendlela eyiyo, kuba inkqubo eyilwe kakubi iyingozi kakhulu kunokungabikho nanye.Iziko leMigangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika (ANSI) i-A300 yeNkqubo yeNkxaso yeMigangatho yeCabling yomthi ayingomzekelo wogqithiso lukarhulumente omkhulu.Ngokuchaseneyo noko;zibhalwe kushishino, kwaye zisekwe kumashumi eminyaka yophando.I-ANSI A300 ibeka i-specs yezinto ezifana nekhebula, ibholithi kunye nobungakanani bamehlo, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokukala komthwalo.Kubalulekile ukuba kufakwe isixokelelwano sentambo yi-Arborist eQinisekisiweyo eyazi kakuhle le migangatho.
Ukuze ungoyiki imephu yakho okanye i-oki iya kujongeka njengeFrankentree, ungakhathazeki: inkqubo yentambo efanelekileyo ayibonakali.Ngeqhezu leendleko zokususa, kunye neqhezu elincinci leendleko zokususwa ngokungxamisekileyo kunye nokulungisa umonakalo, imithi emininzi inokufumana ingqesho eyandisiweyo ngobomi ngokusebenzisa iikhewubhuli.Ngelixa phantsi kweemeko ezigqithisileyo nkqu nenkqubo egqibeleleyo inokusilela, andizange ndibone inkqubo yentambo efakwe kakuhle isilela.Kwelinye icala, ndibone ezininzi ezenziwe ekhaya okanye ezingekho mgangathweni zitshonile.
Ngolwazi malunga nekheyibhuli, qhagamshelana noMbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe weArboriculture (ISA) Certified Arborist (treesaregood.org inomsebenzi wokukhangela nge-ZIP).Xa ufumana isicatshulwa kwingcali, bacele ukuba bakubonise ikopi yabo yemigangatho ye-cabling ye-ANSI A300, kwaye banyanzelise ubungqina be-inshurensi ngokuthe ngqo kumphathi wabo.
Lixesha elifanelekileyo lokubulela ngeefolokhwe ezomeleleyo, zombini etafileni nangaphandle kwi-landscape.
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu le-ISA-Ontario, i-Canadian Institute of Forestry, kunye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyafumaneka kwi-amazon.com.
Uninzi lwethu luvele kudederhu lweevenkile okanye kwikonsathi (iikonsathi ngakumbi, ngenxa yesizathu esithile) ukufumanisa ukuba isithuthi sethu asizange sakhukuliseka kwaye sakhukuliseka kulwandle lwendawo yokupaka iimoto.“Ukulahlekelwa” yimoto yomntu epakiweyo yingxaki eqhelekileyo kangangokuba ngoku kukho ii-apps zokunceda ukudibanisa izithuthi kunye nabanini bazo.Ke kusenokumangalisa ukuva ukuba inzululwazi ibonakalise ukuba sinazo izakhono zendalo zasekhaya.
Iinkqubo azikaqondwa ngokupheleleyo okwangoku, kodwa into enye enokunceda abantu bahambe yintsimbi ezintlokweni zethu.Ilungile loo nto – yiya ngaphaya, Magneto.Abanye abantu banobuchopho-intsimbi kunabanye, kwaye uninzi lwethu luyayazi ubuncinci umntu omnye esikrokrela ukuba unomhlwa ogqithisileyo phakathi kweendlebe zabo.Inyani yile, sonke sineeseli ezityebileyo ze-ferrous ezibekwe kwi-cerebellums kunye neziqu zobuchopho ezinokusinceda sijonge eMantla.
Izilwanyana, ewe, zingcono kakhulu kwi-non-GPS navigation kunabantu.Xa sithetha malunga nabahlalutyi abanokufumana indlela yabo yobuchule, ihobe yehome mhlawumbi ifika engqondweni.AbakwaHomer banamandla angaqhelekanga okufumana ngokuchanekileyo indlela yabo ebuyela kubanini babo nokuba bathathwe kumgama ongaphezu kwewaka leekhilomitha.Ibali lokwenyani: eNew Zealand, inkonzo yePigeongram yaqala ngowe-1898 ukusa kowe-1908, inezitampu ezikhethekileyo.Amahobe ayebalulekile ekukhokeleleni kuhlaselo lwaseNormandy xa kwakubalulekile ukuthula koonomathotholo.
Ukuhamba ngeentaka kufundwe kakuhle, kodwa okuninzi akukaziwa.Nangona iintaka zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana indlela yazo ejikeleze iplanethi, njengokuqondwa kophawu kunye nokuqhelaniswa nelanga, uvakalelo kumhlaba wobuzibuthe lubalulekile.Iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka zifuduka ebusuku kuphela, ngoko ke iimpawu zomhlaba kunye nendawo yelanga ayinakunceda.
Ngethamsanqa kuthi, uMhlaba luhlobo oluthile lwemagnethi ebulela kumbindi wawo wangaphandle ojikelezayo wentsimbi etyhidiweyo.Ukuba ibingeyiyo umazibuthe omkhulu, besiya kuqhotyiswa sonke sibe shushu ngemitha yelanga.Kutshanje kuye kwacaca ukuba izilwanyana zisebenzisa imolekyuli yeprotini ebizwa ngokuba yi-cryptochrome ukuze zikwazi ukubona umhlaba wemagnethi.Oku kuquka ukulungelelaniswa kokukhanya okuluhlaza kokukhanya, ezo ziphakathi kwe-400 kunye ne-480 nanometers.Ukungqinelana nale nyaniso kukuba i-cryptochromes isebenza kuphela emini.Khona kuthekani ngezo zikhova zasebusuku?
Iintaka, kufumaniseke ukuba, zineentloko zentsimbi ezinzulu, (njengoko omnye umphengululi ekubeka kakuhle oku) “ii-dendrites zentsimbi ezinentsimbi kulweko olungaphakathi lwesikhumba somlomo ongasentla.”Nantso ke, icace njengentsimbi.
Iiseli zemithambo-luvo ezine-ferrous-rich zabhaqwa kuqala kumahobe, kodwa zonke iindidi zeentaka kucingelwa ukuba zinawo.Abaphambukeli abahamba imigama emide bafuna ezi kakhulu, kodwa neenkukhu kunye neentaka ezihlala kuzo ziyaziwa ukuba zinikwe ikhampasi yangaphakathi.Kwiphepha lophando elapapashwa kwiphephancwadi iPLOS One ngoFebruwari 2012, umbhali oyintloko uG. Falkenberg ubhala athi: “Ulwazi lwethu lubonisa ukuba le nkqubo intsonkothileyo yedendritic emlonyeni luphawu oluqhelekileyo lweentaka, kwaye inokuba sisiseko esibalulekileyo seemvakalelo indaleko yobuncinci beendlela ezithile ezikhokelwa yimagnethi.”
Intsimbi enzima ayipheleli nje kwiintaka.Iintsholongwane, i-slugs, i-amphibians kunye neentlobo ezininzi zezityalo zingabaqokeleli bentsimbi abangekho zingqondweni.Uphononongo olusanda kupapashwa malunga neempendulo zabantu kwimagnethi yafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwezifundo zisabela kwimagnethi eveliswe elebhu.Njengoko kujongwe kwizikena zobuchopho ezisebenza ngexesha lokwenyani, izifundo zinokubona xa i-polarity iguqulwe njengenxalenye yophononongo.Kushicilelo lwe-18 kaMatshi ka-2019 kwijenali ye-eNeuro, umbhali okhokelayo uConnie Wang ubhala "Sinika ingxelo apha ngempendulo eyomeleleyo, ethe ngqo yobuchopho bomntu kujikelezo olufanelekileyo lwendalo kumhlaba wombane womhlaba.I-Ferromagnetism… ibonelela ngesiseko sokuqala ukuphononongwa kokuziphatha kwemagnetoreception yabantu.
Eyona nto yatsala ingqalelo yam sisifundo esitsha esiphuma eMzantsi Korea.Kwiphepha elipapashwe kwi-PLOS One ngo-Epreli ka-2019, uKwon-Seok Chae et al.bafumanisa ukuba, nokuba bavale amehlo kwaye benxibe iiplagi ezindlebeni, abantu abangamadoda ababezile ukutya imini yonke babonakala bezijonge kwicala abalinxibelelanisa kakhulu nokutya.Oko ndingakholelwa.
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu loMbutho waMahlathi aseMelika, kunye neCanadian Institute of Forestry.Incwadi yakhe ethi Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World, iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Ngelixa uninzi lwezityalo luphendula kwiintsuku ezimfutshane zasekupheleni kwehlobo ngokuqalisa ukuthomalalisa ishishini labo ngeli xesha lonyaka, i-goldenrod sisityalo “sosuku olufutshane,” uhlobo olukhuthazwa ukuba lutyatyambe ngokuncipha kwemini.Ihlala ixesha elide kusapho lweaster, kwaye isasazeke kuwo wonke uMntla Melika.Kwilizwekazi ngokubanzi, sinento ngokomyalelo we-130 yeentlobo ze-goldenrod kwi-genus Solidago.
Njengenye yeentyantyambo ezininzi ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla, le ntyatyambo yasendle yenzelwe abantu abaninzi abahambisa ipoleni, kuquka iintlobo ezininzi zeenyosi, umthombo obalulekileyo wencindi kunye ne-pollen enesondlo.Ngelishwa, le nto yokugqibela inike i-goldenrod iliso elimnyama phakathi kwabantu abaninzi abane-allergies.
Iintyatyambo ezimthubi zikaGoldenrod zibonakala ngokupheleleyo ecaleni kwendlela kunye namadlelo kunye namadlelo kanye ngexesha elinye xa elinye lamaza anamandla onyaka wehay fever liqalisa. Ngoko ke iyaqondakala into yokuba i-goldenrod iye yatyholwa ngokurhawuzelela kwamehlo abomvu, ukuxinana kwe sinus. , ukuthimla, kunye nentlungu egcwele ihistamine efunyanwa ngabanye abantu ngeli xesha lonyaka.Kodwa kuvela ukuba i-pollen ye-goldenrod ayinatyala kuzo zonke iintlawulo.
IGoldenrod ayinakuba netyala kuba i-pollen yayo inzima.Lixesha elilinganiselweyo, ndiyacinga, kuba ilula ngokwaneleyo ukuba iinyosi zikwazi ukukhupha imithwalo yayo.Kodwa kummandla we-pollen inobunzima betoni – kwaye ikwancangathi kakhulu – kwaye ayivutheli kude nesityalo.Asikuko ukuba i-pollen ye-goldenrod ayinakukwazi ukukhupha impendulo, yinto nje yokwenza oko, umntu kufuneka ayifake ngokoqobo empumlweni yakhe kwaye ayifice.
I-goldenrod ayiphelelanga nje ekubeni ingenatyala lohlaselo lokwaliwayo, isetyenziswe njengomnye umthombo werabha.UHenry Ford wayenomdla yi-goldenrod, kwaye kuthiwa uvelise amatayara enziwe kwisityalo.Umdla kwi-goldenrod wavuselelwa ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II.I-Goldenrod ikwasetyenziswa kumayeza esintu ukunceda ukunyanga amatye ezintso, umqala obuhlungu kunye namazinyo.
Ke ngubani obekek’ ityala nge-spike ekupheleni kwe-allergies yehlobo?Umtyholwa ngumzala we-goldenrod, i-ragweed, nangona ingaziphathi kwaphela njengesihlobo sayo segolide.Ndiyakrokrela ukuba sonke sinesalamane okanye ezimbini ezifana ne-ragweed kwintsapho yethu eyandisiweyo.I-Ragweed, esinye isityalo somthonyama, sikwakwintsapho ye-aster.Kodwa ngokungafaniyo ne-goldenrod ikhupha i-pollen eninzi kakhulu.
Ikhaphukhaphu kangangokuba umungu weragweed uhlala emoyeni kangangeentsuku ezininzi.Enyanisweni, izixa ezibalulekileyo zifunyenwe emoyeni ukuya kuthi ga kwiikhilomitha ezingama-400 ukuya elwandle.Yaye isityalo esinye seragweed sinokuvelisa ipollen eyiwaka lezigidi eziziinkozo ezibhabha emoyeni zikwenze uthimla.Ewe, yiloo nto ebangela ukuba ukhathazeke.
Esinye isizathu sokuba singayikrokreli i-ragweed kukuba iintyatyambo zayo ziluhlaza kwaye azibonakali nto njengentyatyambo eqhelekileyo.Kufana nokuba bazama ukungatsali ingqalelo, bahlale phantsi kwe-radar kwaye bavumele i-goldenrod ithathe i-rap.Isizathu sokuba i-ragweed ilula ukuyihoxisa kukuba i-pollinated emoyeni, kwaye ngoko akukho mfuneko yokukhangisa ngemibala eqaqambileyo kunye ne-sweet nectar ukutsala i-pollinators.Izityalo ezivuzwe ngomoya zifumanise ukuba kulula kakhulu ukutsala umoya kuneenyosi, kodwa eyona nto imbi kukuba kufuneka zenze umungu omninzi.
Uninzi lweentlobo ze-ragweed - kukho malunga ne-50 yazo - ngonyaka, kodwa zibuye rhoqo entwasahlobo ukusuka kwimbewu eninzi evelisa ekwindla.I-Ragweed iya kuqhubeka nokukhupha izinto ezingalunganga kude kube yiqabaka eyomeleleyo, ke masithembe ukuba ayininzi kakhulu kwixesha elongeziweyo kulo nyaka.Kwaye nceda usasaze ilizwi malunga ne-goldenrod ukuyigcina naziphi na izityholo zobuxoki.
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu loMbutho waMahlathi aseMelika, kunye neCanadian Institute of Forestry.Incwadi yakhe ethi Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World, iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Kwisikhululo segesi saseMichigan ngo-2015, indoda yazama ukubulala enye nge-lighter kwaye yatshisa isiqithi sempompo, yasinda ngokukhawuleza kwingozi.Kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi koko, umfana waseSeattle waphulukana nendlu yakhe ngomlilo ngelixa ezama ukubulala izigcawu nge-blowtorch.Kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba i-Mazda ikhumbule iimoto zayo ezingama-42,000 ngo-2014 ngenxa yokuba izigcawu zazikwazi ukuvala umzila omncinci wokukhupha amafutha ngesilika, ezinokuthi ziqhekeze itanki yegesi kwaye ibangele umlilo.
Abantu babonakala benentambo enzima ukoyika izigcawu, kwaye inokungcwatywa kwi-DNA yethu, okanye ubuncinci kwikhowudi yethu ye-epigenetic.Ngokucacileyo ngekwaba luncedo abantu bamandulo ukuba balumkele izigcawu, njengoko iintlobo ezimbalwa zemozulu eshushu zinetyhefu.Uyaqonda, ligcuntswana elincinane.Kodwa izigcawu kunokuba nzima ukwahlula.Ukuba kukho into enemilenze emininzi kunye namehlo ajikelezayo emlenzeni wethu, abaninzi bethu baya kuswayitha kuqala kwaye babuze imibuzo kamva.
Ehlabathini lonke, zimalunga nama-35 000 iintlobo zezigcawu eziye zabonwa zaza zathiywa amagama, nangona ngokungathandabuzekiyo zininzi ezingekafunyanwa.Malunga neentlobo ezingama-3,000 zibiza uMntla Melika ikhaya, kwaye kuzo, zimalunga neshumi elinesibini zinetyhefu.I-New York State isingathe uhlobo olunye kuphela lwesigcawu esinetyhefu, ngelixa i-Texas iqokelele ishumi elinanye, phantse yonke isethi.Kodwa ke, benza yonke into ngendlela enkulu phaya ezantsi.
Imithombo ayivumelani ncam, kodwa kubonakala ngathi sisondele kwiintlobo ezingamashumi amathathu ezahlukeneyo zezigcawu kwi-Empire State, kunye neshumi kwezo zithathwa njengesiqhelo.Ungacinga ukuba kwiindawo eziphakamileyo sinokukhululeka kwizigcawu ezinetyhefu;emva koko, uninzi lwabo luhlala kwiindawo ezishushu.Kodwa njengoko kusenzeka uhlobo olulodwa lwenkxalabo eNew York, umhlolokazi omnyama wasentla (Latrodectus variolus), wonwabile kwingingqi yeAdirondack kunye neLizwe laseMantla njengoko kuseLong Island.
I-sidebar enomdla malunga nabahlolokazi abamnyama-ababizwa ngokuba baziwa ngokutya inkunzi emva kokukhwelana-kukuba ukuziphatha okunjalo akuqhelekanga njengoko kwakucingwa ngaphambili.Le “cannibalism” (igama lokwenyani lezenzululwazi) labonwa okokuqala elebhu apho amadoda ayengakwazi ukubaleka.Kubonakala ngathi endle babambelela “kowona khuselo lubalaseleyo” lwesikolo sokucinga, kwaye uninzi lwabo luyasinda.
Isicwangciso sombala obomvu-omnyama kwimoto yimidlalo.Kwisigcawu iyoyikisa.Sinethamsanqa kuthi, ukuchonga umhlolokazi omnyama wasentla akuyomfuneko ukuba sijike sijonge phantsi ukuze sijonge isimo esibomvu sehourglass kwisisu sakhe.Indlela endiyijonga ngayo, ukuluma okuninzi mhlawumbi kubangelwa ngabantu abazama ukufumanisa ukuba esi sigcawu simnyama simenyezelayo sinetyhefu na okanye hayi.Ngapha koko, uhlobo olusemantla lunentaphane yeepetshi zejometri ezibomvu eziqaqambileyo kumqolo walo ukongeza kuphawu olusesiswini sakhe.
Nangona abahlolokazi abantsundu baneyona tyhefu iyingozi, isigcawu esimdaka esihlala ngaphandle (Loxosceles reclusa) siyingozi ngakumbi.Ukulunywa kwi-brown recluse, ngelixa kunqabile, kunokufuna ungenelelo lwezonyango kuba kunokubangela ukufa kwezicubu ezinzulu (i-necrosis) enosulelo olunokubakho kunye nokonakala.Kwipesenti enye yeemeko, ukulunywa kwabo kukhokelela ekufeni ukuba ubuthi buba yinkqubo.Uninzi lwezi meko zibandakanya abantu abadala okanye abantwana abancinci.
Apha eNew York asinazo izigcawu ezimdaka, ezifumaneka ukusuka elunxwemeni ukuya elunxwemeni kodwa zigxile kuMbindi-ntshona.Uluhlu lwabo lusuka kwiGulf States ukuya kuthi ga emantla eVirginia.Noko ke, nyaka ngamnye abambalwa baphelela apha xa beze beze nemithwalo okanye izixhobo zabakhenkethi ababuyayo.Amabala amdaka amdaka kwaye ayakhazimla, kwaye azinaboya kwaphela.Zinombala omdaka omnyama, omile okwevayolin emqolo, nentamo yevayolin ijongise ngasemva ngasesiswini.
Kukho izigcawu ezindlongondlongo, ezifana nesigcawu se-hobo esihlaselayo kuMntla-ntshona wePasifiki, kodwa ezona zinetyhefu ngokwenene zithambile.Abahlolokazi abantsundu bakhetha ukuqhwesha, kwaye isaladi esimdaka sithiywa ngesizathu.Yimeko engathandekiyo xa enye yezi zifihla kwitawuli yokuhlamba okanye impahla yempahla kwaye ifakwe eluswini lomntu olukhokelela ekulunyweni kwezi zidalwa zineentloni.
Nangona uninzi lweentlobo zezigcawu zingakwazi nokugqobhoza ulusu lomntu, izigcawu zihlala zityholwa xa umntu evuka enophawu olubomvu eluswini.Amaxesha amaninzi, loo manqaku avela kwizinambuzane ezilumayo ezifana neengcongconi okanye iincukuthu.
Ukulunga, nangona kunjalo, sinaso isigcawu semveli esinokuluma kwaye siyakuluma, isigcawu esimthubi (Cheiracanthium spp.).Ziqhelekile kuwo wonke uMntla Melika, ziphaphathekile, zityheli ukuya kohlaza (ngamanye amaxesha zipinki okanye zintsundu), iikhreyitha ezinobungakanani obuphakathi ezenza amakhaya amancinci anesilika kumagqabi ajijekileyo, kwimingxunya yamatye, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwikona yegumbi.
Nangona ingekho yingozi, olu hlobo lunetyhefu ethambileyo enokuthi ibangele irhashalala, okanye kwezinye iimeko, i-necrosis yezicubu ezincinci.Malunga neminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu eyadlulayo omnye wabo wandiluma icala lentamo (yayikwikhola yehempe yam), kwaza kwavela inxeba elivulekileyo elikhudlwana kune-nickel.Isilonda sajika saba ngwevu esothusayo kwaye sathatha amanundu ambalwa ukuphilisa.Kufuneka ndizibale iintsikelelo zam, nangona kunjalo.Kwakungekho mlilo.
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu loMbutho waMahlathi aseMelika, kunye neCanadian Institute of Forestry.Incwadi yakhe ethi Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World, iyafumaneka kumazon.com
Iyavakala into yokuba imithi efayo inezivubeko zamathupha.Ivakala ngathi yimeko embi kakhulu – uvelwano lwam.Kodwa eyona mithi isempilweni inazo, nazo (izivubeko zesiphelo, hayi amazwi ovelwano).Yinto entle leyo, kuba izivubeko ze-terminal bud zibonelela ngendlela ebalaseleyo yokuphuma kwiirekhodi zezempilo zomthi ubuyela umva kwiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10.
Emva kokuba isityalo somthi sinamagqabi aso apheleleyo, senza zombini imifuno kunye neentyatyambo zonyaka olandelayo.Ngaphakathi kwihlumelo ngalinye lezityalo kukho incam yesityalo esinencam, ngelixa iindawo zokuzala zikwiintyatyambo (ngokuzenzekelayo, imithi inezityana ezifihlakeleyo zezityalo, kodwa akukho zithupha zentyatyambo ezishiyekileyo kwimeko yomonakalo womkhenkce wasentlakohlaza).Kwincam yesetyana ngalinye, isityalo esinenkuni senza ihlumela elikhulu kune-avareji, inkokeli yexesha elizayo yamagqabi aso.Xa ithupha lesiphelo liqala ukukhula entlakohlaza, lishiya ngasemva ixolo elihamba lijikeleze isetyana.
Ungajonga ezantsi isetyana ukuya kuso isiqu somzali, kwaye uhlala ufumane ubuncinci amanxeba amahlanu esiphelo, ngamanye amaxesha ambalwa, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphezulu.Ukufunda iiglasi okanye i-lens yesandla iya kunceda, kuba amanxeba amadala ahluke kakhulu.Isithuba esiphakathi kwesiva ngasinye sibizwa ngokuba yi-node, kwaye simele ukukhula kunyaka othile.Isebenza njengomlawuli kubalimi kunye namahlathi, kwaye inokuba yeyakho nawe.
Ngokuqinisekileyo oku kuyahluka ngokweentlobo, kodwa umntu unokulindela ukubona ii-intshi ezine ukuya kwezintandathu zokhula olutsha nyaka ngamnye ukuze isetyana lifumane ukukhanya okwaneleyo kwelanga.Kodwa ukuba undwendwela ikhampasi yasekholejini okanye uhambe phantsi kwisitrato esixakekileyo selali, uya kufumana imithi eneqhezu le-intshi kuphela phakathi kwezivubeko ze-terminal bud.Kungafanelekile ukuqwalasela ezo meko zetheminali yemithi.
Olu lwazi luya kukunceda wenze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo malunga nokulawula imithi yakho yendawo, i-sugar bush, okanye i-woodlot.Ukuba ubona ukunqongophala okuqhubekayo kokukhula kakuhle, uya kuwuphatha loo mthi okanye ume ngokwahlukileyo.Mhlawumbi uvavanyo lomhlaba lulungile.Ukuba ufuna ukuthena umthi onjalo, wususe kancinci, ungadluli kwisihlanu ekhulwini somthi onamagqabi.Ukuba uyazibuza ukuba amahlathi aqokelela njani iisampulu zesetyana ukusuka kwi
Enye i-metric esebenzayo xa uvavanya imithi emincinci yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-trunk flare.Hlola isiseko sawo nawuphi na umthi.Ukuba kukho ukuvuleka okucacileyo, kuya kuba njalo.Kodwa ukuba isiqu siyafana nocingo olusemhlabeni, ukubola kwalo mthi akukwazi kusebenza, ukuba oko kunjalo.Ngamanye amaxesha umthi omncinci uya kuphila ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze ukhule iingcambu ezintsha (ezizayo) apho zinokufumana khona i-oksijini, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ayiyi kuphumelela ngendlela enokuthi ibe nayo.
Kananjalo kuya kuba lula ukuphuhlisa iingcambu zokubhinqisa, imeko leyo kanye ivakala ngathi.Ezi zingcambu eziye zaqala ukukhula ngendlela ejikelezayo ngenxa yokuba i-burlap yayinzima kakhulu ukungena kunyaka wokuqala okanye emibini.Njengoko isiqu esikhulayo sifikelela kulo msesane wokufa, ingcambu ebhinqileyo efana nepython ikrwitsha isiqu.Oku kwenzeka xa imithi ineminyaka engama-25-35 ubudala.Ibha esecaleni: soloko ukhulula i-burlap xa umthi uhleli emngxunyeni.
Umntu unokuwubona umsebenzi wezandla wokubhinqisa iingcambu ecaleni kweendlela ezinkulu ze-NYS phakathi ku-Agasti kunye naphakathi kuSeptemba.Imithi etyalwe ngeDOT yodidi lweminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwengama-35 iqalisa ukujika umbala phambi kokujikeleza imithi yohlobo olufanayo.Nje ukuba ulungelelanise le nto, uyakubona esi siphumo naphi na apho uya khona ekupheleni kwehlobo nasekuqaleni kokwindla.
Isizathu sokuba imithi ekrwitshiweyo okanye egulayo kukuchetywa kwamagqabi kwasekuqaleni kunento yokwenza ne-balance sheet.Ukuba umthi uvuthululwe ngeengcambu ezibotshiweyo, umzi-mveliso weswekile awusebenzi kakuhle kuneminye imihlobo yawo.Imithi enjalo ifikelela kwinqanaba lokuqhawula kwangaphambili kunemithi eyomeleleyo, kwaye ngenxa yoko imbala kuqala.
Ngoku unezinye izixhobo ezimbalwa zokuvavanya impilo yemithi.Ndiyathemba ukuba banokukunceda ugcine imithi embalwa ekubeni ibe yitheminali ngaphambi kwexesha layo.
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu loMbutho waMahlathi aseMelika, kunye neCanadian Institute of Forestry.Incwadi yakhe ethi Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World, iyafumaneka kumazon.com
NgoNovemba ngamnye, ababukeli beenkwenkwezi banandipha ukubukela i-meteor shower yeLeonid (kulo nyaka ngomhla we-17 kunye ne-18), ebonakala ngathi i-voyeuristic, kodwa ngamnye eyakhe.Abazingeli bawuthanda kakhulu uNovemba, kwaye abantu abaninzi bajonga uMbulelo ngaloo nyanga.Kwaye ikwalixesha elifanelekileyo lokutyala imithi emininzi.
Kulungile ukutyala umthi okwindawo egcina iimbewu ezineengcambu zayo (ingaba yibhola-ne-burlap okanye i-container-grown) ngalo naliphi na ixesha umhlaba ungakhenkceziswe.Kodwa ukumba kunye nokuhambisa umthi ngexesha lokukhula kufana nokuhlinzwa ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia.Inokwenziwa, kodwa isiphumo asisoloko sisihle kangako.
Emva kokuba amagqabi ephelile, nangona kunjalo, imithi inokushukunyiswa ngempumelelo ngenxa yokuba iphelile, i-dormant ibe yigama lesiFrentshi elithi "ukulala ngokunzulu kangangokuba awuvuki nokuba umntu ukumba ngeengcambu."Uphononongo lubonise ukuba imithi emincinci iyabuyela ekutshintsheni ngcono kunemithi emikhulu, kwaye idla ngokuphela ngokuyifeza.Kwaye ukuhambisa umthi omncinci kulula emqolo wakho.
Xa uyokwemba umthi ehlathini okanye ekupheleni kwentsimi, khumbula ukuba kufuneka ufumane imvume kumniniyo.Kwakhona ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukugrumba banzi kunobunzulu.Nangona kunye ne-oki kunye ne-walnuts ene-taproots enkulu, ukufumana iingcambu ezilungileyo zecala kubaluleke kakhulu kunokufumana yonke i-taproot.Ukubonakalisa le nyaniso, umngxuma ofanelekileyo wokutyala kufuneka umile okwesosari kwaye ubuncinci buphindwe kabini ububanzi njengebhola yeengcambu, kodwa ungabi nzulu.
Ukongeza i-gobs ye-organic matter kwi-backfill mhlawumbi iqala kumaxesha amandulo, xa abantu ngamanye amaxesha babebamba i-arborist, ukuba umntu ulungile, kwaye uyiphose emngxunyeni wokutyala.Ukusabela koku, uninzi lwabalimi namhlanje bacebisa into encinci okanye akukho nto eyongezelelekileyo kwimihlaba yendalo echumileyo ngokufanelekileyo.(Ingcebiso: izityalo ezikhula kwindawo ethile ziya kubonisa ukuba ulunge kangakanani umhlaba.)
Kwiimeko apho umhlaba uhlwempuzeke kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, njengodongwe olugayiweyo, isanti esulungekileyo okanye ecaleni kwendlela, kufuneka kwenziwe umngxuma wokutyala ophindwe kabini.Ungathatha indawo ukuya kwisinye kwisithathu somhlaba owombiweyo ngezinto eziphilayo kunye/okanye ezinye izilungiso.Nokuba umhlaba ulungile okanye umbi kangakanani na, asikho isichumisi sentengiso ekufuneka sisetyenziswe ngexesha lokutyala.
Iingcambu ziya kuqhubeka zikhula nje ngokuba umhlaba uhlala ungapheli, ngoko kubalulekile ukugcina ukutshintshwa kokuwa ukuba kumiswe.Ukubethelela okanye ukungabambisi kudla ngokuba ngumbuzo wokugqibela.Ukuba umphezulu mkhulu kakhulu xa uthelekiswa neengcambu zebhola enokuthi ivuthele, yibethe kancinci, usebenzisa ilaphu okanye amaqhekeza etyhubhu yangaphakathi yebhayisekile ejikeleze isiqu.Susa izibonda ngokukhawuleza nangona kunjalo, kuba intshukumo ikhuthaza i-trunk eyomeleleyo.Umaleko we-mulch we-intshi ezimbini phezu komngxuma wokutyala (tsalela isigcina-kufuma kude nesiqu) ugqibezela umsebenzi.
NgoMgqibelo umhla wesi-2 kuNovemba ka-2019, iSithili saseSt. Lawrence County soLondolozo loMhlaba naManzi siququzelele iworkshop yokutyala imithi ngokubambisana neSixeko sase-Ogdensburg.Umsitho uya kubanjwa ukusuka ngo-9 AM ukuya kwemini emaqanda eDubisky Centre, 100 Riverside Ave. e-Ogdensburg.Isimahla, kodwa ubhaliso lwangaphambili luyacelwa.Fowunela ngokulula (315) 386-3582 ukubhalisa okanye ngolwazi olungakumbi.
UPaul Hetzler ube ngu-ISA-Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu loMbutho waMahlathi aseMelika kunye neZiko laseCanada lezamahlathi.
Iinyibiba, eziyinzalelwane kwihlabathi liphela kwiindawo ezipholileyo kwi-hemisphere esemantla, zibe ziimpawu ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko kwinkulungwane yeminyaka.Ngokuxhomekeke apho umi khona kwihlabathi, banokumela ukuthobeka, ukucoceka, ukwabelana ngesondo okungalawulekiyo, ukwahlula kwe-Québec, ubutyebi, okanye igadi ekhulayo, ukukhankanya izinto ezimbalwa ezinokwenzeka.
Intyatyambo ikhankanyiwe kwiTestamente Entsha, njengakuMateyu 6:26 : “Yabonani iinyibiba zasendle: Azibulaleki, azisonti nokusonta;ke ndithi kuni, uSolomon kubo bonke ubunewunewu bakhe, wayengavathiswanga nanjenganye kuzo ezi.Umyalezo, njengoko ndiwuqonda, ngowokuba umntu makangamoshi amandla exhalabele ukuba uza kuzinxiba njani, kuba neenyibiba zasendle zihonjiswe kakuhle.
Ngelishwa, umntla weNew York State unezinambuzane ezitsha ezigxile ekudubuleni iinyibiba.I-Lily leaf beetle (LLB) yinzalelwane ebomvu-mlilo yase-Asiya naseYurophu enomdla wokutya iinyibiba zokwenyani, ezo zikuhlobo lweLilium, kunye nezalamane zazo iifritillaries (LLB azityi iinyibiba zemini).Yafunyanwa okokuqala kwi-NY State ngo-1999 ngabagadi beGadi ababini baseCornell eClinton County, ibhungane leqabunga lenyibi liye lasasazeka kancinci kulo lonke elase-NY kwisithuba seminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, nto leyo eye yadanisa abantu abathanda iintyatyambo.
I-LLB yabantu abadala isukela kwi-6 ukuya kwi-9 mm (1/4 ukuya kwi-3/8 ye-intshi) ubude, kwaye ineempondo ezibalaseleyo.Abantu abadala, abadlula ubusika emhlabeni, baqala ukutya ngokukhawuleza nje iinyibiba ziqala ukubonakala.Ziyakhwelana, zibeke amaqanda kwaye zife ekuqaleni kwexesha lonyaka, kodwa imibungu yazo iyavela ngokukhawuleza ukuze yenze umonakalo omkhulu.Kuqikelelo lwe-12 mm okanye isiqingatha-intshi xa ubungakanani obugcweleyo, imibungu ye-LLB inokuba tyheli okanye i-orenji, kodwa ngekhe ukwazi oko kuba iqabe indle yayo kuwo wonke ukuthintela amarhamncwa.Sisicwangciso esisebenza kakuhle kubalimi, kwaye noko kwiintaka.Kamva ngexesha lonyaka, i-larvae i-pupate kwaye iphuma njengamabhungane, aphinde alandele iinyibiba ezihluphekileyo.Kuye kwaba kubi kangangokuba abanye abalimi baye bancama iinyibiba.
Kodwa eSt. Lawrence County, abalimi abambalwa beenyibiba baye balwa ngempumelelo baza baphumelela.Ngo-2015, uGqr. Paul Siskind, i-Musicologist ngoqeqesho kunye ne-Cornell Master Naturalist, wayefuna ukufumana esona sitshizi se-organic sokulawula esi sitshabalalisi inoveli.Okothusayo kukuba, uSiskind wafumanisa ukuba kukho uphando oluncinci olwenziweyo kwi-LLB, kwaye akukho konke konke kwisihloko esinomdla.Wayila uphononongo oluthelekisa impumelelo yeemveliso eziqhelekileyo zendalo, kwaye kwakhona warekhoda amanani azalanayo e-LLB afunyenwe kwiintlobo ezine ezahlukeneyo zeenyibiba ukubona ukuba zeziphi ezikhethwa yiLLB.
Ibali elifutshane lelokuba imveliso ebizwa ngokuba yiSpinosad, eyenziwe ngeekhompawundi eziveliswa yibhaktheriya ethile, ibonelele ngolawulo olululo lwezinambuzane zenyibiba.Nangona inetyhefu encinci kunezinye izitshabalalisi ezininzi, soloko ulandela imiyalelo yeleyibhile.I-oyile ye-Neem, ephuma kumthi wetropikhi, idweliswe njengesebenzayo ngokuchasene nemibungu ye-LLB, kodwa uGqr.Ukwaqaphele ukuba i-LLB ikhetha kakhulu iinyibiba zohlobo lwase-Asiya ezifana 'neNqila yeOrenji,' kunye neenyibiba zeCilongo ezifana 'noKumkanikazi waseAfrika' kwindawo yesibini.Iindidi zaseMpuma bezinganancancisi kangako, kwaye ooqongqothwane bamagqabi babonisa owona mdla umncinci kwi Oriental x Trumpet crosses efana ne 'Conca d'Or.'
Ukuchola ngesandla, nangona kunjalo, kunokubonelela ngolawulo olululo lwe-LLB, kwaye lolona khetho lungabizi kakhulu nolukhuselekileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.UGuy Drake waseHeuvelton, umvelisi wexesha elide weentyatyambo kunye nezihlahla ezingapheliyo, ukholelwa ukuba ufuna ukubetha i-LLB, kufuneka "ugade umyezo," ngokwamazwi akhe.UGuy, onokufumaneka kwiMarike yamaFama aseCanton kabini ngeveki, wandixelela ukuba ibhungane elibomvu-bomvu latshabalalisa ukhetho lwakhe lwenyibiba xa laliqala ukubonakala kwindawo yakhe kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo.Kunyaka olandelayo waqalisa ukuhlola ngenkuthalo amaqanda e-LLB, imibungu kunye nabantu abadala rhoqo kusasa.Ukususela ngoko, akazange aphinde afumane bhungane.
Imfihlo, wachaza, kukukhetha ngesandla ekuseni kakhulu.Isizathu sokuba kubalulekile ukuba uphume kwangoko kungenxa yokuba ooqongqothwane abadala banendlela eyodwa yokuzikhusela.Ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba usondele, ziwisa isityalo, zifike zijonge phantsi, zilale.Nangona zibomvu phezulu, ngaphantsi zintsundu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ziphantse ukuba zingabonakali.Kodwa xa kupholile kwakusasa, uthi abashukumi, kwaye banokutshayela ngokulula emanzini anesepha okanye bacolwe.
Ngexesha elide, ulawulo lwebhayoloji lunokugcina amanani e-LLB esezantsi kakhulu kangangokuba ayeke ukuba sisoyikiso kwiinyibiba.Ngo-2017, inkqubo ye-NYS Integrated Pest Management (NYS IPM) e-Cornell's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, idibene ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension, ikhuphe iintlobo ezintathu zoonomeva abancinci be-parasitic kwi-Putnam kunye ne-Albany Counties, kunye naseLong Island.Abaphandi abavela kwi-NYS IPM bathi iya kuba yinkqubo ecothayo, kodwa banethemba lokuba ulawulo lwe-LLB lwendalo luya kwenzeka kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.
Okwangoku, kuya kufuneka sincede iinyibiba zigcine iimpahla zazo ezimbejembeje zingatyiwa ngooqongqothwane bamagqabi.Egadini phezulu, wonke umntu!
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Silinde ixesha elide ukuba ihlobo lifike kulo nyaka, ngoko ke akulunganga ukuba ezinye iicrabapples ezidubulayo zijike zibe tyheli zibe mdaka kwaye zivuthulule amagqabi.I-Mountain-ash, i-serviceberry, kunye ne-hawthorn nazo zichaphazelekayo yingxaki efanayo.Apha naphaya iimaphu ezimbalwa kunye nezinye iindidi nazo ziwisa amagqabi angaqhelekanga, wona ubukhulu becala asaluhlaza, asoloko enamabala amnyama okanye amdaka ngebala.Le meko yokugqibela inemvelaphi eyahlukileyo, kodwa zombini zisekelwe kwirekhodi-emanzi entwasahlobo yemozulu ye-2019.
Ipathogen eqhelekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) ichaphazela imithi yama-apile kunjalo, kodwa amanye amalungu ambalwa osapho lwerozi, kuqukwa neentyatyambo zeecrabapples.I-Venturia inaequalis sisingundo esidlula ebusika kumagqabi awileyo emithi ebikade inesifo;Imbewu yayo ikhutshwa kumagqabi amadala ukuze iqalise umjikelo omtsha wosulelo ngempembelelo yeemvula zasentlakohlaza.Ngokucacileyo imvula eyongezelelekileyo ithetha inani elikhulu leembewu ezisemoyeni kunye nesimo esiqatha sesifo.
Iimpawu ze-apile scab ngamachokoza amancinci amdaka okanye aluhlaza womnquma emagqabini kunye neziqhamo.Kwixesha lonyaka elomileyo kusenokubakho umonakalo omncinane owenzekayo, kodwa kwiminyaka emanzi ikholisa ukukhokelela ekubulaweni kwamagqabi amaninzi.Ngamanye amaxesha zibonisa i-orenji okanye tyheli ngaphambi kokuwa, nangona amagqabi afileyo anokuhlala emasebeni ixesha lonke lonyaka.Ukhwekhwe lwama-apile alufane luyibulale imithi, kodwa luyenza ibe buthathaka.Kwimiyezo yama-apile yorhwebo inokukhokelela kwiziqhamo ezinesiphako ezithanda ukuqhekeka.
Enye yeendlela ezilula zokunceda ukunciphisa i-apile ukhwekhwe kukurhuqa nokutshabalalisa amagqabi awileyo ekwindla ngalinye.I-fungicides inokunciphisa iimpawu xa isetyenziswe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo xa i-buds isanda kuvulwa.Enye yeemveliso ezingcono yi-potassium bicarbonate, i-organic compound.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unonkala othanda ukudumba, iya kuhlala ilidabi elinyukayo, eliya lisiba mbi ngokuhamba kwexesha.Eyona ndlela ingcono yokujongana nale ngxaki kukutshintsha umhlanganiselwa okwaziyo ukumelana nezifo.Namhlanje kukho ngaphezu kwama-20 iicrabapples ezintle eziqinileyo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokhwekhwe lwe-apile.Uluhlu olupheleleyo lunokufumaneka ku-http://www.hort.cornell.edu/uhi/outreach/recurbtree/pdfs/~recurbtrees.pdf
I-anthracnose ligama eliqhelekileyo leqela leefungi ezinxulumeneyo ezosulela amagqabi ezityalo ezininzi ezinezityalo kunye nemithi yomthi oqinileyo.I-pathogens i-host-specific, ngoko ke i-walnut anthracnose ibangelwa yi-organism eyahlukileyo kune-maple anthracnose, nangona iimpawu zifana.Khangela izilonda ezimdaka okanye ezimnyama, ngokuqhelekileyo zi-angular, kwaye ziboshwe yimithambo yamagqabi.Njengokhwekhwe lwe-apile, i-anthracnose ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimozulu, inzima kakhulu kwiminyaka emanzi kunokoma.Kananjalo ayifane iyibulale imithi, kodwa iyayenza buthathaka ekuhambeni kwexesha.Enye into efanayo kukuba esi sifo sidlula ebusika kumagqabi awosulelekileyo kunyaka ophelileyo.
Kunzima ukulawula i-anthracnose kuba i-spores inokudlula ebusika kwisetyana kunye nezicubu zesebe ngokunjalo.Ngelixa ukufakwa kwe-fungicides kunokunceda, imithi yomthunzi idla ngokuba mikhulu kakhulu ukuba umninikhaya afikelele ngokufanelekileyo kuwo onke amagqabi, kwaye kubiza kakhulu ukuba nemithi emikhulu etshizwe ngelori ye-boom.Amagqabi achaphazelekayo kufuneka akhutshiwe kwaye atshatyalaliswe.Ukongeza, thatha amanyathelo okunyusa ukujikeleza komoya kunye nokungena kwelanga malunga nemithi echaphazelekayo.Kusenokuba yimfuneko ukucutha imithi etyalwe ngokusondeleyo kakhulu.
Nangona zombini ezi ngxaki bezikho kangangeenkulungwane, ukuxhaphaka kwemozulu rhoqo kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwabangela ukuba kube nzima ukuzilawula kunangaphambili.Nangona kukho imifuno ekwaziyo ukumelana ne-anthracnose, kulwazi lwam akukho mithi ixhathisayo ngaphandle kwemango kunye ne-dogwood, ngoko ke umgama owongeziweyo wokutyala kunye nogutyulo olungcono lubalulekile ngoku.Kodwa eyona ndlela yokuthintela i-crabby crabapples kukutyalwa kuphela iintlobo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezifo eziya konwaba naxa imozulu imbi.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Omnye weyona mibala idlamkileyo yamagqabi ekwindla ivela kumthombo othobekileyo.Ngelixa abantu abaninzi beyijonga njengokhula, kwaye abanye bade bacinge ukuba iyingozi, i-staghorn sumac eqhelekileyo isiphatha kugqabhuko lwemibala eqaqambileyo, neon-bomvu-orenji ngeli xesha lonyaka.Udumo lwayo njengenkathazo lusekelwe kakuhle, njengoko lunokusasazeka ngendlela yeengcambu zayo kumasimi kunye namadlelo, kodwa i-sumac ayikho ingozi.
Xa ndandisengumntwana, uTata wandibonisa i-poison ivy kwaye walumkisa nge-sumuc sumac (ngesizathu esithile, i-oki enetyhefu ayizange inqumle).Kanye njengokuba "uMarco" wayesoloko ehamba ne "Polo," "ityhefu" yayilandelwa yi "ivy" okanye "sumac," ubuncinane engqondweni yam.Ukukhokela uhambo lwendalo olungenakubalwa, ndiyazi ukuba abanye abantu abaninzi nabo bakhule belinganisa i-sumac netyhefu.I-Staghorn sumac ayikhuselekanga kuphela ukuyichukumisa, incasa kakhulu.
Ingqondo yakho, ityhefu ye-sumac ikhona.Kuphela nje bambalwa kakhulu abantu abakhe bayibone.Ukuba wenza njalo, njengoko ndinako, uya kuba nzulu eqatheni (ubuncinci) emanzini.Ityhefu ye-sumac sisityalo esisinyanzelo somgxobhozo, esifuna umhlaba ogcweleyo, kwaye uhlala ugcwele izikhukula.Ityhefu ye-sumac yinto engumgxobhozo, kwaye ngaphandle kokuba inamagqabi adibeneyo kwaye isihlahla, ayifani kangako ne-sumac esiyibona mihla le.
Ityhefu ye-sumac inamaqunube amaqunube ajike abe mhlophe xa ekhulile, kwaye ayawa phantsi.I-sumac “elungileyo” kwelinye icala, inamaqela aqinileyo amaqunube abomvu ngokuzingca aphakanyiswe njengetotshi kaLady Liberty.Ityhefu ye-sumac inamagqabi abengezelayo, amasetyana agudileyo abengezelayo, kwaye amagqabi ayo ajika abe tyheli ekwindla.Ngokwahlukileyo, i-staghorn sumac inamasetyana afipheleyo.Amagqabi ayo aluhlaza ajika abebomvu ngokuqaqambileyo ekwindla.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-sumac "elungileyo", kwaye zonke zinamajikijolo abomvu afanayo agcinwe phezulu.Izinto ezenza ii-apile zibe yi-malic acid, kwaye amaqunube e-sumac alayishwe kunye nale ncasa imnandi enyibilikayo emanzini.Ukwenza "i-sumac-ade" yonke into oyifunayo yibhakethi yeplastiki egcwele i-sumac berry bunches (ungazikhethi ngabanye), othi uzalise ngamanzi abandayo.Gquba amajikijolo imizuzu embalwa kwaye ugxininise ngelaphu elicocekileyo.Oku kukushiya ngesiselo esimuncu kakhulu esipinki, onokuthi usenze siswiti ukungcamla.
Ngenxa yokuba i-asidi ye-malic i-soluble emanzini, amajikijolo e-sumac alahlekelwa yinye (kodwa kungekhona yonke) ye-flavour yabo ngexesha lasentwasahlobo.Ngexesha elizayo i-sumac ebomvu yokuwa "iflegi" ibambe iliso lakho, cinga ukuyeka ukuqokelela amaqunube ukwenza isiselo esihlaziyayo.Kwaye ngokukhawuleza kungcono.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Iimpawu zonyaka zigcwele ukuba ukuwa kusondele.Oonomatse abangwevu baqokelela ukutya kwabo kwasebusika, iibhasi zesikolo ezityheli ziye zaphuma ehibernation, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, imihlambi ye-blackbird iqhelisela i-aerial gymnastic routines.Kucingelwa ukuba kukho uhlobo oluthile lweeOlimpiki zeentaka kwindawo yazo yasebusika.
Iinkokeli zeScout, ootitshala, kunye nabasebenzi bemini ngokungathandabuzekiyo bachukumisekile kukuba amarhanisi aseCanada ayakwazi ukuququzelela inqwelomoya emilise okwe-V elandela umkhokeli ngaphandle kokuchasana okubonakalayo, ukuxabana, okanye ulawulo.Ngayo yonke intlonipho kumarhanisi afudukayo (kunye nalawo anikwe uxanduva lokuququzelela amaqela olutsha), umhlambi wamashumi amawaka eentaka ezimnyama ezijikayo nezijikelezayo ngaxeshanye zinomtsalane ngakumbi.Nangona i-grackles, i-cowbirds kunye neenkwenkwezi ezihlaselayo zifakwe kudidi lwe-blackbird, yintaka yethu emnyama enamaphiko abomvu (Agelaius phoeniceus) endihlala ndiyibona ngaphesheya kweNew York State.
Xa sicinga ukuba intaka ezibomvu zezona ntaka zininzi kuMntla Merika, kwenzeka njani ukuba singayiboni into yokufuduka kwazo?Ngapha koko, imihlambi yabo mikhulu kakhulu, ngokwamanani, kunaleyo yamarhanisi.Enyanisweni, uRichard A. Dolbeer weUSDA-APHIS Wildlife Services yaseDenver uthi umhlambi omnye usenokuba neentaka ezingaphezu kwesigidi.
Ukufuduka kwamarhanisi eKhanada kunzima ukuyiphosa.Nokuba imihlambi yabo emile okwe-V ayikutsali iliso lakho, ukukhwaza kwabo kuya kukwazisa ukuba kwenzeka ntoni na.Kodwa iintaka ezimnyama zincinci kwaye zifuduka ikakhulu ebusuku, kwaye azinayo imibhobho enamarhanisi, kwaye amazwi abo akahambi kude.Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abakho baninzi kumantla e-NY State njengoko bephezulu kuMbindi-ntshona.
Zonke iintaka ezimnyama, ezibomvu-amaphiko zibandakanyiwe, zi-omnivores.Zitya izitshabalalisi zezinambuzane ezinjenge corneaworms, kwakunye nembewu yokhula, izibakala ezifanele zisenze sizithande.Ngelishwa ngamanye amaxesha badla ukutya okuziinkozo, nto leyo enesiphumo esichaseneyo.Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba abafane benze umonakalo omkhulu kwizityalo.
Kunye neerobhoni, zezinye zeempawu zokuqala zasentwasahlobo.Ngokuqhelekileyo ndiyabeva ngaphambi kokuba ndibabone;ikhwelo leenkunzi elithi “oak-a-chee” ngumculo ezindlebeni zam ngeendlela ezininzi.Yaye amabala abomvu natyheli eenkunzi abonakala ephakathi kuMatshi.
Amaphiko abomvu ahlala ehlala kwiindawo ezivulekileyo kwiindawo ezinodaka.Ndikhumbula sihamba ngephenyane nentombi yam encinane phakathi kweekati, sikrobe kwiindlwane zeentaka ezibomvu ngoxa abantu abadala babendanda phezulu, bechasa ngokuvakalayo yaye maxa wambi sintywila kufutshane kakhulu neentloko zethu.Imigxobhozo ikhusela amaphiko abomvu kwizilwanyana ezizingelayo njengeempungutye kunye neeraccoon, kwaye iimazi, ezimdaka ngamabala, zidibana kakuhle.IiHawks, kunye nezikhova kancinci, zithatha irhafu kwiintaka ezimnyama kungakhathaliseki ukuba zihlala phi, nangona kunjalo.
Ekwindla, iintaka ezimnyama zihlangana kunye ngaphambi kokuba zifudukele kwiindawo ezisemazantsi e-US.Oku kuxa bebonisa ii-avian acrobatics zabo.Mhlawumbi uye waqhuba kunye nemihlambi emikhulu yeentaka ezimnyama kwaye wamangaliswa yindlela ezikwazi ngayo ukutshintsha indlela ngoko nangoko.
Ngenye intsasa ngale kwekwindla inani elikhulu lamaphiko abomvu lahlala kwimaple enkulu yeswekile eyadini yam.Ndawabukela ngoloyiko njengoko ayegxalathelana ephuma kuloo mthi aze aphinde azigalele kwenye imaple enkulu ekufutshane.Baphinda le "avian hourglass" ukusebenza izihlandlo ezininzi.
Abaphandi kudala bebhidekile kukuhamba komhlambi.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje baye benza inkqubela-phambili enkosi kwimifanekiso ekhawulezayo, i-algorithms kunye nemodeli yekhompyuter.Oopopayi bemiboniso bhanyabhanya basebenzise ezi ndlela zokubonisa iintshukumo zeentlanzi kunye nomhlambi wezilwanyana.
Kuyabonakala ukuba, intaka nganye igcina umkhondo wabathandathu - hayi ngaphezulu, hayi kancinci - abamelwane abasondeleyo, kwaye ilungelelanisa iintshukumo zayo kunye nabo.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba zijika okanye zintywila kangaphi na, zigcina umgama ofanayo phakathi kwazo neentaka ezintandathu ezikufutshane.
Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo iintaka ziwugcina njani umgama phakathi komhlambi, okanye ziyazi ukuba zitshintshe nini na?Ngokutsho kukaClaudio Carere, isazi ngeentaka saseItali esasibandakanyeke ngokunzulu ekufundeni ukuziphatha komhlambi weenkwenkwezi eRoma, “Indlela kanye okusebenza ngayo, akukho bani uyaziyo.”Ndiyamthanda umphandi onyanisekileyo.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Njengoko abaninzi abalobi besazi, imithi kunye ne-trout zihlobene ngokusondeleyo.Kakade ke, akunjalo kwintsapho.Kwaye akufani nendlela iitumato kunye neentlanzi ezatshata ngayo ngokufutshane kulingo luka-1996 e-Oakland, eCalifornia-based DNA Plant Technology kwilinge lokufumana itumato ekwaziyo ukunyamezela iqabaka (okanye intlanzi ekunokwenzeka ukuba ibe nesosi).Ukuba bekungengenxa yokugquma kwemithi, iintlobo zeentlanzi zasemanzini abandayo bezingayi kuphila kuninzi lwemilambo ezihlala kuyo ngoku.
Amahlathi asinika “iinkonzo zenkqubo yendalo” ezininzi.Ngelixa ixesha livakala ngathi ungabiza iiNkonzo ze-Ecosystem xa usenkampini kwaye u-odole iwayini eziswa ententeni yakho, ezi nkonzo, okanye izipho, zisuka kophezulu (ubuhle bobuhle) ukuya kweqhelekileyo (ixabiso ledola lokhenketho).
Zikwabandakanya izinto eziyimfuneko ezifana nokuveliswa kweoksijini, kunye nokususwa kwezinto eziphuma emoyeni.Enye inkonzo kukunciphisa ifuthe lezehlo zesaqhwithi.Ukugquma kwehlathi elishinyeneyo kumanzisa (ngokuthetha) amandla apho imvula ibetha emhlabeni, nto leyo ekhokelela kumanzi amancinci ahamba phezu komhlaba kunye nokuntywila kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba.Kwakhona, i-canopy shade yenza i-snowpack yasebusika inyibilike kancinane, inciphisa umngcipheko wezikhukhula ezisezantsi.
Imihlaba yamahlathi ilungile ekufunxeni nasekuhluzeni amanzi emvula kuba iingcambu zemithi zibamba umaleko we-duff endaweni.Iingcambu zikwanceda ukuzinzisa iibhanki zomlambo.
Ukunciphisa ukuhamba komhlaba kuthintela ukhukuliseko kwaye ugcine intlenga ngaphandle kwemijelo yamanzi, kodwa izibonelelo zihamba ngaphaya koko.Xa imvula eninzi kunye nokunyibilika kwekhephu kuphelela ekubeni ngamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, endaweni yokubaleka kumanzi angaphezulu, oko kukhokelela kumaqondo obushushu abandayo.Icanopy eshinyeneyo ikwanceda ukugcina amanzi epholile kubude bendlela yawo.
Oku kwenza iintlanzi zonwabe ngakumbi kuba zikwazi ukuphefumla lula.Ngendlela yenkcazo, nabani na ovule isiselo se-carbonated uyazi ukuba i-gasses ngokuqinisekileyo iya kunyibilika emanzini.Ibhotile ye-seltzer ekufuphi neqhwa inokuvulwa ngokukhuselekileyo kuba amanzi abandayo abamba igesi enyibilikisiweyo ngcono kakhulu.Beka ibhotile enye kwideshibhodi elangeni iyure, nangona kunjalo, kwaye iya kutshiza yonke indawo xa uqhekeza phezulu, kuba igesi ikhawuleza ukuphuma kwisisombululo.
Umgaqo ofanayo ubambe ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo kwimisinga.Abantu kunye nezinye izidalwa zasemhlabeni banobunewunewu bokujikeleza kwindawo eneoksijini eninzi: malunga ne-21% yeatmosfera yoMhlaba yenziwe ngale molekyuli ibalulekileyo.I-Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) ithi abasebenzi bokuhlangula kufuneka banxibe izixhobo zokuphefumla ezizimeleyo ukuba indawo ilinganisa ngaphantsi kwe-19.5%.Abanye abantu baba ne-woozy kwi-19% ye-O2 kwaye ukufa kwenzeka malunga ne-6% ye-oxygen.
Uxinzelelo oluphezulu olunokwenzeka lwe-oksijeni enyibilikileyo (DO) emanzini yi-14.6 inxalenye yesigidi kwiqondo lokushisa kwe-0.1 C okanye i-32.2 F. Ukubeka le nto, eyona nto ingcono kakhulu intlanzi enokuyithemba yi-0.00146% i-oksijini emanzini angendawo abandayo.Ngokubanzi, i-trout kunye nezinye iisalmonids zifuna ubuncinci be-DO ye-9 ukuya kwi-10 ppm, kodwa zinokuphila ngaphantsi kwe-7 ppm emanzini abandayo kune-10 C (50 F).Amaqanda e-trout akhawuleza ngakumbi, ukuba i-DO yehla ngaphantsi kwe-9 ppm nakumanzi abandayo.
Amahlathi enza okungakumbi kunokugcina intlenga ingangeni, nokugodola, imilambo nemilambo.Banikela ngomthi, obaluleke kakhulu kwimizila yamanzi esempilweni kunokuba ivakala.Enyanisweni, kwezinye iindawo apho amahlathi aye wonakaliswa okanye agawulwa, abanini-mhlaba bayahlawulwa ukuze bafakele iinkuni kwimilambo ukuze kuphuculwe indawo yokuhlala.Imithi ewileyo ngamanye amaxesha ivala indlela yamanzi kwaye itshintshe indlela yayo, enokuthi ibe noxinzelelo kwizinto eziphilayo okwethutyana kunye nesiseko sendawo.Kodwa uninzi lwamalungu kunye neziqu eziphela kwimilambo zinceda ekuboneleleni indawo yokuhlala iintlanzi, kunye nezinto ezizityayo.Isithintelo esipheleleyo okanye esipheleleyo sisebenza njenge-pool-digger, ukudala iindawo ezinzulu, ezibandayo.Inceda ukuhlamba igrabile, iyenze ibe lula kwi-stonefly, mayfly kunye ne-caddisfly nymphs (abaselula).
Nabani na oneehektare ezimbalwa okanye ngaphezulu komhlaba onemithi unokunceda ekulondolozeni okanye ekuphuculeni impilo yawo ngokufumana isicwangciso sokulawula ihlathi.Oku kunokwenziwa ngokuqesha ihlathi labucala, okanye ngeSebe lezoLondolozo lweNdalo yaseNew York (NYSDEC).
Ukuvunwa kwamaplanga kunokuhambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nempilo yehlathi, ukuba nje kuqhutywa ngokuhambelana nesicwangciso sakho solawulo, kwaye kulawulwa yingcali yamahlathi.Enyanisweni, ayikuko ukuba ukuvunwa kwamaplanga okuzinzileyo kulunge ngakumbi kwiintlanzi, kungenisela umnini-mhlaba umvuzo omninzi kwixesha elide.Ngalo lonke eli xesha, loo mahlathi alawulwa kakuhle ayakwazi ukugcina ezo nkonzo zibalulekileyo ze-ikhosistim esixhomekeke kuzo.Susa ukuhanjiswa kwewayini kwicala lentente kunjalo nje.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Enye yamazwi okucutha inkunkuma kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla sisilogeni esithi “Nciphisa, Sebenzisa kwakhona, uRisayikilishe”, esibonisa ulandelelwano lokukhetha ugcino lobutyebi: Kungcono ukusebenzisa izinto ezimbalwa kwasekuqaleni, kodwa wakuba uzifumene usenokuzigcina. kananjalo uzisebenzise kwakhona.Ekugqibeleni, nangona kunjalo, kungcono ukuba zihlaziywe kunokuba zifakwe kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma.
Ayizizo zonke iimveliso eziwela ngokucocekileyo kolu luhlu, nangona kunjalo.Ukuba ngqukuva, ivili lemoto kufuneka libe yipowusta yomntwana wembono yokuba into efikayo kufuneka ijikeleze kaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.Enye ingxaki kukuba abona bathengi bakulangazelelayo ukuphinda basebenzise amatayara eemoto neelori aqikelelwa ukuba amalunga nezigidi ezingama-300 alahlwa ngabantu baseMerika nyaka ngamnye ziingcongconi.Kwaye isibakala sokuba ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo, oluhlala luhleli luyinto echaza itayara elilungileyo lwenza ukurisayikilishwa kwalo kube ngumngeni okhethekileyo.
Kwasekuqaleni, kwaqondwa ukuba itayara elilahliweyo yayiyifama yeengcongconi.Ngoko kwimihla yakudala kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukubonelela ivili elifileyo ngengcwaba elingekho nzulu kwaye ulibize ngokuba lilungile ngokwaneleyo.Kodwa ngokwe-avareji, itayara elingcwatyiweyo lisithuba somoya esingama-75%, ngoko ke ukuba alikho nzulu kakhulu liba ligqibelele kwisibini esitshatileyo seempuku okanye ukumkanikazi webhatyi etyheli okhangela ikhaya elihle lomqalisi.
Xa amatayara ethunyelwa kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma, omnye umba wawungowokuba ayengakwazi ukudityaniswa, nto leyo eyayichitha ixesha elininzi.Kwaye kwavela ukuba bavuka ekufeni, bagcwala i-methane kwaye bahamba ngendlela yabo ukuya phezulu.
Ngo-2004, iSebe laseNew York State of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) laqokelela uluhlu lweendawo zokulahla amatayara kwilizwe lonke, libonisa iindawo ezingama-95 zenani elipheleleyo le-29 yezigidi zamatayara.Ukusukela ngoko, iziza ezininzi ziye zafunyanwa, kodwa amanani ewonke amatayara aye ehla kancinci ngenxa yenxenye yesihlomelo sika-2003 soMthetho woLondolozo lweNdalo obizwa ngokuba yiWaste Tire Management and Recycling Act.Lo nguMthetho ofuna ukuba iigaraji zikubize umrhumo wokulahla amatayara ngendlela eyiyo.
Phambi kuka-1990, kuphela malunga nama-25% amatayara alahliweyo aye aphinda asetyenziswa, kodwa kwezi ntsuku inani linyuke malunga ne-80%, elingaphantsi kwe-95% yezinga elifunyenwe eYurophu, kodwa kusekuphuculwe okukhulu.Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samatayara ethu asetyenzisiweyo asetyenziswa njengamafutha, ubukhulu becala ngamashishini afana nezibane zesamente kunye nezixhobo zokugaya intsimbi.Amathayi aphinde ahlulwe okanye aphantsi, kwaye i-crumb-rubber ebangelwayo yongezwa kwi-asphalt okanye ikhonkrithi yokwakhiwa kwendlela, enika ukuqina kunye neempawu zokuxhamla.Ngezizathu ezifanayo, irabha ekhutshiweyo ixutywe nomhlaba phantsi kwamabala eembaleki, kwaye isetyenziswa kwiindawo zokudlala phantsi kojingi kunye nezakhiwo zokudlala ukunceda ukuwa komqamelo.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, irabha yomhlaba ithengiswe njengokhetho lwe-mulch kubanini-mhlaba kunye nabaninikhaya.Oku kubonakala ngathi sisiphelo esigqibeleleyo sokusetyenziswa kwamatayara asetyenzisiweyo, kodwa abanye abaphandi bayathandabuza ubulumko be-mulch yerabha.Ngokutsho kukaDkt Linda Chalker-Scott, uNjingalwazi oDityanisiweyo kwi-Puyallup Research and Extension Centre kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington State, i-toxicity ye-rubber iyinkxalabo yokwenene, ngakumbi ukuba isetyenziswe kufuphi nezityalo zemifuno.
Kwelinye lamaphepha akhe apapashiweyo, uGqr. Chalker-Scott uye wathi “Inxalenye yetyhefu yerabha leachate ibangelwa kumxholo weminerali: i-aluminium, i-cadmium, i-chromium, ithusi, isinyithi, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-molybdenum, i-selenium, isulfure. , kunye ne-zinc…irabha inamanqanaba aphezulu e-zinc - ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2% yobunzima betayara.Iqela leentlobo zezityalo…kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ziqokelela amanqanaba aphezulu e-zinc ngamanye amaxesha de ade afe.”
Eli phepha liphawula ukuba ukongeza kwisinyithi, imichiza ephilayo “ehlala iqinile kokusingqongileyo kwaye inetyhefu kakhulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini” iphuma kwirabha ekroliweyo.UChalker-Scott uqukumbela ngelithi:
“Kucace gca kuncwadi lwenzululwazi ukuba irabha akufuneki isetyenziswe njengesilungiso somhlaba okanye isigcina-kufuma.Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba izinto eziyityhefu ziphuma kwirabha njengoko isonakala, ingcolisa umhlaba, izityalo ezimila emhlabeni, kunye neenkqubo zasemanzini ezinxulumeneyo.Ngelixa ukurisayikilisha amatayara amdaka kungumba obalulekileyo ekufuneka uqwalaselwe, ayisosisombululo sokususa ingxaki kumhlaba wethu nakumanzi angaphezulu.”
Xa ubuzwa ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwe-mulch, ndincoma "simahla."Isigcina-kufuma seplastiki sinokuba luncedo ekugqumeni ukhula olomeleleyo, kwaye isigqumathelo esidala se-bunker-silo sihlala sisimahla ukuba singathathwa ukuba uyamazi umfama wobisi kwingingqi yakho.Kodwa apho irabha idibana nendlela, ngoko kuthetha, izinto zendalo, ezisekelwe kwizityalo zingcono kwi-mulch.Zinceda ukulondoloza amanzi kunye nokucinezela ukhula, kunye nokuphucula ubume bomhlaba kunye nokwandisa uluntu lwe-mycorrhizal (umngundo oluncedo).Zikwasebenza njengesichumiso esikhutshwa kancinci.Izitshixo zeenkuni ezibolileyo, umgquba ovuthiweyo, okanye ifula eyonakeleyo ngokufuthi inokufunyanwa ngexabiso elincinane okanye kungabikho ntlawulo.Logama nje ungasebenzisi ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula kwingca yakho, iziqwenga zengca zingasetyenziswa ngokumodareyitha (ziphezulu kakhulu kwinitrogen).
Ukurisayikilisha kuhle, kodwa gcina amatayara angangeni egadini.Unokunceda ekunciphiseni inani lamatayara afileyo ehlabathini ngokuwajikelezisa rhoqo amatayara esithuthi sakho uze uwagcine evuthelwe ngokufanelekileyo, nangokusenza isithuthi sakho silungelelaniswe njengoko kunconyiwe kwincwadana yemigaqo yomnini.I-NYSDEC inolwazi oluthe kratya malunga namatayara enkunkuma apha https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8792.html
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Ngoku ekubeni imozulu ishushu ekugqibeleni, sinokuwuxabisa umkhenkce ngakumbi.Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umkhenkce uphucula kakhulu iziselo zasehlotyeni, kwaye ivatala enomkhenkce ingcono kunezandla ezifudumeleyo.Yaye kulo mmandla wehlabathi, umkhenkce ukwasinika amadlelo eentyatyambo zasendle akhethekileyo.Ngaselunxwemeni lomlambo kumazantsi e-Adirondacks, iintyatyambo ezinqabileyo zohlobo lweArctic ziyatyatyamba ngoku kwiziqwenga eziethe-ethe zamadlelo engca alungiswa ngobuchule minyaka le ngokugutyulwa komkhenkce kunye namanzi anyibilikayo.
Eyaziwa ngokuba ngamadlelo omkhenkce, ezi ndawo zokuhlala zimbalwa kwaye zikude phakathi kwehlabathi.Zifumaneka phantse kufutshane nemithombo yemilambo ephuma kwimimandla yeentaba;eNew York State oku kuquka iSt. Regis, Sacandaga, kunye neHudson Rivers.Kwezi ndawo zokuhlala, umkhenkce ugquma ecaleni kweendonga ukuya kubunzulu obuphakathi kweemitha ezintathu ukuya kwezintlanu ebusika ngabunye.Ngokucacileyo, ubungakanani obunjalo bomkhenkce bunokucinezela uluntu lwezityalo elunxwemeni.Umkhenkce nawo uthatha ixesha elide ukunyibilika, nto leyo ekhokelela kwixesha elincitshisiweyo elinemihlaba ebanda ngendlela engaqhelekanga kubemi bomkhenkce.
Ngenxa yezi zizathu, kwanesibakala sokuba ukugutyungelwa kwamanzi kubulala iingcambu zenkoliso yeentlobo zemithi kwisithuba esimalunga neentsuku ezilishumi, imithi yomthonyama ayinakukhula kumadlelo omkhenkce.Iintlobo ezigqunywe phantsi komhlaba ezisindayo kwaye zichume apho ziqhelana namaxesha onyaka amafutshane kakhulu.Ngokutsho kweSUNY College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry's New York Natural Heritage Programme, izityalo ezilishumi elinesithathu ezinqabileyo zifumaneka kumadlelo omkhenkce waseNew York, nangona zingenzeki zonke kuzo zonke iindawo.
Icherry encinci (iPrunus pumila var. depressa), iNew England violet (Viola novae-angliae), i-auricled twayblade (Neottia auriculata), kunye ne-spurred gentian (Halenia deflexa) ziphakathi kwezityalo undwendwe olukwaziyo ukuzibona.Ngokwam, ndingathanda umbono wento ebizwa ngokuba yi- many-headed sedge (Carex sychnocephala), kodwa kuphela xa ikhatshwa liqela leengcaphephe zobugcisa bokulwa.Ukongeza kwezi zityalo ze-boreal, ezinye iintyatyambo zasendle zendalo ezifana ne-cinquefoil ende (i-Drymocallis arguta), i-bastard toadflax (i-Comandra umbellata), kunye ne-thimbleweed (i-Anemone virginiana) zihlala zongeza kubuninzi beentyantyambo zasehlotyeni kwithafa lomkhenkce.
Iinkqubo ezibangela ukwakheka kwamadlelo omkhenkce aziqondwa ngokupheleleyo.Bekusoloko kucingwa ukuba umkhenkce omdaka obizwa ngokuba yifrazil unoxanduva lokugudla iindonga zomlambo, kodwa ukubekwa komkhenkce oyifrazil akunabundlobongela okanye amandla.I-Frazil yenziwa xa isiphithiphithi singena kumoya obandayo kakhulu - ngokwesiqhelo ngaphantsi kwe-16 F (-9 C) - kumanzi aphantse abe ngumkhenkce.Oku kubangela iikristale zomkhenkce ezimile okwentonga ezihlala zidityaniswa zibe zizigaqa.Xa zidada phezu komhlaba zikhangeleka njengamaqhekeza ekhephu.
Into engaqhelekanga yefrazil xa ithelekiswa nomkhenkce oqinileyo kukuba inokufunxwa phantsi komkhenkce ogquma umlambo kwaye "ixhonywe" elityeni, i-snag okanye enye into.Oku kunokwenza "idama elijingayo" emanzini phantsi komkhenkce elinokuthi linyuse kakhulu inqanaba lamanzi kwisithuba seeyure.
Umkhenkce weFrazil waziwa ngamanye amaxesha kwimilambo emininzi kunye nemijelo yobungakanani obuhle kwi-NYS, kodwa iqokelelana ngokwaneleyo ukuguqula indawo yokuhlala kwiindawo ezimbalwa.Ubume bomlambo, izinga lokutshintsha kokuphakama, kunye nobukhulu kunye nendalo yommandla wamanzi mhlawumbi ikwachaphazela imvelaphi yamadlelo omkhenkce.
Umhlali waseNorth Creek kunye nesazi sendalo ubomi bonke u-Evelyn Greene uchithe iiyure ezininzi ejonga amadlelo omkhenkce, ngakumbi ebusika.Undicebise ukuba ukukhukuliwa kwamanzi, amandla athe emva kwayo yonke loo miwonyo akroliweyo njengeGrand Canyon, anoxanduva ikakhulu kumadlelo omkhenkce.Uthi ngamanye amaxesha umkhenkce uyatyhalwa ecaleni komlambo, kodwa oku kunqabile.Ukhankanya ukuba ukuba phantsi kwamanzi aqukuqelayo ixesha elingaphezu kwenyanga ngonyaka kukhupha phantse yonke initrogen efumanekayo kwimihlaba engumkhenkce.Ekubeni uluntu lwezityalo luyinto eqhelekileyo kumhlaba obhityileyo, ongenazondlo-mzimba, oneasidi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, ndingabiza oko kukuqinisekisa.UGreene ukwaphawula ukuba iimeko zokuphuma komkhenkce zitshintshile kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kunye nokunyibilika okuninzi okubalulekileyo ngexesha lasebusika kuxhaphakile.
Umzekelo omhle we-Adirondack Park idlelo lomkhenkce ungafikelelwa kwi-Warren County's Hudson River Area yoLonwabo kwi-Golf Course Road, malunga ne-1.4 yeemayile (2.25 km) kumntla we-NYSDEC's Region 5 Warrensburg Suboffice.Ukusuka kwiNdawo yoLonwabo kwindawo yokupaka unokunyuka uye kumadlelo omkhenkce ngemizuzu embalwa.INew York Natural Heritage Programme idwelisa “ukunyathelwa ziindwendwe” njengesoyikiso kumadlelo omkhenkce, ngoko nceda uhlale kwiindlela eziphawulweyo, kwaye xa uselunxwemeni, unganyatheli nakweyiphi na imifuno.Amanye amadlelo omkhenkce anokufumaneka kwiSilver Lake Wilderness kunye ne-Hudson Gorge Primitive Areas eHamilton County.
Kwingingqi ephawulwe ngobusika obude, kunokuhlaziya ukunandipha iintaba zomkhenkce, okanye ubuncinane iziphumo zayo, kwimikhono emifutshane.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Xa wayekwishumi elivisayo, unyana wam wayenentetho ethi, enoba yeyoqobo okanye ibolekiwe andazi (intetho, oko kukuthi), eyayihamba ngolu hlobo: “Zonke izinto zilinganiselwe.Ngokukodwa ukumodareyitha. "Kubonakala ngathi uMama weNdalo uyithathele entliziyweni loo nto, kwaye isasazwe yimvula ephakathi kunye nekhephu elinyibilikayo kule ntwasahlobo.Ukuba ayinguye, mhlawumbi yayiyiNguqulelo yeMozulu yoMalume eCreepy.Nokuba yeyiphi na imeko, iziphumo zokhukula ziye zabuhlungu ukuzibona.
Ngelixa ngokuqinisekileyo ndinovelwano kwintlupheko yabo bantu bachaphazelekayo ngamanzi arekhodiweyo, njenge-arborist andinakukwazi ukucinga ngemithi ehluphekayo nayo.
Amanzi esikhukula achaphazela imithi ngeendlela ezininzi, enye yazo inokuba ziimpembelelo zokoqobo, njengaxa izinto ezifakwe emanzini aqukuqelayo zikhuhla eziqwini zemithi.Olo hlobo lokwenzakala luyabonakala, kwaye aluqhelekanga kwaye alukho bukhali kakhulu.Eyona nto iyingozi kwimithi kukunqongophala kweoksijini kwimihlaba ezaliswe ngamanzi.
Imingxuma yomhlaba yiyo evumela ioksijini ukuba ifikelele kwiingcambu zemithi.Esi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba iingcambu zemithi zibe nzulu kakhulu: i-90% kwi-25 yeesentimitha eziphezulu (i-intshi ezili-10) kunye ne-98% kumphezulu we-46 cm (18 kwi).Kukwayiyo loo nto ukongeza ukugcwalisa ukuphakamisa umgangatho ngaphezulu kwendawo yeengcambu zomthi kubangela uxinzelelo, kwaye kaninzi kukhokelela ekwehleni komthi ukuqala kwiminyaka emi-2-5 kamva.Zimbalwa kakhulu iintlobo zemithi eziqhelana neemeko zeoksijini ephantsi kakhulu.
Uninzi lwethu luzibonile iifoto ze-semi-tropical baldcypress ikhula ngolonwabo kwimigxobhozo.I-Baldcypress inezakhiwo eziguqukileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-pneumatophores ezenza ukuba zikhuphe umoya kwiingcambu zazo ukuze zingafuthanisi.Kodwa imithi yethu ayinazimo ezinjalo, kwaye ayikwazi ukubamba umoya ixesha elide.
Ubungakanani bomonakalo weengcambu owenziwe zizikhukula buxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, njengexesha lonyaka.Ngexesha lokulima, imihlaba ipholile, kwaye izinga lokuphefumla kweengcambu liphantsi kakhulu.Oku kuthetha ukuba iingcambu zinokuncama ioksijini ixesha elide.Ubuzaza bomonakalo wezikhukula bukwaxhomekeke kwimpilo yomthi phambi kwesiganeko.
Uhlobo lomhlaba lwenza umahluko.Ukuba isiza sinesanti, siya kukhupha ngokukhawuleza xa amanzi ehlile, xa kuthelekiswa nomhlaba onzima.Isanti ikwavumela ngokwemvelo ukuba ioksijini ingene lula.Imithi yodongwe okanye umhlaba wentlenga iya kugxininiswa kakhulu.
Ubude bexesha leengcambu eziphantsi kwamanzi bubalulekile ngokunjalo.Iintsuku ezimbini okanye ezintathu azinakubangela ingozi engafanelekanga, kodwa ukuba ihamba iveki okanye ngaphezulu, ezininzi iintlobo ziya kuba nokwenzakala okukhulu.Ngokuyinxenye, ukunyamezela izikhukhula kuxhomekeke kwimfuza - ezinye iintlobo zinokusinda ekukhukulisweni kwamanzi ngcono kunezinye.
Kwiimeko zeveki okanye ngaphezulu kwezikhukula, imithi efana nemephu ebomvu (Acer rubrum) kunye nesilivere yemaple (A. saccharinum) ihamba ngcono kunemaple yeswekile (A. saccharum), umzekelo.I-River birch (Betula nigra) iya kubandezeleka ngaphantsi kwe-paper birch (B. papyrifera).I-Pin oak (iQuercus palustris) inokusingatha iimeko ezihluthisiweyo ngcono kakhulu kune-oki ebomvu (Q. rubra).IEastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) ngomnye umthi onokubamba amanzi awo.I-tupelo emnyama, ekwabizwa ngokuba yintlaka emnyama okanye emuncu (Nyssa sylvatica) ilungile ngeeveki ezimbalwa zeengcambu ezifakwe emanzini.Imingcunube (iSalix spp.), iAmerican larch (Larix laricina), ibhalsam fir (Abies balsamea), kunye necatalpa engasentla (Catalpa speciosa) yeminye imithi ekwaziyo ukunyamezela izikhukula.
Izihlahla ezinokumelana namanzi aphezulu ziquka i-American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata), chokeberry (Aronia spp.), highbush cranberry (Vburnum trilobum), kunye neentlobo zezityalo zeshrub-dogwood (Cornus spp.).
Nangona kunjalo, i-hickories (Carya spp.), iinkumbi ezimnyama (Robinia pseudoacacia), ilinden (Tilia spp.), i-walnut emnyama (Juglans nigra), i-eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), iColorado spruce (Picea pungens), kunye nayo yonke imithi yeziqhamo. , zisengozini ngakumbi xa zingqongwe ngamanzi kangangeveki.
Iimpawu zoxinzelelo lwesikhukula ziquka i-chlorotic, i-wilting, i-undersize, okanye i-curling amaqabunga, isithsaba esincinci, umbala wokuwa kwangaphambili (ngokuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zayo), kunye ne-branch-tip dieback.Ngokuxhomekeke kuzo zonke izinto ezixoxwe ngasentla, iimpawu zinokuthi zenzeke kwixesha lokuqala, okanye zingathatha iminyaka emininzi ukubonakalisa.
Emva kokuba izinto zomile kancinci, uninzi lwabantu abachatshazelwe zizikhukula zalo nyaka kuyaqondakala ukuba baxakeke zizinto ezicinezela ngakumbi.Xa kufika ixesha lokucinga ngemithi, enye yeendlela ezibaluleke ngakumbi ubani anokuyinceda ngayo kukuphepha ukwenza umonakalo ongakumbi.Le ngongoma ephambili.Musa ukupakisha, ukuqhuba, okanye izixhobo zeqonga ngaphakathi kwendawo yeengcambu, ephindwe kabini ubude besebe.Emva kokuntywiliselwa emanzini, indawo yeengcambu zomthi iba sesichengeni kwanakwintshukumo eqhelekileyo, nto leyo enokuthi kwiimeko ezinjalo itshabalalise ubume bomhlaba kunye noxinezeleko lwemithi oluxandileyo.
Ungaqesha i-ISA Certified Arbourist ukuba ihlole umthi, kwaye ikwazi nokufaka umoya kwindawo yeengcambu ngokuqhekeka komhlaba osebenza ngomoya, ukugquma ngokuthe nkqo, okanye olunye unyango.Ukufumana iArborist eQinisekisiweyo kufutshane nawe, ndwendwela https://www.treesaregood.org/findanarborist/findanarborist
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.Ube yi-ISA Certified Arborist ukususela ngo-1996, kwaye ulilungu le-ISA-Ontario, i-Canadian Society of Environmental Biologists, i-Canadian Institute of Forestry, kunye ne-Society of Foresters yaseMelika.
Amaxesha amaninzi umntu esiva ngohlaselo lweendaba ezimnandi.Ndingathanda ukufumana ibhulethini ngomthi omtsha wemali ohlaselayo owawulungele ukusasazeka kulo mmandla.Kuyavunywa ukuba iya kuvelisa ngemali yangaphandle, kodwa sinokwenza uxolo naloo meko, ndiyacinga.
Uhlaselo lomthi wemali alunakwenzeka, kodwa ezinye iindawo kungekudala ziza koyiswa yinkitha yezinambuzane ezicetywe ukuba zitye iimpukane ezimnyama, iingcongconi kunye neempukane zamaxhama.Iidragonflies kunye ne-damselflies, izinambuzane ezidla inyama ngokomyalelo we-Odonata, zisukela kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-300 ezigidi.Zombini ezi ntlobo zezinambuzane ziluncedo kuba zitya kakhulu i-nasties.Kwiintlobo eziqikelelwayo ze-6,000 ze-Odonata emhlabeni, malunga ne-200 ziye zachongwa kwindawo yethu yehlabathi.Ndixelelwe ukuba lithamsanqa ukuba umntu uhlala phezu kwakho, kodwa ithamsanqa mhlawumbi kukuba ziyazoyikisa izinambuzane ezilumayo.
Ekupheleni kwentlakohlaza ndidla ngokufumana umnxeba omnye ndibuza ukuba ngaba yi-NY State, Cornell, okanye abasemagunyeni baseFederal abalahle zonke iidragonflies kwiLizwe laseMantla.Iidragonflies kunye needamselflies zinomjikelo wobomi ongaqhelekanga owenza ukuba kubonakale ngathi kukho umntu ozikhulule ngobuninzi bazo.
Iimazi kunye needragons zibeka amaqanda azo kanye emanzini okanye kwizityalo ezikufutshane nemiphetho yemilambo, imilambo okanye amachibi.Iintsana, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-nymphs, zifana nerhamncwa kwaye zifana kancinci nabazali bazo.Unokufumana ingqiqo yokuba i-choppers yabo ibonakala njani ukuba ubukele i-movie ye-Alien.Xa ukhulisiwe, unokubona imihlathi yokuqala yenamba kunye ne-damselflies evulekileyo ukubonisa umzuzwana kwaye kwezinye iindidi, kunye nesithathu, iiseti ezijingayo ezinjengomhlathi.Ekuphela kweenkcukacha ezingekhoyo nguSigourney Weaver.
Iidragonflies, iiflaya ezinamandla, zinokuba zikhulu kangangokuba zinokubukeka njengentaka ekuqaleni.Xa ziphumle ziye zolule amaphiko azo, yaye umgca wazo ohleli kwisigodo ufana neenqwelo-moya ezifolele kwindlela yeeteksi.Amaphiko amabini angaphambili edragonfly made kunexhama lakhe, leyo yenye yeendlela zokubaxelela kwiidamselflies.
IiDamselflies zibhityile ngakumbi kuneedragons, kwaye ngendlela efana nentombi, zisonga amaphiko azo ngokuthe ngqo kwimizimba yazo ngelixa ziphumle.Yaye nangona iidragoni ezininzi zinemibalabala, amabhinqa amabhinqa agqwesa “ngeengubo” eziqaqambileyo nezimbejembeje.Ngamanye amaxesha iiDamselflies zibizwa ngokuba ziinaliti ze-darning, kwaye noncwadi lwesayensi ludwelisa amagama angama-damselfly njenge "variable dancer" kunye nezinye izihloko ezichazayo.
Iinyamakazi kunye nedragoni zichitha phakathi konyaka omnye ukuya kwemithathu ngaphantsi kwamanzi apho zirhubuluza imibungu ethambileyo efana negrub yeempukane zexhama kunye neempukane zehashe ezizimele eludakeni.Zikwaxukuxa kwi 'skeeter larvae kufutshane nomphezulu, zikhula zibe nkulu ngonyaka ngamnye.Ngokuxhomekeke kwiindidi, i-dragonfly nymph ingaba ixesha elide njengobubanzi besandla sakho.IiNymphs azikhuli, kodwa xa sele zikhule ngokupheleleyo ziya kurhubuluza emanzini, zibophelele “iinzipho zenzwane” zazo okanye iinzipho zetarsal kwisiqobo esiphathwayo okanye kwidokhi yesikhephe, zize zivule ulusu lwazo kumbindi womqolo wazo.
Ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na ifilimu ye-sci-fi, inamba entle okanye intombazana iphuma kwisikhumba sayo se-monster-skin.Emva kokomisa amaphiko ayo amatsha elangeni okwexeshana, aba matshini bokubulala babhabha bemka bayokutya izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, kunye nokudibana ngendlela echanekileyo nentsonkothileyo.Ngethamsanqa, uhlabamanzi kunye nabemi be-damselfly abekho emngciphekweni, nangona sibulala kakhulu ngelixa siqhuba kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ehlotyeni.
Iyamangalisa into yokuba umbungu otyebileyo, onemigca, uzithunge ube yinwebu ecatshulwe yigolide, unyibilike ube yisuphu eluhlaza, uze uphume kwiiveki ezimbini kamva njengebhabhathane.Noko ke, oohlabamanzi batshintsha kwiiyure nje ezingephi ukusuka kwisidalwa esihlala emanzini esinenyongo ukuya ekubeni yibhabhathane esebenza kakhulu emoyeni.Kufana nokuba ne-muskellunge evula iziphu yesikhumba kwaye iphume njenge-osprey.
Ngenxa yokuba iqalwa bubushushu, le nguquko igqithisileyo yenzeka kuhlabamanzi okanye kwiintlobo ezizii-damselfly ngaxeshanye.Sele zineminyaka eliqela ubudala, ziphuma kwisithuba sosuku okanye ezimbini zoontanga bazo, zisenza kubonakale ngathi ziye zatshintsha umoya.Okanye baye bakhutshwa njengeqela kwinqwelo-moya.Ndiyazi ngenyaniso ukuba akukho qela okanye i-arhente karhulumente ekhupha oohlabamanzi.Kodwa ukuba nabani na uva amarhe malunga nemithi yemali engaqhelekanga iyakhululwa, nceda undiphosele inqaku.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Abanye abafuduki baqhubeka betshutshiswa, nokuba banokulandela iingcambu zabo kubantu baseYurophu bokuqala abafika kweli lizwekazi.Idandelion engeyiyo yokuzalwa ayifumani imbeko eyifaneleyo njengomphambukeli oyiplucky owahlala kwilizwe elitsha, okanye njenge-vitamin-packed culinary eyonwabisayo, okanye njengeyeza lezityalo ezininzi.
Kweli nqanaba lokugqibela, idandelion ihlonelwa kakhulu kangangokuba iye yafumana igama lesiLatini elithi Taraxicum officinale, elithetha “iyeza elisemthethweni lokunyanga izigulo.”Zininzi iinzuzo zempilo ezixeliweyo zedandelion, kubandakanywa njengenkxaso yesibindi kunye nokunciphisa amatye ezintso kunye nesinyi, kunye nangaphandle njengeyeza lokunyanga amathumba esikhumba.Andizenzi ngathi ndiyazi yonke into edlulileyo nekhoyo ngoku yokusetyenziswa kwesi sityalo, kwaye ndicebisa ngamandla ukuba udibane ne-herbalist elungileyo, kunye nomboneleli wakho wezempilo, ngaphambi kokuba uzame ukuzinyanga.
Oko kuthethiweyo, iYunivesithi yaseMaryland Medical Centre inikezele ngephepha lewebhu lonke kwidandelion, kunye nezifundo ezininzi eziphononongwe ngoontanga.Ndandikhe ndeva ukuba i-dandelion yayisetyenziselwa unyango lweswekile, kwaye i-U ye-M Medical Centre iqinisekisa oku:
"Izifundo zezilwanyana zangaphambili zibonisa ukuba i-dandelion inokunceda ukulungelelanisa amanqanaba eswekile yegazi kunye nokunciphisa i-cholesterol epheleleyo kunye ne-triglycerides ngelixa iphakamisa i-HDL (elungileyo) i-cholesterol kwiigundane zeswekile.Abaphandi kufuneka babone ukuba i-dandelion iya kusebenza ebantwini.Izifundo ezimbalwa zezilwanyana zikwacebisa ukuba idandelion inokunceda ukulwa nokudumba. ”
Hayi kakubi ukhula.Ungathenga ingcambu yedandelion eyomileyo nenqunqiweyo ngobuninzi okanye ifom ye-capsule kwiivenkile ezininzi zokutya kwezempilo, okanye ungayifumana simahla kwiyadi yakho yangasemva, ukubonelela ukuba awusebenzisi imichiza yengca.
Igama eliqhelekileyo leDandelion livela kwisiFrentshi elithi "dent de lion," okanye izinyo lengonyama, libhekiselele kumagqabi anamandla.Amagqabi ahluka ngokubanzi ngenkangeleko, nangona kunjalo, kwaye ngaphandle kwe-mane yabo ephuzi, ayizizo zonke i-dandelion efana ne-leonid njengelandelayo.Enye i-dandelion moniker ikwasisiFrentshi: "pis en lit," okanye "manzisa ibhedi," njengoko ingcambu eyomileyo i-diuretic enamandla.Okungakumbi ngaloo nto kamva.
Imifuno yeDandelion ingcono ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba igqitywe iintyatyambo.Ukuvuna emva kwexesha lonyaka kufana nokukha i-lettuce kunye nesipinatshi emva kokuba zibolile-ezityiwayo, kodwa hayi kangangoko.Ukuba ubuneedandelion ezimbalwa kwigadi yakho kulo nyaka uphelileyo, mhlawumbi zikulungele ukuncothula kwaye zitye ngoku.Uhlobo lwenguqu entsha kwibinzana elithi "ukhula kunye nokutya."
Imifuno emincinci inokutshizwa kwaye ihanjiswe kwisaladi, okanye enye ibilisiwe, kodwa ndiyithanda kakhulu xa inqunywe kwaye ifakwe.Bahamba kakuhle kwi-omelets, i-stir-fry, isobho, i-casserole, okanye nayiphi na isitya esilungileyo kulo mbandela.Iingcambu ezitsha zinokuhlanjululwa, zicutywe kwaye zifakwe.
Olona nyango luzizithsaba zedandelion.Isizathu sokuba zidubule kwangethuba kukuba zinamathupha eentyatyambo amiliselwe kumbindi wesithsaba sengcambu, ngelixa ezinye iintyatyambo ezininzi zidubula ekukhuleni okutsha.Emva kokunqumla amaqabunga, thabatha i-knife yokumisa kwaye ukhuphe izithsaba, ezinokutshizwa kwaye zihanjiswe ngebhotela.
Iingcambu zedandelion ezigcadiweyo zenza eyona ndawo yekofu ingcono endakha ndayingcamla, kwaye loo nto ithetha into kuba ndiyithanda kakhulu ikofu.Gcoba iingcambu ezintsha kwaye uzisasaze kwi-oven rack ukuze bangaphathani.Ungazama ngoseto oluphezulu, kodwa ndibaqhotse malunga ne-250 de babe crispy kwaye babemdaka ngokumnyama.Ngenene andinakutsho ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani, kwindawo ethile phakathi kweeyure ezi-2 nezi-3.Noko ke, ndisoloko ndiwaqhotsa xa kufuneka ndibe sendlwini, kwaye ndiwajonga rhoqo emva kwamanqaku eeyure ezimbini.Zigaye usebenzisa iprosesa yokutya okanye udaka kunye nepestle.Xa kuthelekiswa nekofu, usebenzisa ingcambu engaphantsi komhlaba ngekomityi nganye.
Isiselo sinencasa yedandy, kodwa njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, sichaphaza ngakumbi kunekofu okanye iti emnyama.Andizange ndiyifumane le ngxaki, kodwa ukuba uhambo lwakho lwasekuseni lubandakanya i-traffic snarl, khetha isiselo sakho sakusasa ngokufanelekileyo.
Andizange ndizame iwayini ye-dandelion, isithethe esaqala kwiinkulungwane zaseYurophu, kwaye ke andinawo amava okuqala okunika ingxelo, kodwa i-scads yokupheka inokufumaneka kwi-Intanethi.Abahlobo abaliqela kunye namalungu osapho bayizamile, ngophononongo olubi kunye nolulungileyo olwahlulahlulwe kakuhle.Andazi nokuba lukhetho lomntu okanye isakhono sokwenza iwayini esahlulwe ngokulinganayo.
Ngenxa yazo zonke izinto ezintle zeedandelions, kuyamangalisa ukuba lingakanani ixesha kunye nobuncwane benkcubeko yethu ebeka kuyo ukuphelisa.Kubonakala ngathi kusondelelene nokuthanda abantu abathile, abathi bamanzise ingca yabo ngemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula emagqabini.Zonke ezi ziza nemingcipheko yempilo, singasathethi ke ngamathegi amaxabiso aphezulu.
Kwabo mhlawumbi bathathe unxibelelwano lwengonyama kude kakhulu kwaye abakwazi ukulala ebusuku ukuba kukho iidandelions ezilele kwindawo, ndiya kwabelana ngemfihlo yokubakhupha ngaphandle kwendawo.Ukubeka umtshini wokusika kwi-intshi ezine phezulu akuyi kulahla kuphela ukhula oluninzi, kuya kunceda ukukhusela izifo, kwaye kuya kunciphisa kakhulu imfuno yesichumisi.
Ndithi masiyeke ukuzama ukubulala ingonyama yaseMntla Melika ekuphela kwayo engekho sengozini yokuphela, kwaye sifunde ukuyixabisa nokuyisebenzisa ngakumbi.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Akukho mntu ufuna ukuxelelwa ukuba unobumba obunzima, kodwa imithi emininzi kweli hlotyeni, ngakumbi iimephu, ikhangeleka imbi kakhulu ngenxa yeemeko zangaphambili kwixesha lonyaka.“Ukugqabhuka kwegqabi” ligama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza amagqabi anokuthi akrazuke kwaye ajongeke ebhedin, agqwethekile, ngamanye amaxesha abe namabala amnyama okanye imimandla.Isenokukhangeleka ngathi sisifo okanye isitshabalalisi esingaqondakaliyo siwonakalisa umthi.
Njengoko amagqabi emithi evuleka kwaye amagqabi amancinci eqala ukuvuleka, angonakaliswa ziimeko ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo.Oyena nobangela uphambili wokugqabhuka kwamagqabi yiqabaka kade ebanda ngokwaneleyo ukukhenkceza imiphetho egotyiweyo yamagqabi osana, kodwa ingabulali yonke into.Xa ekugqibeleni ivula yonke indlela kwaye iqina, kukho i-slits okanye imingxuma ecaleni kwemigca apho igqabi laligoqwe khona.Ngamanye amaxesha igqabi alikwazi ukuvula ngokupheleleyo, kwaye linokuhlala lifakwe kwikomityi.
Enye imeko kuxa sifumana iziganeko zomoya onamandla ngelixa amagqabi amatsha athambileyo esakhula.Ngokuxhomekeke kumandla omoya, oku kugqabhuka komzimba kunokubangela ukuba amagqabi abethwe kancinci, ukuya kulawo aqhekeke ngokupheleleyo.Ngokuqhelekileyo lo monakalo awukho cocekileyo okanye ufanayo xa uthelekisa naleyo ibangelwa kukwenzakala kweqabaka.
Akukho mntu ufuna ukukhunjuzwa ukuba kulo nyaka ubeke iirekhodi zexesha lonke zemvula epheleleyo kunye neentsuku ezilandelelanayo zemvula.Ngenxa yoko, imida “ethambileyo” yamagqabi agqabhukileyo yaba namanzi.Ngokuqhelekileyo, amahlamvu awaxutywa ngamanzi ngenxa ye-wax yendalo kwindawo ephezulu kunye nesezantsi yamagqabi kuwo onke amagqabi.Kodwa imiphetho ekrazukileyo ayinayo loo miqobo.Ukufuma kwangena ngaphakathi, izicubu ezithambileyo zafa, kwaye umngundo onethuba lokubola waqala ukuqhekeza iindawo ezifileyo.Ukongeza ukuhlambalaza kukwenzakala, izinambuzane ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba yi-pear thrips zinokuthi zenze amagqabi awonakeleyo (azingacacanga kumapere).
Enye into eyongeza kumbala wemithi engalawulekiyo kulo nyaka kukwanda kwembewu.Kwimeko yeemaple, ezi zikwimo “yehelikopta,” iimbewu ezinamaphiko ezaziwa ngokuba ziisamara ezihlala emithini.Njengoko i-crazy-emanzi njengale xesha lonyaka, i-2018 yomile ukuya kwinqanaba elichasene kakhulu.Izityalo zemithi zinquma inani leentyatyambo, kwaye ngoko ke imbewu, iya kwenza kuyo nayiphi na intwasahlobo ngexesha lehlobo langaphambili.Ukuba izinto zi-peachy, ziya kumisela inani elincinci leentyatyambo zeentyatyambo zonyaka ozayo.Ukuba ubomi bunzima, buya kuba mbalwa okanye bungabikho.
Noko ke, ukuba iimeko zimbi kangangokuba ubomi bomthi busengozini, uya kusebenzisa amandla awo amaninzi ukuze uvelise intaphane yeentyatyambo.Le mpendulo ididayo ibonakala iyindlela yendaleko yokugcina uhlobo nokuba lubulala umthi ongumzali.I-plethora yembewu, eninzi ejika ibe mdaka njengoko yomile kwaye ilungiselela ukuwa, inika iimephu imbonakalo "yemozulu" ngakumbi.
Ngokuphathelele ukugqabhuka kwamagqabi, iCornell’s Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic ithi: “Nangona imbonakalo yothusayo, oku akuwenzi ngokuqhelekileyo umthi . . .
Kukho into ebizwa ngokuba yi-anthracnose, enganxulumananga ne-anthrax, kwaye ayimbi njengoko ivakala.Ibangelwa linani lezifo zokungunda ezahlukeneyo, i-anthracnose iba mandundu kwiminyaka enamanzi kakhulu, kwaye ichaphazela imithi emininzi evuthulukayo kunye nezihlahla, ubukhulu becala esele ikwimo ebuthathaka.I-Anthracnose ibangela iindawo ezifileyo okanye ezinecrotic ezibotshelelwe yimithanjana emikhulu, kwaye ihlala ikhokelela ekuweni kwamagqabi kwangoko.Yenza ngokulula kwaye utshabalalise amagqabi, yindlela esi sifo sidlula ngayo.
Kungenjalo, phumla ukuba ucinga ukuba unomthi ogula kakhulu.Ngunyaka nje onzima-nzima.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Iikati ezimbini kwindawo yam ziye zanyamezela iintlungu ezibeka ubomi esichengeni ezifana nokuwa, ukulwa, kunye "nokuzinikela" okunyanzelekileyo kwabantwana abancinci.Iyamangalisa iingozi abanokusinda.Ngelishwa, abafowunelwa bam kwicandelo lonyango lwezilwanyana bayaqhubeka besithi iikati zinobomi obunye kuphela, kwaye yonke into yobomi obusithoba yintsomi yekati.
Nangona kunjalo, ibali malunga neekati eziphila ubomi obusithoba alingomsonto.Isityalo esisinyanzelo somgxobhozo, i-cattail eqhelekileyo (iTypha latifolia) inzalelwane yaseMelika kunye naseYurophu, e-Afrika nakwininzi ye-Asia-ngokusisiseko iplanethi i-Australia, zonke iZiqithi zePasifiki kunye nemimandla emininzi ye-Polar.Inokufunyanwa ikhula ecaleni komgxobhozo kwaye ibe emanzini ukuya kuthi ga kwi-intshi ezingama-30 ubunzulu, ukusuka kwimozulu eshushu ukuya kwiYukon Territory yaseCanada.
Igama layo lisuka kwintloko yembewu emdaka eyivelisayo, efana nenja yombona ngaphezu komsila wenkakazi.Kodwa ukunqanda ukuqhambuka kwehlabathi lokuhleka okungapheliyo, okunokuthi kucothise uqoqosho lwehlabathi kangangemizuzu embalwa, iBhanki yeHlabathi icinezele iingcali ngezityalo ukuba zithiye le cattail yesityalo endaweni yenja yombona.
Ibizwa ngokufanelekileyo okanye akunjalo, ikati iyamangalisa ngokwenene indalo.Njengomntu othanda ukutya ngaphezulu kwezidlo ezithathu ngemini, iyavakala into yokuba ndiqale ndaqhelana neecatails ngokusetyenziswa kwazo ekuphekeni.Amahlumela amancinci, ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuba yi-Cossack asparagus, anencasa ekrwada okanye ephekiweyo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo khetha ukuwapheka ukuba awuqinisekanga ngokucoceka kwamanzi.
Iingcambu ezishinyeneyo okanye ezifana neengcambu zimalunga ne-80% yecarbohydrates naphakathi kwe-3% kunye ne-8% yeprotheyini, eyona mbonakalo ingcono kunezinye izityalo ezilinywayo.Iirhizome zinokubhakwa, zibiliswe okanye zomiswe kwaye zicolwe zibe ngumgubo.
Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Stalking the Wild Asparagus, u-Euell Gibbons unika iinkcukacha zendlela yokwenza iingcambu ngamanzi ukukhupha isitashi, endinokuthi sisebenze kakuhle.Isitatshi, esimanzi okanye esingumgubo, sigalelwa kumgubo ukunyusa ixabiso lesondlo sokutya okufana neebhiskithi kunye neepanekuku.
Eyona nto ndiyithanda kakhulu zizikhonkwane zeentyatyambo, eziyimicimbi enemigangatho emibini enezikhonkwane ezinobudoda okanye ezithwele umungu ngaphezulu, kunye neentloko ezishinyeneyo zabasetyhini okanye iipistillate ezingezantsi.Intyatyambo yobuduna iyabuna emva kokuba ikhuphe umungu, kodwa iimazi zivuthuluka zibe zizinja zombona – ndithetha imisila yeekati – sonke siyayibona.Zombini izikhonkwane ziyatyiwa, kodwa kufuneka ziqokelelwe kanye njengoko ziphuma kwizingxobo zephepha.Bilisa kwaye utye ngebhotolo njengoko ubuya kwenza umbona kwisikhwebu.Zinencasa kanye njengenkukhu.Ukudlala.Ziyafana nombona.
Ekwindla ungaqokelela imisila kwaye utshise i-fluff ukuze uvune imbewu etyiwayo, eneoli eninzi.(Isivumo: ngenxa yeSifo sam soBuvila endingekayifumani andikayizami le.)
Kangangeminyaka, mna nentombi yam sally (hayi igama lakhe lokwenyani) phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kukaJuni kwaye siqokelele ipollen etyheli.Vele utyibilikise isikhwama seplastiki phezu kwentloko yeentyatyambo, xukuxa amaxesha ambalwa kwaye ugqibile.I-acre ye-catails inokuvelisa ngaphezulu kweetoni ezintathu ze-cattail pollen, kwaye kwi-6-7% yeprotheni, ngumgubo omninzi onesondlo.Faka endaweni ye-cattail pollen ukuya kwisinye kwisine somgubo kuyo nayiphi na iresiphi.Ungasebenzisa ngakumbi, kodwa ulinge kwisikali esincinci ngaphambi kokuba unikeze abanye (ingcebiso evela kubantwana bam).
Kulungile, yiloo nto ke, ubomi obuhlanu?U-Euell Gibbons wabiza i-cattail ivenkile enkulu yomgxobhozo, kwaye wayengadlali.Unokufumana amawaka amanqaku kunye namaphepha ophando malunga nokusetyenziswa kweekati.Ngokobuchwephesha, loo nto inokungasifikisi kubomi obusithoba okwangoku, ke masibize amagama athile.
Kulo lonke elo xesha, abantu bomthonyama kangangamawaka eminyaka baye baluka amagqabi ecattail neentyatyambo kwingca eluphahleni, iimethi zokulala, izinto zokuhombisa amadada, iminqwazi, oonodoli nezinye izinto zokudlala zabantwana, ukukhankanya nje izinto ezimbalwa ezisetyenziswayo.Amagqabi kunye neengcambu ezitsha zazicolwa zaza zasetyenziswa njengeyeza lokuthomalalisa amathumba.I-Cattail fluff yayisetyenziswa njenge-diaper linings, i-moccasin insulation kunye nokubopha amanxeba.
Namhlanje, imigxobhozo eyenziwe ziinjineli zokunyanga amanzi amdaka, kwaye amagcisa enza iphepha ngamagqabi ecattail.Abantwana basadlala ngamagqabi, ngakumbi imisila yeekati ezivuthiweyo.Nantsi kubomi obuninzi be-catail.
Mhlawumbi abanye abaphembeleli beendaba zentlalo banokukhokelela iphulo lokubiza esi sityalo simangalisayo umsila wenja yombona.Ihlabathi lingasebenzisa ukuhleka kakuhle ngoku.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Xa ucinga ngayo, imithi ye-landscape iphila ubomi oburhabaxa Imiliselwe kwindawo enye imini nemini, unyaka nonyaka, iyasokola-ke, ndiyayicingela.Kusenokufuneka balwe nokunkcenkceshelwa okuluncedo ngezinja zendawo, ukuvavanywa kwemathiriyeli ngabantwana abanamandla, okanye imiba enjengendawo ethintelweyo yeengcambu, uxinzelelo lwembalela, ukhuphiswano lwengca yengca, ubushushu obuvela kwipavumente kunye nezakhiwo, ukugawula ityuwa emhlabeni - olo hlobo. ngento.
Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje kukho ubhubhani wemilinganiselo yenyikima esongela impilo-ntle yemithi yethu esiyithandayo yomthunzi: iintaba-mlilo.Kunjalo, kule minyaka ilishumi ukuya kumashumi amabini edlulileyo siye saqhambuka iintaba-mlilo.Zibonakala zigqabhuka emazantsi emithi yembonakalo-mhlaba, ngakumbi emincinci, kwaye iziphumo azikho ntle.
Iingcali ngokuma komhlaba kunye neengcaphephe zezityalo ziye zasebenza nzima zizama ukuchaza le nto.Noko ke, de kufumaneke iyeza lokunyanga, abantu bayabongozwa ukuba babukele iintaba-mlilo eziyingozi kwindawo yabo.Nceda ujonge ugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu olujikeleze iziseko zemithi ngesiquphe.Iintaba-mlilo ze-mulch zinokuntshula ngobusuku, ngakumbi kwiipropati zorhwebo kunye neziko.
Ukugcina i-mulch ejikeleze isiqu somthi kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu zempilo.Kuba umthi, ukuze kucace nje.Omnye umba kukuba izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo ziyinkukhu.Njengabohlisi kunye neetroli ze-Intanethi, boyika ukwenza umsebenzi wabo omdaka ukuba bacinga ukuba nabani na uyababona.Hayi, bathanda ukuba mnyama kwaye kumanzi, kanye njengomoya ophantsi kwemfumba ye-mulch, okanye kwimeko yeetroli, kwigumbi elingaphantsi likaMama.Abenzi bomthi kunye nooqongqothwane bayayithanda intaba-mlilo ye-mulch kuba ibenza bakwazi ukufikelela simahla esiqwini somthi.
Ngubani ongayithandiyo impuku entle?Kulungile, abanye bethu mhlawumbi abakwenzi.Imithi nayo ayizithandi iimpuku.Iimpuku, i- meadow voles kunye ne-pine voles zonke ziyonwabela incasa yexolo lomthi.Ingxaki kukuba ukutya amaxolo kubathatha ixesha elide, apho banokuba sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa ngamarhamncwa.Kodwa phantsi kwe-volcano ye-mulch, izidlo zasemini zokuzonwabisa zivuliwe.
Iingcambu zemithi zifuna ioksijini.Oku kunokubonakala kucacile-ewe kunjalo, kwaye bafumana ioksijini ngemithambo yabo, akunjalo?Ewe, hayi.Imithi ineenkqubo zemithambo kwaye yenza ioksijini nge-photosynthesis, kodwa ayinanto efana ne-hemoglobin yokuhambisa ioksijini kuwo onke amalungu abo.Kuyavela ukuba iingcambu zifumana ioksijini yazo kumphezulu womhlaba.Nantoni na ethintela ukufikelela kumphezulu iya kuphelisa iingcambu.Kwaye imithi ayikho ngcono ukubamba umoya wayo kunathi.
Enye ingxaki kukuziqhelanisa neemeko.Ubukhulu becala, imithi “iyazenzela ngokwawo.”Oku kuthetha ukuba baziqhelanisa kwaye basabela kutshintsho kwindawo yabo.Kodwa iintaba-mlilo ze-mulch zisisitshixo kumatshini.
Xa iziqu zemithi zingcwatywa yi-volcano ye-mulch, ethintela i-oksijini kwiingcambu zayo zendalo, imithi iqala ukwenza iingcambu eziguquguqukayo (i-adventitious) ukubuyisela.Iirootlets ezintle ziya kuhluma kwi-trunk ekuphenduleni ukubethelwa ngamaplanga.Nangona kunjalo, ekuhambeni kwexesha i-volcano yesigcina-kufuma iya kuqhekeka kwaye ithobe, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ezo ngcambu zithambileyo ziya koma zife, nto leyo egxininisa umthi.
Ekugqibeleni, kukho umba wamanzi.Imithi etshintshiweyo inokufuna amanzi ongezelelweyo iminyaka emininzi.Umgaqo ngunyaka omnye wokunkcenkceshela okongeziweyo kwi-intshi nganye yedayamitha yesiqu.Iintaba-mlilo ezifulelwe ngengca zisebenza njengophahla lwengca, zikhupha amanzi ngendlela eyiyo.Kumthi okhulileyo ongeyongxaki enkulu, kodwa umthi omncinci unokuba nazo zonke okanye phantse zonke iingcambu zawo phantsi kwaloo ntaba ye-mulch, (hayi) intle kwaye yomile.
Ukugcina i-intshi ezimbini ukuya kwezine zesigcina-kufuma esijikeleze umthi – kabini ubude bawo besebe bufanelekile – kuluncedo, ukuba nje isigcina-kufuma ESINGAqhagamshelani nesiqu.Nceda ugxothe iintaba-mlilo ze-mulch ebomini bakho!Awuyi kutshisa nonyawo lwakho.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Maxa wambi ndikhe ndive izikhalazo malunga noosonzululwazi abatyholwa ngokutya imali yabarhafi.Imizekelo yophando ekucingelwa ukuba luyinkcitho ibandakanya indlela iintakumba zekhephu ezilalana ngayo, kwaye kutheni intambo ibhijela ngokulula.E-UK, lonke iqela lezenzululwazi lizame ukufumanisa ukuba kutheni i-corn flakes ingena ebisini.Olunye uphando oluxhaswa ngemali kakuhle lubonakalise ukuba iipleyiti ziyashukuma xa ziphoswa kwindawo yokutyela, kwaye iingcongconi ezithile ziyalithanda ivumba letshizi yeLimburger.Ukunyaniseka, ingxabano iya, kwanele ukwenza umntu agule.
Ngapha koko, le mizekelo yokwenene ivakala ibubudenge, yaye ngoko kungokwemvelo ukuba abanye abantu basabela ngomsindo kwiingxelo ezinjalo.Kodwa izinto zihlala zingekho njengoko zibonakala ekuqaleni.Xa siqwalasela ngakumbi, olu hlobo lwenzululwazi luyazithethelela.
Iintakumba zekhephu okanye i-springtails zi-arthropods ezincinci ezintle ngokomyalelo we-Collembola.Zisebenza unyaka wonke, zibonwa ngokulula phezu kwekhephu kusuku olupholileyo lwasebusika.Izazi ngebhayoloji azikavumelani nendlela yokwahlulahlula iintakumba zekhephu, kodwa ukufunda ngezidalwa ezincinane kuye kwasinika indlela yokuphucula uqhaqho-fakelo lwamalungu.Iintakumba zekhephu zenza iproteni ene-glycine etyebileyo ekhethekileyo egcina umkhenkce ungakheki ngaphakathi kweeseli zazo nokuba kubanda kakhulu.Amalungu ofakelo-mzimba anokugcinwa ixesha elide ukuba le proteni iwavumela ukuba agcinwe kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi komkhenkce ngaphandle komonakalo.
Iimolekyuli ezinjengomtya ezifana ne-DNA ziyadityaniswa, ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela ekubeni iseli ifunde gwenxa kwaye iphindaphinde.Oku kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezininzi, kuquka nomhlaza.Ezinye iiseli ziye zavelisa imichiza ekhulula le “ntambo” igwenxa.Abaphandi, abaqale ngokufunda intambo yokwenyani kunye neentambo, ngoku baphuhlisa unyango lwe-anticancer olusekwe kwi-chemical denglers.
Uphononongo luka-2006 olubonisa ukuba ingcongconi evelisa isifo seengcongconi yayinesilwanyana saseLimburger ekuqaleni yayisenziwa intlekisa.Kodwa kungekudala, olu lwazi lwakhokelela ekuphuculweni kwezithiyo zeengcongconi ezisasazwa kwiindawo ezithile zaseAfrika, eziye zanceda kwidabi lokulwa nesifo seengcongconi.
Ingcali yefiziksi yaseMelika uRichard Feynman wafumana iBhaso leNobel lefiziksi ngowe-1965 ngenxa yeesosi ezibhabhayo.Eneneni wathi ukujonga iipleyiti zesidlo sangokuhlwa zijulwa kwindawo yokutyela yaseyunivesithi kwamenza wanomdla wokwazi ngendlela abagungqisa ngayo.Njengoko kwavela, oku kunxulumene nokujikeleza kunye nokugungqa kwee-electron, kwaye kwanceda ukuqhubela phambili intsimi ye-quantum electrodynamics, nangona ngeendlela endingenakukwazi ukuqala ukuziqonda.
Ngokolwazi lwam, izazinzulu zaseBritane ezizama ukuvula iimfihlo ze-mushy cereal azizange zenze naluphi na uphando olunomdla, nangona kunjalo.Kodwa zahlukile.Babexhaswa ngemali yabucala ngumenzi wesiriyeli owaziwayo.
Ndicinga ukuba ingongoma isekubeni asinandlela yokuxela kwangaphambili ukuba isifundo singenamsebenzi okanye sibalulekile.Ukujonga kwimbali, akunakubakho nantoni na njengesihloko esingenamsebenzi.
Ngoko kwixesha elizayo xa sisiva malunga nophando kwi-theory ye-poker, okanye indlela iintaka ezikwazi ngayo ukuchonga ukuba yeyiphi igcisa elidumileyo elidale umzobo onikiweyo (isiganeko sokwenyani, ngendlela), okanye imathematika emva kwekhethini elijikelezayo, kufuneka sikuthintele ukuhleka kwethu.Ubomi obuphuculweyo okanye obusindiswa ngolu hlobo lwenzululwazi “ehlekisayo” isenokuba ngobethu, okanye bobomntu esimthandayo.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Amaxesha amaninzi umntu esiva ngohlaselo lweendaba ezimnandi.Ndingathanda ukufunda ibhulethini kumthi wemali ohlaselayo obusasazwa kulo mmandla.Kuyavunywa ukuba iya kuvelisa ngemali yangaphandle, kodwa sinokwenza uxolo naloo meko, ndiyacinga.
Uhlaselo lomthi wemali alunakwenzeka, kodwa ezinye iindawo kungekudala ziza koyiswa yinkitha yezinambuzane ezicetywe ukuba zitye iimpukane ezimnyama, iingcongconi kunye neempukane zamaxhama.Iidragonflies kunye ne-damselflies, izinambuzane ezidla inyama ngokomyalelo we-Odonata, zisukela kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-300 ezigidi.Zombini ezi ntlobo zezinambuzane ziluncedo kuba zitya iimpukane ezininzi ezimnyama, iimpukane zexhama, iingcongconi kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi.Kwiintlobo eziqikelelwayo ze-6,000 ze-Odonata emhlabeni, malunga ne-200 ziye zachongwa kwindawo yethu yehlabathi.Ndiye ndaxelelwa ukuba lithamsanqa ukuba umntu uhlala kuwe, kodwa ithamsanqa mhlawumbi kukuba bagxotha izinambuzane ezilumayo.
Ekupheleni kwentlakohlaza ndidla ngokufumana umnxeba omnye ndibuza ukuba ngaba yi-NY State, Cornell, okanye abasemagunyeni baseFederal abalahle zonke iidragonflies kwiLizwe laseMantla.Iidragonflies kunye needamselflies zinomjikelo wobomi ongaqhelekanga owenza ukuba kubonakale ngathi kukho umntu ozikhulule ngobuninzi bazo.
Iimazi kunye needragons zibeka amaqanda azo kanye emanzini okanye kwizityalo ezikufutshane nemiphetho yemilambo, imilambo okanye amachibi.Iintsana, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-nymphs, zifana nerhamncwa kwaye zifana kancinci nabazali bazo.Unokufumana ingqiqo yokuba i-choppers yabo ibonakala njani ukuba ubukele i-movie ye-Alien.Xa ukhulisiwe, unokubona imihlathi yokuqala yenamba kunye ne-damselflies evulekileyo ukubonisa umzuzwana kwaye kwezinye iindidi, kunye nesithathu, iiseti ezijingayo ezinjengomhlathi.Ekuphela kweenkcukacha ezingekhoyo nguSigourney Weaver.
Iidragonflies, iiflaya ezinamandla, zinokuba zikhulu kangangokuba zinokubukeka njengentaka ekuqaleni.Xa ziphumle ziye zolule amaphiko azo, yaye umgca wazo ohleli kwisigodo ufana neenqwelo-moya ezifolele kwindlela yeeteksi.Amaphiko amabini angaphambili edragonfly made kunexhama lakhe, leyo yenye yeendlela zokubaxelela kwiidamselflies.
IiDamselflies zibhityile ngakumbi kuneedragons, kwaye ngendlela efana nentombi, zisonga amaphiko azo ngokuthe ngqo kwimizimba yazo ngelixa ziphumle.Yaye nangona iidragoni ezininzi zinemibalabala, amabhinqa amabhinqa agqwesa “ngeengubo” eziqaqambileyo nezimbejembeje.Ngamanye amaxesha iiDamselflies zibizwa ngokuba ziinaliti ze-darning, kwaye noncwadi lwesayensi ludwelisa amagama angama-damselfly njenge "variable dancer" kunye nezinye izihloko ezichazayo.
Iinyamakazi kunye nedragoni zichitha phakathi konyaka omnye ukuya kwemithathu ngaphantsi kwamanzi apho zirhubuluza imibungu ethambileyo efana negrub yeempukane zexhama kunye neempukane zehashe ezizimele eludakeni.Zikwaxukuxa kwi 'skeeter larvae kufutshane nomphezulu, zikhula zibe nkulu ngonyaka ngamnye.Ngokuxhomekeke kwiindidi, i-dragonfly nymph ingaba ixesha elide njengobubanzi besandla sakho.IiNymphs azikhuli, kodwa xa sele zikhule ngokupheleleyo ziya kurhubuluza emanzini, zibophelele “iinzipho zenzwane” zazo okanye iinzipho zetarsal kwisiqobo esiphathwayo okanye kwidokhi yesikhephe, zize zivule ulusu lwazo kumbindi womqolo wazo.
Ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na ifilimu ye-sci-fi, inamba entle okanye intombazana iphuma kwisikhumba sayo se-monster-skin.Emva kokomisa amaphiko ayo amatsha elangeni okwexeshana, aba matshini bokubulala babhabha bemka bayokutya izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, kunye nokudibana ngendlela echanekileyo nentsonkothileyo.Ngethamsanqa, uhlabamanzi kunye nabemi be-damselfly abekho emngciphekweni, nangona sibulala kakhulu ngelixa siqhuba kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ehlotyeni.
Iyamangalisa into yokuba umbungu otyebileyo, onemigca, uzithunge ube yinwebu ecatshulwe yigolide, unyibilike ube yisuphu eluhlaza, uze uphume kwiiveki ezimbini kamva njengebhabhathane.Noko ke, oohlabamanzi batshintsha kwiiyure nje ezingephi ukusuka kwisidalwa esihlala emanzini esinenyongo ukuya ekubeni yibhabhathane esebenza kakhulu emoyeni.Kufana nokuba ne-muskellunge evula iziphu yesikhumba kwaye iphume njenge-osprey.
Ngenxa yokuba iqalwa bubushushu, le nguquko igqithisileyo yenzeka kuhlabamanzi okanye kwiintlobo ezizii-damselfly ngaxeshanye.Sele zineminyaka eliqela ubudala, ziphuma kwisithuba sosuku okanye ezimbini zoontanga bazo, zisenza kubonakale ngathi ziye zatshintsha umoya.Okanye baye bakhutshwa njengeqela kwinqwelo-moya.Ndiyazi ngenyaniso ukuba akukho qela okanye i-arhente karhulumente ekhupha oohlabamanzi.Kodwa ukuba nabani na uva amarhe malunga nemithi yemali engaqhelekanga iyakhululwa, nceda undiphosele inqaku.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Emva kobusika obude kangako, sonke sinombulelo kuba ekugqibeleni kuye kwavela intwasahlobo, nangona ixabiso lemozulu efudumeleyo libonakala likukufika kwezinambuzane ezilumayo.Iingcongconi ziyakwazi ukukhupha ubumnandi ukusuka ngokuhlwa kwidekhi, kodwa ithiki enomlenze omnyama okanye ixhama (Ixodes scapularis) inokukhupha ukukhanya kwihlobo lonke ukuba ikusulele ngesifo seLyme kunye / okanye esinye isifo esibi.
Kutshanje kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo kumantla e-NY State bekungeyonto ingaqhelekanga ukuba ufumane inqaku lexhama elinye emva kosuku olude ngaphandle.Ngoku konke okufuneka ukwenze kukubeka unyawo kwibrashi ukuze uqokelele iseti epheleleyo kwimilenze yebhulukhwe yakho.Uphando lufumanise ukuba amakhalane amaxhama akazange abekho ngokwembali, nokuba ngamanani aphantsi, kodwa afuduka esuka kuMbindi-Atlantiki kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo.Ngokungathandabuzekiyo zintlobo ezihlaselayo kumantla e-NYS.
Elona nqaku litsha kwibhloko, nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo luhlobo oluhlaselayo.Inzalelwane yaseKorea, eJapan, kwimpuma yeTshayina, kunye nenani lezizwe zeSiqithi sePasifiki, yaziwa ngokuba lihlathi laseAsia okanye amakhalane eenkomo (Haemaphysalis longicornis).Ikwabizwa ngokuba ngukhalane oneempondo ezinde zaseAsia, nto leyo edidayo kuba sele sinoqongqothwane oneempondo ezinde zaseAsia.Ngaphezu koko, i-tick bush ayinazo ii-appendages ezide zaluphi na uhlobo.
Enyanisweni imfutshane kuzo naziphi na iimpawu zokwahlula.Njengoko uJody Gangloff-Kaufman weNkqubo ye-IPM yaseNY ebhala, “Amakhalane aneempondo ezinde kunzima ukuwachonga, ngakumbi kumanqanaba amancinane.Abantu abadala bamdaka nje kodwa bayafana namakhalane ezinja ezimdaka.”I-NYSPIM ikwatsho ukuba iinkonzo ze-ID ye-tick zinokufumaneka: http://www.neregionalvectorcenter.com/ticks
Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nekhalane lethu lexhama esilithandayo, ikhalane lase-Asiya lafunyanwa okokuqala endle kuMntla Merika ngo-2017 eNew Jersey, apho kubikwa ukuba igusha yafuywa yahlaselwa ngaphezu kwewaka.Ukususela ngoko iye yasasazeka kwamanye amazwe asibhozo, kuquka i-NY.Ikhono labo eliphezulu lokuzala yenye yezinto ezixhalabisayo zolu hlobo.Onke ngamabhinqa angama-parthenogenic (asexual), okuthetha ukuba akhupha amaqanda angama-1,000 - 2,000 lilinye ngaphandle kokuzikhathaza ngokudibana neqabane.
I-Columbia News ibike umzekelo omhle we-tick entsha ye-tick's fecundity ngoDisemba odluleyo: Xa i-tick yase-Asia yase-Asia yaqinisekiswa okokuqala kwi-Staten Island ngo-2017, uphando lufumene ukuxinana kwabo kwiipaki zoluntu kwakuyi-85 kwimitha yesikwere.Kwi-2018, iipaki ezifanayo zine-1,529 ngemitha yesikwere.
Enye inkxalabo kukuba ingaba sisifo somntu nesilwanyana.Kuluhlu lwasekhaya, i-tick yasehlathini iyaziwa ngokusasaza intlaninge yezifo eziquka iLyme, i-spotted fever, i-Erlichiosis, i-Anaplasmosis, intsholongwane ye-Powassan, intsholongwane ye-encephalitis ebangelwa ngamakhalane, kunye nomkhuhlane omkhulu one-thrombocytopenia syndrome, efana ne-Ebola.Isoyikeka ngolu hlobo, abaphandi abakafumani amakhalane abosulelekileyo eMntla Melika.
Iingcali azivumelani ngekhono lekhalane lasehlathini lokusasaza izigulo.UGqr. John Aucott, okhokela iZiko loPhando lweSifo saseLyme kwiZiko lezoNyango leYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins, uthe akufuneki sichaze ukuba ngenxa yokuba amakhalane asehlathini athwala izifo ezinzulu kuluhlu lwasekhaya, abantu balapha basengozini yezifo ezifanayo.Nangona kunjalo, usekela-mlawuli weZiko loLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo (CDC)'s Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, uGqr. Ben Beard, ucatshulwe kwiwebhusayithi yeCDC ngolu hlobo: "Impembelelo epheleleyo yempilo yoluntu kweli nqaku ayaziwa. .Kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, ikhalane elineempondo ezinde zaseAsia linokusasaza iindidi ezininzi zeentsholongwane ezixhaphakileyo eUnited States.Sixhalabile kukuba eli khalane, linokubangela uhlaselo olukhulu kwizilwanyana, ebantwini nakwimekobume, liyanwenwa eUnited States.”
Okwangoku i-tick yasehlathini ithintelwe kwi-Downstate NY, kodwa ithathwa njengento ebandayo kwaye iya kuba sibhekisa indlela yethu.Nangona amakhalane ehamba nje iimitha ezimbalwa ebomini, akhwela iintaka ezifudukayo.Uphononongo malunga nokwandiswa koluhlu lwamanqaku exhama olukhokelwa nguKatie M. Clow weYunivesithi yaseGuelph e-Ontario lugqibe kwelokuba bahambela emantla ngesantya esiphakathi kweekhilomitha ezingama-46 (iikhilomitha ezingama-28.5) ngonyaka, bencediswa ziintaka.
Oku akuthethi ukuba kufuneka soyike, nangona uzive ukhululekile ukwenza njalo ukuba uyathanda.Ukuphepha eli khalane kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo naleyo siphepha ngayo amakhalane amaxhama.Ekubeni amakhalane "afuna" kwiincam zengca ende okanye ibrashi, elindele ukukhazimla kwinto elandelayo edlulayo, abahambi kufuneka banamathele kwiindlela eziphawulweyo, kwaye bangaze balandele iindlela zexhama.Sebenzisa iimveliso eziqukethe i-20-30% ye-DEET kwisikhumba esicacileyo.Impahla, izihlangu kunye nezixhobo ezifana neentente zinokunyangwa nge-0.5% permetrin.Nyanga izilwanyana zasekhaya rhoqo ngemveliso ye-systemic anti-tick kunye/okanye ikhola yamakhalane ukuze zingazisi amakhalane amaxhama ekhaya.Thetha ne-vet yakho malunga nokufumana izilwanyana zakho ezifuywayo zigonywe kwi-Lyme (ngokudabukisayo ukuba akukho sitofu sokugonya sabantu okwangoku).
Khangela amakhalane ngokuhlwa nganye emva kokuhlamba.Amakhalane afana neendawo ekunzima ukuzibona njengamakhwapha, i-groin, i-scalp, ii-sock hems, kunye nomva wamadolo, ngoko jonga ngokusondeleyo kwezi ndawo.Ukuba ufumanisa ukuba ithikhi ibambelele kuwe, ukususwa ngokukhawuleza kubalulekile.I-CDC icebisa ukuba uyibambe kufutshane nolusu kangangoko unakho nge-tweezers kwaye uyitsale ngqo ide ikhuphe.Kusenokufuneka utsale ngamandla ukuba ibisitya ixeshana.Imilomo yamakhalane idla ngokuhlala eluswini emva kokususwa kwamakhalane;oku akuyongxaki.Sukusebenzisa amayeza asekhaya ukufumana ithikithi lokukhulula, njengoko liyibangela ukuba ibuyele kuwe, okonyusa kakhulu amathuba okuba ugule.
Abaninimzi banokuzinceda.Iwebhusayithi yeCDC ithi: “Ukugcina umgama oziimitha ezisi-9 phakathi kwengca nendawo yokuhlala enemithi kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokudibana kwamakhalane.Impahla ephathwa ngePermethrin kunye ne-DEET, i-picaridin, okanye i-IR3535 ingasetyenziswa njengezinto zokugxotha umntu.Landela yonke imiyalelo yeleyibhile.Qhagamshelana nogqirha wakho wezilwanyana ukuze ufumane iingcebiso malunga nemeko yakho kunye nezilwanyana.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Ngenxa yokuba iLizwe laseNyakatho liye laba mhlophe okanye limdaka ukusuka phakathi kuNovemba ukuya kwiveki yokuqala ngo-Epreli, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba silambele ukubona umboniso oluhlaza kwindawo.Ke akulunganga ngakumbi ukuba ezinye iindawo zinomthunzi omninzi wohlaza.Emerald ukuba ngqo.
Emva kokugqiba iminyaka eliqela ukuba isibhakabhaka siza kuwa, ekugqibeleni ndiye ndangqinelwa.Le yenye imeko apho ndingonwabanga ukuba ndilungile, nangona kunjalo.Imeko ewileyo yeyokuba i-emerald ash borer (EAB), uqongqothwane omncinci omile okwembumbulu wase-Asia odlala umsebenzi wepeyinti oluhlaza wesinyithi onamagqabantshintshi obhedu, ufikile ngobuninzi.
Kanye nje kwiinyanga ezimbini ezidlulileyo, amavolontiya abemi afumene uhlaselo olutsha lwe-EAB ecaleni kwe-Seaway ukusuka kumzantsi we-St. Lawrence County kufuphi nomda we-Jefferson County ukuya empuma ye-Franklin County.Ummandla waseMassena unobunzima obukhulu kunye nobuninzi be-EAB yabemi.Ngeli xesha, i-emerald ash borer ifunyenwe kuphela kwiimayile ezimbalwa ukusuka e-Seaway.
Okokuqala kufunyenwe kufuphi neDetroit kwi-2002, i-EAB yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kuyo yonke imimandla ye-Upper Midwest kunye ne-Great Lakes e-US, kunye nakumazantsi e-Ontario eCanada.Kuyabonakala ukuba beza simahla kwiibhokisi zamacandelo auto Chinese cheap, njengebhaso Crackerjack engafunwayo.Ooqongqothwane abadala benza umonakalo omncinci, kodwa iintsana zabo (izibungu) zitya i-cambium, inyama ephilayo phakathi kwexolo elingaphakathi kunye neenkuni, zemithi yothuthu, ziyabhinqisa kwaye ngaloo ndlela ziyazibulala.Ekubeni i-EAB ibulala kuphela uthuthu lokwenyani, uthuthu lwentaba lukhuselekile.
Isibhakabhaka sisenokungawi ngokoqobo, kodwa kungekudala, imithi emininzi yothuthu iya kuwa emhlabeni.Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu ngokuhlaselwa kukuba xa i-EAB ibulala umlotha, iinkuni zilahlekelwa amandla ngokukhawuleza kunokuba umthi ubulawe ngomnye unobangela.Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-18, umthi obulewe yi-EAB ucutheka ngokuphindwe kahlanu kumandla okucheba.Imithi enjalo iya kuhluthwa kungekho moya okanye ezinye izinto ezixhokonxayo, nto leyo ebeka ingozi enkulu kunokuba siyiqhelile.
Zontathu iindidi zothuthu lwendalo - ezimhlophe, eziluhlaza kunye nomnyama - zisengozini ngokulinganayo kwi-EAB.Okulusizi kukuba, siya kuphulukana nayo yonke imithi yethu yothuthu.Ipesenti encinci kakhulu yothuthu ibonakala ineqondo lokuchasana ne-EAB, ithatha ixesha elide ukufa, kodwa akukho namnye okhuselekileyo.Olu “thuthu oluhlala luhleli” lunomdla kubaphandi bezifundo zofuzo.Kungenjalo, uthuthu oluya kusinda kuphela kwezo zikhuselweyo zizibulali zinambuzane.
Kubahlali abaphakathi kweemayile ezili-15 ukusuka e-Seaway abafuna ukukhusela i-landscape ash imithi, ixesha lokuthatha isenzo ngoku.Phambi kokuba uthathe isigqibo sokunyanga imithi yakho, kubalulekile ukuba i-Arborist eQinisekisiweyo ayivavanye.Eminye imithi iya kuba neengxaki ezifihlakeleyo ezinokunciphisa ubomi bayo, kwaye kufuneka zisuswe.Kuphela uthuthu oluphilileyo, oluphilileyo kufuneka luphathwe, kwaye eyona ndlela ingcono yokumisela ukuba lutyelelo lweArborist eQinisekisiweyo.Fumana enye ekufutshane nawe kwi-isa-arbor.com
Eyona khemikhali isebenzayo ifumaneka kuphela kubafaki bezibulali zinambuzane abanelayisensi.Ezinye iimveliso zilungile iminyaka emininzi;zisenokutofwa esiqwini okanye zitshizwe kwisiqu esisezantsi.I-pesticide kuphela ekhoyo kubanikazi bezindlu yi-midacloprid drench yomhlaba, ekufuneka isetyenziswe entwasahlobo.Ukuba umthi ukufuphi namanzi, nangona kunjalo, okanye ukuba ikhaya lisequleni, le ndlela ifanele iphetshwe.Ungakhangela umfaki-sicelo onelayisenisi ngokwesiphaluka dec.ny.gov/nyspad/find?
Yasekwa ngo-2016, i-St. Lawrence County EAB Task Force liqela lamavolontiya eliquka amahlathi, abalimi, amagosa kwinqanaba le-County, iDolophu nelali, abafundisi, abasebenzi benkonzo, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo.Ukuba ungathanda ummeli ovela kwi-EAB Task Force ukuba athethe neqela lakho, iklabhu okanye umbutho, nceda uqhagamshelane noJohn Tenbusch apha [i-imeyile ekhuselweyo]
Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe nge-emerald ash borer, bona i-emeraldashborer.info okanye uqhagamshelane ne-ofisi yakho yasekuhlaleni ye-Cornell Cooperative Extension.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Malunga neepesenti ezingamashumi amane anesibini eepesenti zeprotheyini, zinezondlo kakhulu, kwaye kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi zijongwa njengonyango.Kwingingqi yethu kukho iincasa ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo zengca yengca, eneneni iintsana zebhungane.Loo mibungu emhlophe emile okwe-C inokuba ngamantshontsho amancinci ebhungane laseJapan, i-European chafer, irose chafer, ibhungane laseMpuma, okanye ibhungane laseAsiatic.Andizange nditye i-grubs, kodwa ndixelelwa ukuba zingcono xa ziphekiwe, ukuba isosi eshushu iyanceda, kodwa ixesha libalulekile.
Ukuba ukubulala, kunokuba utye, i-lawn grubs yinjongo yakho, ixesha liyinto yonke.Ukukhetha ngokubanzi kuyinto elungileyo, kodwa ibhrendi nganye ye-grub killer kwishelufu inesithako esisebenzayo esahlukileyo.Ezinye kufuneka zifakwe phambi koMeyi, ngelixa ezinye zisebenza kuphela xa zisasazwa ngoJuni nangoJulayi.Ukusebenzisa imveliso yokulawula i-grub ngexesha elingafanelekanga yinkcitho epheleleyo yemali kunye nomzamo, kwaye ngokuxhomekeke kwimichiza esetyenzisiweyo, kunokubeka abantwana, izilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana zasendle emngciphekweni.
Ngaphambi kokuba ndikhuphe le ngxaki, ndifuna ukuthetha izinto ezimbalwa malunga neencakuba zengca (uhlobo olungeyo-Whitman), eziziphaneli zelanga ezenza ukutya elangeni.Kuhle ukucinga ngayo ngaloo ndlela.Ukuba loo solar panel incinci kuba sihlala siyicheba de ibe yinub, sonke isityalo siyalamba kwaye asikwazi ukuba neengcambu ezomeleleyo, ukulwa nezifo, okanye ukukhuphisana nokhula.Ingca enesiphumo esingenzulu, eneengcambu ezibuthathaka isesichengeni kakhulu kumonakalo wegrub.
Ndiyazibuza ukuba umlutha wethu wokuvala ukucheba uvela kwi-ogling eluhlaza yegalufa eluhlaza.Ngokutsho kwe-golfcourseindustry.com, ngo-2015 ixabisa i-$4.25–$6.00 ngonyawo lwesikwere ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho ye-USGA yeemeko zomhlaba ukwakha uhlaza.Ngamandongomane lawo – iindleko zonyaka zokugcinwa zibaleka kumashumi amawaka eluhlaza.Izifundo zegalufa zinokuba mfutshane kuba ingca ikukutya okuzinzileyo kwemali.
Ingca yethu ayinakubukeka njengeyazo, kodwa ukuba sivumela ingca enkulu ngokwaneleyo “iipaneli zelanga,” iya kukhangeleka ibhetele, ibe nezifo ezimbalwa, ifuna isichumiso esincinci, ingabizi kakhulu, kwaye ingavuthi.Ndiyaqonda ukuba oku kuninzi endikuthembisayo, kodwa seta umtshini wakho wee-intshi ezine ukuphakama, kwaye unike unyaka.Ezinye izinto ezinje ngeeblawudi zokucheba ezibukhali kunye nokushiya iziqwenga kwingca ziya kunceda nazo.Owu, kwaye kulula kwikalika.Iingca ezininzi ziphelela ekubeni ne-pH yomhlaba iphakame kakhulu ngenxa yokuphinda kugalelwe ikalika.
Buyela kwisihloko sethu esimnandi.Ukulawula i-grubs isebenza kakuhle xa incinci, phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kuka-Agasti.Iigrubs ezinobungakanani obugcweleyo zifuduka kufutshane nomphezulu entlakohlaza ukuze zondle kancinci, kwaye emva koko ziyaphuphuma.Unyango lwe-Spring-app "lweyure ezingama-24" lusukela kwi-20% ukuya kwi-55% esebenzayo kwezi grubs zivuthiwe, ngokutsho kweMichigan State Extension.Iimveliso ezibizwa ngokuba "ziiyure ezingama-24" zinetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukugcina izilwanyana zasekhaya kunye nabantwana kwindawo enyangweni.
"Imveliso yokukhusela equkethe i-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam okanye i-clothianidin iya kunciphisa ngokuqhubekayo i-75-100 ipesenti ye-grubs xa isetyenziswe ngoJuni okanye ngoJulayi kwaye ifakwe emanzini kunye ne-0.5-1 intshi yokunkcenkceshela ngokukhawuleza emva kwesicelo," ukucaphula kwiwebhusayithi yeMichigan State.Ezi neonicotinoids zinetyhefu encinci kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo, kodwa zingonakalisa i-pollinators, ngoko musa ukunyanga iindawo ezikufutshane nezityalo zeentyatyambo.Ifestile yesicelo sabo ingoJuni ukuya kuJulayi.
Ngaphandle kwegama layo elide, i-chlorantraniliprole ithathwa njengento engenabungozi kwizilwanyana nakwiinyosi.Ukubamba kukuba kuthatha ixesha elide ukusebenza, ngoko ke iimveliso eziqulethe le nxalenye esebenzayo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kungekhona emva kokuphela kukaJuni.
I-Milky-spore sisifo esimangalisayo, ngaphandle kokuba uyigrub.Ngelishwa, abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba imihlaba esemantla e-NYS ayishushu ngokwaneleyo ixesha elaneleyo ukuze olu lawulo lwebhayoloji lungasebenzi.Nangona kunjalo, iinematodes eziluncedo, ezizizidalwa zomhlaba ezincinci ezihlasela uninzi lweentlobo zegrub, ziyasebenza kakhulu.Kwaye zikhuselekile kwaye azijoli kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.Iinematodes eziluncedo zibuthathaka, kwaye kufuneka zifakwe kanye emva kokuba zifikile.Zinoku-odolwa kwi-intanethi, okanye ubuze kwiziko lakho legadi lendawo.
Ngaphandle kweemveliso ezisekelwe kwi-chlorantraniliprole, ukusebenzisa iikhemikhali ze-grub entwasahlobo kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali.Eyona nto ilungileyo onokuyenza kukutyala kwakhona iindawo ezingenanto ngoku, kwaye uchebe phezulu ukuze ingca yenze iingcambu zomelele.Okanye ungaxuba i-batter, utshise isikhenkcezisi esinzulu kwaye ugaye isidlo sangokuhlwa kwingca.Musa ukulibala i-sauce eshushu.
INKCAZELO YEZIBHOMBISI ZOKUZICHIBA: Kwenziwe zonke iinzame zokubonelela ngezindululo ezichanekileyo, ezipheleleyo nezihlaziyiweyo zezitshabalalisi.Nangona kunjalo, iinguqulelo kwimimiselo yezibulali-zinambuzane zenzeka rhoqo kwaye iimpazamo zabantu zisenokwenzeka.Ezi ngcebiso azithatheli ndawo iileyibheli zezitshabalalisi.Nceda ufunde ileyibhile phambi kokufaka nasiphi na isibulali-zinambuzane kwaye ulandele imiyalelo ngqo.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Phantse bonke ababhali-mbali bayavuma ukuba uMarie Antoinette mhlawumbi akazange aqulunqe ibinzana elithi "Bayeke badle ikhekhe," intetho esele ikwinkcubeko eyaziwayo ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe.Eli binzana lalithethwa ngabachasi bakhe ngenjongo yokukhulisa isidima sakhe njengesihandiba esingenabubele nesinekratshi.Ngewayebonakala enobubele ngakumbi ukuba wayenokuthi “Mabatye izikhondo zemithi.”
Ukusuka kwiilali ezikude ukuya kwiindawo zokutyela ezisezidolophini ezineenkwenkwezi ezintlanu, abantu kwihlabathi jikelele batya zonke iintlobo zezidlo ezinqwenelekayo ezinomthi osetyenzisiweyo.Nangona oko kungeyondlela eqhelekileyo evezwa ngayo kwimenyu.Amakhowa anjenge-inky cap, iimbatyisi kunye neshiitake athanda ukutya kakhulu iinkuni, into etyiwa zizidalwa eziphilayo ezimbalwa ngenxa yokuba kunzima ukwetyisa.Nabani na okhe wazama ukutya emaplanga unokukungqina oko.
Iinkuni zenziwe ikakhulu ngeselulosi kunye nezixa ezahlukeneyo ze-lignin.Le khompawundi yamva kukuba iselulosi yintoni intonga yokuqinisa intsimbi kwikhonkrithi.Incinci kakhulu kodwa inika amandla amakhulu kunye nokomelela.Kwanentsholongwane etya iinkuni emathunjini entubi ayikwazi ukwetyisa ilignin.Kuphela kuphela i-coterie ye-fungi enaloo mandla amakhulu.
Kukho amaqela amathathu asisiseko okungunda okubola iinkuni: ukubola okuthambileyo, ukubola okumdaka kunye nokubola okumhlophe.Ngokwenzululwazi ezi coteries azizalani ngokusondeleyo nangona zinefani efanayo.Ngokucacileyo kwifungi, "ukubola" kufana no "Smith" wethu kuloo nto.
I-soft-rot fungi ixhaphake kakhulu, ibangela ukubola kwegadi-eyahlukeneyo kwizibonda zetumato kunye neepali zocingo.Ezomthi, ubuncinci.Ukubola okumdaka akuxhaphakanga kangako.Ngexesha elithile okanye kwelinye mhlawumbi uye wayibona imisebenzi yezandla zayo.Le nto yokungunda iphumela kwipateni enebloko, ijika iinkuni zibe zizitena ezimdaka ngebala.Ngelixa i-brown rot ifuna ukufuma ukwenza umsebenzi wayo omdaka, ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi-dry rot kuba ikhawuleza yoma kwaye isoloko ibonwa kuloo meko.Zombini i-soft-rot kunye ne-brot-rot fungi zisebenzisa i-cellulose kuphela, zitya kufutshane ne-lignin njengomntwana ophepha iimbotyi ze-Lima ezihlala phakathi kokutya okunencasa kwipleyiti yazo.
I-White-rot fungi, kwelinye icala, iyinxalenye ye-clean-plate club, yokwetyisa yonke inxalenye yomthi.Olu didi lomngundo lunokubangela ukubola okukhulu kwimithi yomthi oqinileyo, nangona iintlobo ezimbalwa zihlasela iiconifers.Amahlathi ayithiyileyo, kodwa i-foodies iyayithanda.Liqela elisinika i-Armillaria mellea, i-pathogen enobungozi kunye neyonakalisayo eyenza amakhowa amnandi obusi.
Amakhowa eShiitake kunye neoyster ziifungi ezibolayo ezimhlophe, nangona zizisaprophytes, zifana nezitya ezinje ngamaxhalanga eturkey, hayi iipathogens ezinje ngezilwanyana.Ngoko asimele sizive sinetyala ngokutya.Ngokwengingqi, ukulima kweshiitake, um, kuye kwakhula kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo.Ngumthombo wengeniso eyongezelelweyo kumafama kunye nomthombo wolonwabo kunye nokutya okulungileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuzama.
I-Shiitake ikhetha i-oki, i-beech, i-maple kunye ne-ironwood, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kulo myalelo.Ukulima ishiitake, iibholithi (izigodo) ezenziwe ngenye yale mithi yokhuni ziyafuneka.Iibholithi ziqhelekile ukuba malunga neemitha ezine ubude kwaye zisuka kwi-intshi ezintathu ukuya kwezisibhozo ububanzi.Izigodo ezinjalo ziya kuthwala amakhowa malunga nonyaka omnye nge-intshi nganye.Uluhlu lwemingxuma lugrunjwa kwizigodo, kwaye ezi zizaliswe "ngembewu" yamakhowa ebizwa ngokuba yi-spawn.
Ukusukela ngoSeptemba ka-2015, i-NY State iye yaqaphela "amakhowa emithi alawulwa ngokusebenzayo" njengesityalo esifanelekileyo - kwaye esibalulekileyo - sasefama.Oku kuvumela amafama ukuba akhethe umhlaba abawusebenzisela ukulima amakhowa njengezolimo, nto leyo ebenza bafanelekele ukuthotywa irhafu.Enkosi kuSenator uPatty Ritchie ngokunceda oku kwenzeke.Nangona kunjalo, umthetho we-2015 awugqithiseli kumakhowa avunwe endle.
IYunivesithi yaseCornell ithathe inxaxheba ekukhuthazeni ukulima amakhowa njengomthombo wengeniso kubahlali basemaphandleni.Kuphononongo lweminyaka emi-3 olwaqukunjelwa ngo-2012, u-Cornell kunye namaziko angamahlakani akhe ophando bafumanise ukuba amafama angenza inzuzo kwiminyaka emi-2 kuphela.Bafumanise ukuba ifama yeshiitake ene-log ezingama-500 inokufumana i-9,000 yeedola ngonyaka.
USteve Gabriel, ingcaphephe yokulima amakhowa e-Cornell, ubonisa ukuba ukufuya amakhowa akhuliswe ngamahlathi kuyalondolozeka kwaye kuhambelana nokusingqongileyo, ngaphezu kokuba ngumthombo osebenzayo wengeniso.Ungafumana ulwazi oluninzi ngakumbi kwiwebhusayithi uNjingalwazi uGabriel ulawula: www.cornellmushrooms.org
Ngethamsanqa, uLwandiso lweNtsebenziswano yaseCornell yase-St. Lawrence County kwakhona ibambe indibano yocweyo yezandla kwingingqi yeshiitake kulo nyaka kwiFama yokuFunda eyandisiweyo eCanton.Abathathi-nxaxheba banokukhetha komnye wemihla emibini: ngoMgqibelo we-6 ka-Epreli, okanye uMgqibelo we-13 ka-Epreli 2019 ukususela ngo-9:00 kusasa ukuya ku-1:00 PM.
Umthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye uya kugoduka nesikhowa sakhe seshiitake log emva kokuba eyilungisile kwaye ayitofelwe.Ilog iya kuqhubeka ithwala amakhowa iminyaka emi-3 ukuya kweyesi-4.Ubhaliso lukwi-intanethi ngokusebenzisa iwebhusayithi ye-CCE: www.st.lawrence.cornell.edu.Ungatsalela umnxeba kule ofisi kule nombolo (315) 379-9192.Ubungakanani beklasi bulinganiselwe, ngoko ke bhalisa kwangoko.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Njengoko iintsuku zisiba nde kwaye namaqondo obushushu enyuka, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukufumana izinambuzane ezimbalwa zibhuqana endlwini, zikhangela indlela yokuphuma phandle.Iibhugi zebhokisi ezibomvu nezimnyama, oorenji baseAsia, ooqongqothwane, kunye nezingwevu, iincukuthu zembewu yeconifer ezihamba kancinane zimbalwa kubahlaseli abanokuthi bafune indawo yokuhlala ekhuselweyo, engarentelwanga ekwindla baze balibale ukuba baphuma phi. zifikile intwasahlobo.Ngethamsanqa, ezi azinabungozi kwaye azinalwazi, kwaye azizaleli ngaphakathi okanye zibe yingozi empilweni.
Imozulu efudumeleyo inokukhupha iimbovane zokuchwela emsebenzini womthi.Oku kungumqondiso wokuba ubani ufuna umchweli, okanye kusenokwenzeka ukuba axhobe ngophahla, kuba iimbovane ezichwela zifuna umthi omanzi nowonakeleyo ukuze ziqalise ukwenza indlwane.Nangona zingenzi monakalo kwizakhiwo ngendlela iintubi ezenza ngayo, akukho mntu uzifunayo ukuba zibe phantsi kweenyawo.Ngelishwa ezinye zezona zinambuzane zingamkelekanga ziyasebenza unyaka wonke, umzekelo amaphela kunye neencukuthu.Nokuba zingoobani na, izitshabalalisi zasekhaya zinokusenza sirhubuluze ezindongeni ngokufutshane.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukulinganisa ingxaki ngaphambi kokuba usabele.Kungokwemvelo ukufuna iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, kodwa ukusilela okugqithisileyo koko kubizwa ngokuba “yimfazwe yeziyobisi” kufanele kusilumkise ukuba ukubethelela nje iimpawu ezithile kusishiya sidiniwe yaye saphukile, yaye kuyishiya ingxaki ifana okanye ibe mbi ngakumbi kunangaphambili.“Umothuko noloyiko” amaqhinga aya kuhlala engenamandla ngaphandle kokuba sitshintshe imeko-bume ebangele le meko.Ezinye zezona zixhobo zidumileyo zokulawula izinambuzane, umzekelo i-total-release home foggers (TRFs) okanye "bug bombs," zibonakaliswe zingenaxabiso kwaphela, ngelixa iindlela ezithobekileyo ezifana nezithiyelo ekujoliswe kuzo zisebenza kakhulu.
Umyalelo wokuqala weshishini kukuchonga intshabalalisi.I-centipedes, i-millipedes, i-cluster fly, kunye ne-daddy-longlegs ngabahlali basekhaya abangamkelekanga ngokulinganayo, kodwa bafuna ulawulo olwahluke kakhulu.I-ofisi yakho ye-Cornell Cooperative Extension inokukunceda ukuba uchonge intshabalalisi ukuba ubathumelela iifoto ezimbalwa ezicacileyo nge-imeyile.Inyathelo elilandelayo kukubuza lo mntu ungenayo into ayenzayo endlwini yakho.Inxalenye yenkqubo yesazisi kukufunda ukuba le nto yenza ntoni ukuze iphile, kutheni ikwindawo yakho, kwaye inokuba ifike njani na apho.
Iibhugi ze-Boxelder, umzekelo, zihlala kwi-maple sap, kunye ne-overwinter njengabantu abadala phantsi kwegxolo lomthi okanye, ngelishwa, i-vinyl okanye i-wood siding.Ngentlakohlaza abafuni nto ngaphandle kokushiya indawo yakho ukuze bafumane ibhokisi yebhokisi okanye ezinye iintlobo zemaple abaza kukhwela kuzo kwaye babeke amaqanda.Akukho sixa sesibulali-zinambuzane sasekhaya esiya kubonelela ngolawulo kwezi njengoko zigqobhoza ziphuma kwiindawo ezizifihle kuzo kwisithuba seeveki ezimbalwa.Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane yityhefu yemithambo-luvo, kwaye kwanemali encinci iye yabandakanyeka ekwandiseni i-ADHD, ukudakumba, kunye nezinye iziphazamiso zengqondo.Ezi mveliso kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuphela xa kunengqiqo ukwenza oko.
Isisombululo kwi-boxelder bugs, i-Asian lady-beetles, iimpukane ze-cluster kunye nezinye iibhugi ezifuna indawo yokuhlala azikho ukukhanya okanye zinetyhefu, kwaye ngenxa yeso sizathu zihlala zichithwa.Utyalo-mali kwimeko ye-caulk elungileyo, iitoti ezimbalwa zokugquma isitshizi, kwaye mhlawumbi isikrini esitsha sinokunyanga uninzi lolo hlaselo iminyaka ngexesha.Kwaye, uninzi lwamakhaya luya kuphinda luhlawule iindleko zobusika bokuqala ekongeni amafutha.
I-Millipedes, iimbovane zokuchwela kunye ne-sow bugs zingena ezindlwini zilandela ukufuma.Ziya kubuya ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphandle kokuba imiba yamanzi isonjululwe.Ukunyanga iimbovane ezichwela ngesibulali-zinambuzane esibanzi kunokunika ulwaneliseko lokubona iqela leembovane ezifileyo kusuku olulandelayo, kodwa umzi-mveliso weembovane (oko kukuthi ukumkanikazi) uya kukrazula iintsana ixesha lonke lonyaka, nto leyo efuna ukufakwa izihlandlo ezininzi.Isithiyelo esingeyotyhefu nesimdaka esingabizi kakhulu esenziwe ngomgubo we-boric acid kunye neswekile-amanzi ziya kususa ukumkanikazi, kodwa kuthatha iiveki ezimbalwa.Kufuneka sikhethe phakathi komothuko noloyiko olungenamsebenzi, kunye nokusebenza okuthe cwaka.
Kwinqaku elipapashwe nge-28 kaJanuwari 2019 kwijenali yezempilo yoLuntu ye-BMC, abaphandi beYunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina State bafumanisa ukuba inani lamaphela aseJamani kumakhaya angama-30 alizange litshintshe emva kwenyanga “yokuqhushumba” okuphindaphindiweyo ngefogger ekhululwe ngokupheleleyo.Kodwa inqanaba lentsalela yezibulali-zinambuzane ezinetyhefu kwezo zindlu zokuhlala linyuke umyinge wamaxesha angama-603 esiseko.Kumakhaya apho kwakusetyenziswa izithiyelo zejeli, nangona kunjalo, inani lamaphela lehla nge-90%, kwaye iintsalela zezibulali-zinambuzane kwindawo yokuhlala ziye zehla.Umbhali okhokelayo uZachary C. DeVries uthi “Imingcipheko ephezulu yokuvezwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezinxulumene nee-TRFs kudityaniswe nokungasebenzi kwazo ekulawuleni uhlaselo lwamaphela aseJamani zenza kuthandabuzeke ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwindawo yentengiso.”
Ukugrumba okanye ukuqhushumbisa isinambuzane esisibona ngaphakathi endlwini kunokuba nomtsalane, kodwa ngumsebenzi oyingozi nobiza imali eninzi ongazukulungisa oko kusiphazamisayo.Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe ngolawulo lwezinambuzane olunengqiqo, tyelela i-NYS Integrated Pest Management website ku- https://nysipm.cornell.edu/whats-bugging-you/ okanye uqhagamshelane ne-ofisi yakho yasekuhlaleni ye-Cornell Cooperative Extension.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Izilwanyana zasekhaya ezilingana nepinki zazisebenza, kwakudala.Umzingeli osebenzisa ingcuka ukukhupha inyamakazi uya kuzisa ekhaya ibhakoni encinci kunomntu osebenzise i-terrier kwiinkonzo zokulandela umkhondo.Kuqikelelwa ukuba, izinja ezincinci zokuzingela ezikhwelana ne-dust-mops yeyona nto ibangele i-Shih Tzus kunye nezinye izinja ezincinci, ezilusizi azisafunwa kakhulu ngoku iiRoombas zinokwenza umsebenzi ofanayo ngexabiso eliphantsi.Kwiminyaka ethile emva phaya kwakukho inkanuko ye “teacup mini-hagu”, kodwa sazilahla xa zajika zangamantshontsho eehagu aqhelekileyo awayeza kukhawuleza ahlume iikomityi zeti, iiemele, neebhafu.Ngoku kubonakala ngathi unikezelo lwe-imogee ene-doe-eyed luyachithwa kwizinja ze-teacup, ezingafuni nto ngaphandle komkhuseli wepokotho njengendlwana, iigram ezimbalwa zokutya ngonyaka, kunye nesibini semali mboleko yokuhlawula iindleko ze-vet.
Ngaphandle kokugwetywa kwehlabathi, iinkosana ezityebile ngeoyile kunye nabanye abafutshane kwiinjongo zobomi basaqhuba imfuno yezinja ezincinci njengezixhobo zefashoni.Njengoko uWendy Higgins, uMlawuli wezoNxibelelwano we-EU kwi-Humane Society International echaza, "Akukho mvelo ukuba izinja zibe zincinci, ngoko zihlala zihlupheka ngenxa yamathambo abuthathaka kunye nokusilela kwamalungu.Ukuba uzikhathalele izinja kwaphela, eyona nto imbi kakhulu onokuyenza kukuthenga injana yeti yeti.”Kodwa ukuba umdla kwizilwanyana zasekhaya ezihlala zincinci uyaqhubeka, ndiyazi enye inokumisela umda ocuthayo.Yiya ngaphaya, i-teacup yezilwanyana zasekhaya - iibhere zamanzi, ezikwaziwa ngokuba ngamantshontsho eehagu zobulembu, zifana netispuni zasekhaya.
Ezi zilwanyana zincinci, ezinomlinganiselo we-0.3 ukuya kwi-0.9 mm kuphela (okanye ngokwemiqathango engeyo-metric, ekhohlakeleyo-encinci ukuya kwincinci ephambeneyo) zide, zidla ngokubizwa ngegama le-Phylum elithi Tardigrade, elithetha ukunyathela okucothayo.Kuba bebancinci akuthethi ukuba bafutshane ngomlinganiswa kunye nobuhle.Ubuso babo obucacileyo, obutyebileyo, imizimba entsonkothileyo kunye nokuziphatha okuntsokothileyo kwenza ukuba iibhere zamanzi zibonakale ngathi yimveliso ye-psychedelic counterculture ye-1960s (amanqaku acetyiswe ukuba azakuba sekhaya e-Alice e-Wonderland) kuneqela elahlukileyo, lehlabathi jikelele lezilwanyana eziphantse zitshabalale. .
Iibhere zamanzi zineepere ezine zemilenze elukhuni, nganye iphelisa kwiinzipho ezi-4 ukuya kwezisi-8.Imizimba yazo inokuba sobala, imhlophe, ibomvu, iorenji, ityheli, iluhlaza, imfusa, okanye imnyama.Iquka ngaphezu kwe-1,100 yeentlobo, i-Tardigrades idla i-moss, i-lichen, i-algae, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, enye kwenye.Amaxesha amaninzi, xa kusithiwa into ephilayo isasazwa “ehlabathini lonke,” oko kuthetha ukuba “ngokubanzi.”Akunjalo ngaba bagxeki.Ukongezelela ekubeni “zezinye iibhere ezimhlophe,” zifumaneka kweyona ndawo inzulu yolwandle, iintaba-mlilo zodaka ezishushu, ezona ntlango zomileyo nakuzo zonke iindawo zomkhenkce nemikhenkce.
Amantshontsho eehagu zemoss/ iibhere zamanzi zirhangqe ziqinile, mhlawumbi zinzima kunayo nayiphi na enye indlela yobomi.Iingcali zebhayoloji ezininzi ziye zaphawula ukuba i-Tardigrades inokusinda kwenye imbubhiso enkulu efana neyayimbali ebangelwa ziimpembelelo ezinkulu zemeteor.Kodwa ukuze ube yi-extremophile yokwenyani, i-organism kufuneka yenze ngcono kwiimeko ezinzima kune-avareji.Ngelixa iibhere zamanzi zikwazi ukuphila phantse nantoni na, zikhetha izinto ezifanayo ezinqabileyo zezinto ezenziwa ngabantu abaninzi: umoya owaneleyo, amanzi, ukutya kunye neemeko ezipholileyo.
“Xa kunzima, ubunzima buyaqhubeka,” nto leyo endandisoloko ndicinga ukuba ibhekisa kwindawo ezolileyo.Xa ubomi buba nzima kwibhere yasemanzini, yenza i-cryptobiotic state eyaziwa ngokuba yi-tun, ikhupha phantse onke amanzi kwiiseli zayo ize ifake iswekile ebizwa ngokuba yi-trehalose endaweni yayo.Ikwavelisa iprotheyini ekhethekileyo yokunciphisa umonakalo ukukhusela kumonakalo weDNA.Aqine kangakanani amantshontsho eehagu zobulembu kule meko?IiTuns.
Ngoxa iiradi ezimalunga nama-500 zeX-reyi zinokubulala umntu, iiradi ezingama-570 000 azizange zibangele ukufa okanye kwanomonakalo weDNA kwezi zinto.I-Tardigrades ibonakaliswe ukuba iphile iminyaka eyi-20-30 kwifom ye-cryptobiotic, kodwa emva kwemizuzu embalwa ye-hydration, iqhubekile isebenza ngokuqhelekileyo.Ndiza kubheja abanye bade bathathe umsonto wencoko yabo yokugqibela.
Ngokwengxelo e-Smithsonian, banyamezela ukubanda ukuya kuthi ga kwi -200C (-328F), kufutshane ne-zero ngokupheleleyo.Kwaye andiqinisekanga ukuba umntu angazipheka njani iibhere zamanzi, kuba nazo zihlala kwi-149C (300F), eyi-oveni eshushu kakhulu.I-Tardigrades inokumelana namaxesha angaphezu kwe-1,200 yoxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric, kunye ne-vacuum epheleleyo yendawo - ngo-2007, ezinye zathatyathwa kwi-low-Earth orbit kwisiphekepheke se-Foton-M3 iintsuku ezili-10.
Iindlela ze-cryptobiotic zeebhere zamanzi ziye zavumela oogqirha ukuba baphuhlise into ebizwa ngokuba yi-vaccines eyomileyo esekelwe kwi-trehalose endaweni yamanzi.Ezi azikho phantsi kokonakala, inzuzo kubantu abakwiindawo apho ifriji ilinganiselwe.
Ukongeza kwi-engile yenkohlakalo yezilwanyana, enye i-drawback kubunini bezinja ze-teacup kufuneka ibe yincasa yeti, ndingaqikelela.Ngethamsanqa, ii-tardigrades zizalwa ziqeqeshwe ngephepha.Sihlandlo ngasinye ibhere lamanzi likhula kancinane, kufuneka likhuphe ulusu okanye imolt, inkqubo enokuphindaphindwa izihlandlo ezili-12 okanye ngaphezulu njengoko likhula.Iinkosi zokusebenza kakuhle, zilinda de zifune ukunyibilika ngaphambi kokuba ziqhume, kwaye zishiye imiqolo yeepellet ezincinci zifakwe ngaphakathi kwesikhumba esidala.Oku kuya kwenza kube lula ukuba abanini bazo bazithathele phezulu xa besa iintlawulo zabo kwipaki ye-water-bear, ukuba into enjalo inokubakho.Ubude bobomi buyohluka ngokweentlobo ukusuka kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ukuya kwiminyaka embalwa, singabali ixesha elichithwe kwimifanekiso eshukumayo.
Iibhere zamanzi zinokuqokelelwa phantse kuyo nayiphi na i-substrate, ngakumbi emanzi njenge-moss, nangaliphi na ixesha lonyaka, kwaye ijongwe nge-lens yesandla okanye i-low-power dissecting scope.Ngenxa yokuba iibhere zamanzi zincinci kakhulu ukuba zisebenze njenge-cufflinks, aba bahlalutyi bancinci ngokwendalo banokunganelisi abo bafuna izixhobo zefashoni eziphilayo.Nceda ukhuthaze ubunini bezilwanyana zasekhaya ezisesikweni-ukuphepha izilwanyana ze-teacup, kwaye ube ne-tardigrade!
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Amaza e-monster-surfing ngomzimba eOstreliya;i-snowboarding phantsi kophahla e-Alaska usebenzisa iibhodi eziphuculweyo;Ukugrumba ngabom kumazantsi eenduli ezinyukayo—umdlalo ongabekwa sweni ulutsha olunokungena kuwo kukuwisa imihlathi.Oko akusathethi ke ngokugingqika okuyingozi kunye nokudlala amahashe, kunye nemidlalo ekrwada efana nokutshica-ibhola ekhatywayo echibini.Ukunyaniseka, zizilwanyana ezinjalo.
Izazi ngebhayoloji kudala zicinga ngesizathu sokuba iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ziye zazivelela ukuze zidlale, maxa wambi ngengozi yazo.Yaye ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, basazibuza.Ukudlala kwabantwana kwiiprimates ezinjengabantu kunye neenkawu kubhalwe kakuhle, kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinjengezinja kunye neekati zidlala ngokucacileyo, kodwa kuvele uluhlu olumangalisayo lwezilwanyana ezibandakanyeka kwimidlalo engenamsebenzi.
Ukubhalela sciencenews.org ngoFebruwari 2015, uSarah Zielinski ucaphula uphando lwezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kwiYunivesithi yaseTennessee eKnoxville epapashwe kwangaloo nyanga.Abaphandi u-Vladimir Dinets kunye noGordon Burghardt bachaza umdlalo wezilwanyana njengawo nawuphi na umsebenzi ozenzekelayo onokuthi ugqithise (ngokuphindaphindiweyo) ukunyakaza, okuqalwe zizilwanyana eziphilileyo kwindawo engenaxinzelelo.Bachaza ufudo oluthambileyo lweNayile oluza “kurhubuluza” ibhola yomnyazi emva naphambili ukunqumla idama kwindawo ebiyelweyo.
Abaphandi kuyabonakala ukuba babone iingwenya zasendle ziseza umzimba phantsi, kwaye uqaphele ukuba abathinjiweyo banomdla wokuzikhohlisa ngeethoyi zeplastiki kumhlaba kunye namanzi.Kangangokuba imizi yogcino-zilwanyana ngoku ibonelela 'iigators neengwenya zazo ngezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo abanokuzihlaziya ngazo.Nantoni na esusa ingqondo yengwenya ekulumeni iindwendwe mhlawumbi licebo elilungileyo, kunjalo.UZielinski ukwakhankanya isazi ngebhayoloji esivela kwiDyunivesithi yaseLethbridge, eAlberta, ebone iingwane zitshica amanzi kangangeeyure ezininzi kwizinto ezidadayo ukuze ziwajikelezise kwi-aquarium yazo.
Kwaye ukuchaza ngenye indlela i-BBC uJason Goldman kwingxelo yakhe kaJanuwari ka-2013 yeBBC, "Amantshontsho afuna nje ukonwaba."Ukhankanya uphando olwenziwe ngeKholeji kaWilliam noMary eWilliamsburg, VA erekhoda amangabangaba amancinci adlala "i-drop-catch" enezinto ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi ngeentsuku ezinomoya xa umdlalo onjalo wawunzima kakhulu.
Amagwababa ngumdlalo wexesha elimnandi nawo.UGoldman ubalaselisa umsebenzi owenziwe zizazi ngebhayoloji zeYunivesithi yaseVermont, ezithi “iqhelekile” ukubona amahlungulu eAlaska naseKhanada kuMntla-ntshona weNdawo ehlala etyibilika eluphahleni, ebambe amasetyana kwiintsila zawo njengeebhodi zekhephu.Ukucaphula abaphandi, "Asiboni nto icacileyo yento yokwenza [igwababa] ukutyibilika."
Kodwa umdlalo kufuneka ube nenjongo yendaleko, kungenjalo izilwanyana bezingenakuyenza.Kubonakala ngathi kunjalo, kodwa kungekhona ngendlela esasicinga ngayo ngaphambili.Kukho amaxwebhu endalo angenasiphelo kwi-intanethi abonisa amarhamncwa adlala-ukuzingela, ekucingelwa ukuba abenze abazingeli abangcono, okanye ukulwa okudlalayo, esicinga ukuba kubuphucule izakhono zabo zokulwa.Iibhokhwe ezincinci kunye neebhadi zabhadula ukuze ziphucule ukubaleka kwazo, sakha satsho.Ngesizathu esithile konke oku kwakucacile kangangokuba akukho mntu wayezikhathaza ngophando lokwenyani amashumi eminyaka.
Kwinqaku lakhe elenziwe kakuhle nelihlekisayo likaMeyi ka-2011 kwiScientific American, isazi ngebhayoloji uLynda Sharpe ubhala malunga neendlovu ezifotwe zityibilika, ngapha nangapha, phantsi kwenduli enengca ukuya koontanga bazo ezantsi, kwaye uyabuza: iphi ingcaciso yendaleko yaloo nto?Wachitha iminyaka emihlanu ephanda ngeemeerkats, inyamakazi ehlala entlango, eKalahari.Umsebenzi wakhe wafumanisa ukuba ezo bhola zincinci zoboya bezibandakanyeke kowona mlo mkhulu azizange zenze abalwi abangcono, okanye zitsale amaqabane ngokukhawuleza.Ngokunjalo, umdlalo wentsebenziswano we-meerkat awuzange unciphise ubundlongondlongo okanye uphucule ubudlelwane boluntu.“Nantso ke.Iminyaka emihlanu kwaye akukho zimpendulo.Andinakukuxelela ukuba kutheni i-meerkats idlala,” ubhala watsho.
Ukwabonisa ukuba uphando olwexesha elide lubonakalise ukuzingela kwe-coyote akubikezeli impumelelo yokwenene yokuzingela, kwaye kuyafana nakwiikati zasekhaya.Kodwa, uqukumbela ngelithi, “Ukudlala KUYAnceda!”Abantu abadlala ngokugqithisileyo benza abazali abangcono, bakhulisa abaselula ngakumbi kwilitha ngalinye.Kwaye umdlalo uyimfuneko ekufundeni.Iimpuku, ekuxelwe ukuba zezinye zezona ntlobo zidlalayo, zifunda ngokukhawuleza xa zivunyelwe ukuba zincokole kwaye zidlale ngokuqhelekileyo.Xa impuku inikwa indawo yokuhlala eyahlukileyo enazo zonke iintlobo zovuselelo lwengqondo, kodwa ivinjwa ukudlala nolunye uhlobo lwayo, ingqondo yayo iyasilela ukukhula.
Umphandi uMax Kerney, ebhala kwiNewsweek ngoJuni ka-2017, uthi “Uphononongo lwee-squirrels, amahashe asendle kunye neebhere ezimdaka ziqinisekisile ukuba ixesha elichithwa zizilwanyana zidlala xa zincinci zibonakala zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kubomi babo bexesha elide kunye nempumelelo yokuzala. .Indlela kanye umdlalo owuphumeza ngayo lo mphumela ayicacanga.”Kodwa umdlalo uhamba kakuhle ngaphaya koko.Ukudlala ngakumbi kuthetha ubuchopho obukhulu.
Iqela likaKerney lafumanisa “unxulumano olusondeleyo phakathi komlinganiselo wezilwanyana eziwudlalayo nobukhulu benkqubo yazo yecortico-cerebellar,” ebandakanyekileyo ekufundeni.Ukwacaphula izifundo zangaphambili “ezifumene ubudlelwane phakathi komdlalo [weprimate] kunye nobukhulu be…Voilà: wonke umsebenzi kwaye akukho mdlalo wenza uJack abe sisidenge.
Kuthetha ukuthini konke oku kubantwana bethu, ezo primates zincinci sizithanda kangaka?Kukho isicatshulwa endisithandayo, nangona ndingamfumani umbhali wayo, othi (ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi) "Ukuqonda inzululwazi ye-rocket kufana nomdlalo wabantwana xa kuthelekiswa nokuqonda umdlalo wabantwana."Umdlalo wabantwana ubaluleke gqitha kuphuhliso olufanelekileyo kangangokuba iNkomfa yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Ngamalungelo Omntwana ifundeka ngolu hlobo (kwiSiqendu 31) “Abantwana banelungelo lokuphumla nokudlala, kunye nokuzibandakanya kuthotho lwemicimbi yenkcubeko, yobugcisa neminye yokuzonwabisa. ”Okubangela umdla kukuba, lonke ilizwe emhlabeni ngaphandle kweSomalia ne-United States iyamkele le ndibano.
Kwiposti yebhlog yePsychology Today yomhla we-07 kaJulayi, 2011, uMarc Bekoff, unjingalwazi osele ephumelele kwibhayoloji yendaleko kwiYunivesithi yaseColorado, uthi “Zininzi izizathu zokuba abantwana kufuneka badlale.Abantwana kufuneka bavunyelwe ukuba bangcole kwaye bafunde ukuzibeka emngciphekweni…Njengokuba isazi ngengqondo uWilliam Crain exoxa, kufuneka sibavumele abantwana babuyise ubuntwana babo.”
Ndivuma ngentliziyo.Kufuneka sivumele abantwana badlale ngokukhululekileyo kwihlabathi lokwenyani, kwindalo.Mhlawumbi hayi ukusefa umzimba ngeengwenya okanye ukukhwela ikhephu ngamahlungulu eluphahleni lwezindlu, kodwa into esecaleni kwaloo migca.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Ngokubanzi, ndiyayithanda imithi, kwanaleyo kufuneka ndiyithande ikude, enje ngomthi wothando, aka the cocoo, Theobroma cocoo, apho itshokholethi iphuma kuyo.Itshokholethi enxulunyaniswa nokuthandana kuphela, ngakumbi ngoSuku lweValentine, inokusinceda ukuba sizive sithandeka ngakumbi ngenxa yeekhemikhali eziveliswa ngumthi.
Umthonyama kuMbindi Merika, umthi wecocoa ukhula phantse kuphela malunga needigri ezingamashumi amabini zobubanzi ngapha nangapha kwe-ikhweyitha-ngamanye amazwi, apho uninzi lwethu lunqwenela ukuba siphakathi kuFebruwari.Imbewu yekoko iye yacolwa yaza yenziwa isiselo esaziwa ngokuba yitshokholethi yaseMelika (mhlawumbi isiNahuatl), kangangeminyaka engama-4,000.
Ikoko ngumthi omncinci, malunga ne-15-20 yeenyawo ubude, ophethe imbewu yembewu enomlinganiselo ophakathi kwe-6 kunye ne-12 intshi ubude.Ipakishwe malunga nama-30 ukuya kuma-40 eembotyi zekhokho kwipod nganye yintlaka eswiti ye-gooey, neyayityiwa ngokwembali.Emva kokuvuna, iimbotyi zekhokho zidlula kwinkqubo yokubiliswa phambi kokuba zomiswe zize zicolwe zibe ngumgubo.
Phambi konxibelelwano lwaseYurophu, itshokolethi yayisisiselo esinegwebu, esikrakrayo esihlala sixutywa netshilisi kunye nomgubo wombona.AmaMaya nama-Aztec ayisela ikakhulu ngenxa yeempawu zayo zonyango-ngaphezulu koko kamva.Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1500, umJesuit waseSpeyin owayeye eMexico wayichaza itshokolethi “njengelizothe kubantu abangaqhelananga nayo, enenkunkuma okanye igwebu elingemnandanga kwaphela [ukungcamla].”Kuyaqondakala ke ngoko, ukuba ekuqaleni kwacotha ukunduluka eYurophu.
Itshokholethi iye yaduma kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, emva kokuvela kwezinto ezintsha ezinjengokufaka iswekile kunye nokushiya ingqolowa.Esinye isizathu sokunyuka kwemfuno yemeteoric kukuba abantu baqaphele ukuba ineziphumo ezithandekayo.Enye yazo iyafana naleyo yeti okanye ikofu.Akukho caffeine eninzi kwitshokolethi, kodwa inamalungu aphantse abe ngama-400 awaziwayo, kwaye uninzi lwale khompawundi luphezulu.
Oyintloko phakathi kwabo yi-theobromine, engenayo i-bromine-hamba isibalo.Ngumchiza ozalana necaffeine, kwaye igama layo kuthiwa lisuka kwelesiGrike elithetha “ukutya koothixo.”Nokuba abantu bebesazi ukuba iguqulela ngokusondeleyo “ukunuka koothixo,” akunakufane kwenzeke ukuba oko kubangele ukuthengiswa kwetshokholethi.
Kule mihla, itshokholethi yamkelwa njenge-antioxidant enamandla, kodwa kuyo yonke iminyaka ibisaziwa ngokuba yi-aphrodisiac.Ndicinga ukuba oku kuchaza isiko lokunika isithandwa somntu itshokolethi ngoSuku lweValentine, izikhumbuzo, kunye nezinye iziganeko.Itshokholethi ayinakuhlala ihambelana namandla ayo amarhe, kodwa enye into evuselelayo equletheyo, i-phenylethylamine (PEA), inokuchaza igama layo.
Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo ne-amphetamine, i-PEA iququzelela ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine, ikhemikhali “yokuziva ulungile” kwiziko lomvuzo lengqondo.Kuyavela ukuba xa uthandana, ingqondo yakho ithontsiza nge-dopamine.Ngaphaya koko, ubuncinci iikhompawundi ezintathu kwitshokholethi zilinganisa iziphumo zentsangu.Zibophelela kwii-receptors ezifanayo ebuchotsheni bethu njenge-tetrahydrocannabanol okanye i-THC, isithako esisebenzayo embizeni, ikhupha i-dopamine eninzi kunye ne-serotonin, enye imichiza yobuchopho ehambelana nolonwabo.
Ungothuki zezi ndaba-ezi ziphumo zokuphucula i-dopamine zincinci kakhulu xa zithelekiswa noko kunokwenziwa ngamachiza amayeza, kwaye kulungile ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba ungene emva kwevili emva kwekomityi yecocoa eshushu.Ukuginya itshokolethi akukaze kuphazamise amandla am okusebenzisa oomatshini abanzima, ubuncinci hayi indlela endingaqeqeshwa ngayo namava.
Uninzi lwabantu luya kuvuma ukuba iitshokholethi azinakuthatha indawo yothando, kodwa iziphumo zazo zeekhemikhali zendalo zinokuba kutheni ezothando kunye netshokholethi zidibene.Ewe, oko kunye nokuthengisa, ndicinga ukuba.
Izinja azikwazi ukusebenzisa i-theobromine kakuhle, kwaye netshokholethi encinci, ngakumbi emnyama, inokuba yingozi kubo.Esi seso sizathu sokuba ungafumani inja yakho ibhokisi yeetshokholethi ngoSuku lweValentine, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uyayithanda kangakanani na.Kwaye ucinga ukuba i-spayed okanye i-neutered, i-pooch yakho ayinakuxhamla kuyo nayiphi na imiphumo yetshokolethi enokubakho.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Ukuba uyithandile i-Godfather: Icandelo II, okanye i-Rocky II, okanye ifilimu yesibini yeNkosi yeRings, awuyi kuyithanda Isiganeko saseCarrington: Icandelo II.Ngapha koko, nokuba yeyiphi ifilimu oyithanda kakhulu, uya kuthiya isitolimende sesibini soMnyhadala weCarrington, kuba xa ulandelelwano lubonisa, akukho mntu uya kukwazi ukubukela iimuvi iinyanga ezininzi, kwaye mhlawumbi neminyaka.
Ngokungafaniyo ne-Poseidon Adventure, i-Jurassic Park, kunye nezinye iifilimu zentlekele, i-Carrington Event, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Solar Flare ye-1859, yayiyinyani, kwaye iphinda iphindwe rhoqo, kutsha nje ngo-2012. imitha, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kuphela ngomcimbi weeyure.Akunakuphepheka ukuba iplanethi yethu iya kufumana esinye isitshingitshane selanga se-1859 kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, ngoko kufanelekile ukujonga icebo lokuqala.
Ukususela ngo-Agasti 28, 1859, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zaqaphela amaqela e-sunspot, kwaye ngosuku olulandelayo izibane ezingasentla nezisezantsi (i-aurora borealis kunye ne-aurora australis, ngokulandelanayo) zabonwa kwi-latitudes kufuphi ne-Ikhweyitha.Kwandula ke ngoSeptemba 1, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseBritani uRichard C. Carrington sabhala “idangatye elikhanyayo” emini emaqanda ngaloo mini.Kwiiyure nje ezili-17 emva koko, ukukhutshwa kwe-coronal mass ejection okanye i-CME yabetha imagnetosphere yoMhlaba kwaye ikhokelele kwisaqhwithi se-geomagnetic esigqithise kwihlabathi lonke esiqhubeke ngeyesibini kaSeptemba.
Kuthiwa, iinkqubo zetelegraph kuMntla Merika naseYurophu zafakelwa umbane, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba iipali zocingo kunye nezikhululo zokwamkela zivuthe umlilo.Iqela labasebenzi bothuswa zizixhobo ngokunjalo.Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba uqhwithela lwelanga olungako namhlanje lungonakalisa iigridi zombane zehlabathi kangangokuba ukulungiswa kunokuthatha iinyanga ubuncinci, kwaye mhlawumbi neminyaka.Isaqhwithi selanga sika-2012 samandla afanayo sawuphosa uMhlaba ngeentsuku nje ezili-9.Ngo-2013, uLloyd's waseLondon wabala ukuba "i-sequel" ka-2012 yasibetha, yayiza kubangela umonakalo we-2.6 yezigidigidi zeedola e-US kuphela.
Kunzima ukucinga ukuba ngequbuliso uphila ngaphandle kweeselfowuni, i-Intanethi nombane.Singasathethi ke ngenyani yokuba iBitcoin iya kunyuka ibe ngumphunga.Ukulandela i-2012 ekufutshane-elahlekileyo, i-NASA ikhuphe ingxelo yokuba kukho i-12% yamathuba okuba sibone esinye isaqhwithi ngo-2022.
Amasuntswana atshajiweyo ahlala ephuma elangeni—i-x-reyi, imitha ye-gamma, ukukhanya kwe-UV, ukukhanya okubonakalayo, kunye nezinye iintlobo zemitha yemitha—ngesantya esisuka kuma-300 ukuya kuma-800 km/s.Njengoko iLanga lisisigidi seedegrees Celsius kumphezulu walo, umntu unokucinga ukuba la masuntswana aqhutywa bubushushu.Enyanisweni, amandla aphambili sisiphumo semagnethi.Oku kufuduka kwamasuntswana kubizwa ngokuba ngumoya welanga.Imimandla eyahlukeneyo elangeni ikhupha amasuntswana esantya kunye nokwakheka okwahlukileyo, kwaye ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ukuze umoya uguquguquke.Phantse kusoloko kukho impepho, kwaye qho kukho isaqhwithi.Akukho bani waziyo ukuba yintoni ebangela izaqhwithi zelanga, kodwa izazi ngeenkwenkwezi “zinokubona” xa zisenza ibhiya.
Zonke iinkwenkwezi zivelisa iindawo ezisebenza ngamandla kazibuthe rhoqo.Akwaziwa ukuba ngaba ngokwenene abangela amadangatye kunye nee-CME, kodwa amabala elanga adla ngokuvela ngaphambi nje kweziganeko ezinjalo.Amadangatye kunye nee-CME “ziimpepho” zomoya welanga ophuma kwiindawo ezikufuphi nelanga, kwaye imitha yemitha eziyiphosa emajukujukwini yaziwa ngokuba yiplasma.Ukuba izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zibona amabala elanga amakhulu, zihlala zijonge izinto eziza kulandela.Xa i-CME eyomeleleyo iqhuma, iplasma yayo ephezulu yamandla ifikelela kuthi ngaphakathi kweeyure ezingama-24-48, apho isabelana nomoya ongaphandle womhlaba (magnetosphere) ukuvelisa isaqhwithi se-geomagnetic.
Ukuvutha kwelanga kuyenzeka yonke imihla ngexesha lamandla angakumbi kumjikelo weminyaka eyi-11 yomsebenzi welanga.Ngexesha lokusebenza kancinci, nangona kunjalo, ukuvutha kungenzeka kuphela kwiiveki ezimbalwa.Ayiyiyo yonke i-flare ebonisa ukukhutshwa kwe-coronal mass ejection, kodwa zihambelana kakhulu.Ukuba bendiziqonda ngcono iziganeko zelanga, ndinokuba nomsebenzi obalaseleyo kwi-astrophysics okanye enye into.Emva kokuchitha ixesha elingcono losuku ndihamba ngengxelo egcwele iifomula ezifihlakeleyo ezichaza amadangatye kunye nee-CMEs, ndiye ndadibana nalo mgca ngumbhali wawo: "... iindlela ezibandakanyekayo azikaqondwa kakuhle."Ukuba wayeqale ngalonto, ngendingazange ndizame kakhulu.
Sinokubulela iinkwenkwezi zethu ezinethamsanqa sinombindi otyhidiweyo otyebileyo wentsimbi.Okanye ubuncinci ukuba umhlaba wethu wenza.Lo mbindi udala imagnethi ejikeleze uMhlaba, ngaloo ndlela ijikisa imitha ebulalayo kwaye isisindise ekubeni sisisulu sedolophu.Njengoko umjelo wemitha yemitha ugoba ujikeleze uMhlaba njengamanzi ajikeleze iliwa, amasuntswana ahlanjiweyo "afuywa" emantla nakumazantsi, okukhokelela kwi-auroras.
Izaqhwithi ze-Geomagnetic azifaki nje imiboniso ye-psychedelic.Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ziyakwazi ukuvala iinkqubo zombane, kwaye zingonakalisa okanye zitshabalalise iisathelayithi.Kwiimeko ezininzi, iisathelayithi zinokukhutshwa kwindlela yobungozi ngexesha.NgoMatshi ka-1989, isaqhwithi esincinane esithelekisekayo se-geomagnetic savala igridi yamandla ye-Hydro-Québec ye-state-of-the-art kwimizuzwana nje yokubetha uMhlaba, yenze irekhodi yokucima okushiye abathengi abazizigidi ezi-6 ebumnyameni.Usasazo lukanomathotholo kunye neselfowuni luye lwaphazamiseka, kwaye i-aurora borealis yabonwa kude ngezantsi njengeTexas.
Ngethamsanqa, ungaya ku-noaa.gov ukujonga uqikelelo lwemozulu yendawo, kwaye ubhalisele izaziso ukuba uyafuna.Uqikelelo lwemozulu yendawo ye-NOAA lunokunika kuphela izilumkiso malunga nokuba iplasma yelanga izakubetha nini uMhlaba ngosuku okanye ezimbini kwangaphambili.Ngelixa amadangatye ngokwawo akanakuqikelelwa, i-NOAA inokukuxelela xa kubonwa amabala elanga, amadangatye, kunye neeCME.Iingxelo zemozulu yesithuba nazo zinokukwazisa ukuba i-aurora ilindelekile (kwaye mhlawumbi uyakufuna isifudumezi-ndawo) ngobusuku obuthile.
Ngaphaya koko, unokucinga ngokutyala imali kumatshini wokuchwetheza, i-abacus, i-twine elungileyo, kunye neetoti ezimbalwa.Kwaye ndicebisa wonke umntu aqale ukufihla imali yakhe yedijithali phantsi komandlalo wabo, naye.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Kwibanga lesithoba ndandikwikwayala iinyanga ezimbalwa de umqeqeshi wandinika u-“A” unyaka wonke ukuba ndiyayiyeka iklasi yakhe.Ibali lokwenyani.Unokucinga ukuba umntu othanda umculo kodwa akakwazi ukucula angakonwabela ukucula, kodwa oko kuxhomekeke.Uphando lubonise ukuba ukudumzela kunokubangela ixhala, ukudakumba, ukuphuthelwa, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, iziporho.Kwakhona kuyinyani-nangona ndishiye iinkcukacha ezimbalwa apho.
Ukucula ingoma kuba ungazi (okanye awukwazi ukucula) amagama akanabungozi, ngaphandle kokuba mhlawumbi ayipheli kwaye iyenzeka ukubacaphukisa abantu osebenza nabo.Kodwa iinkqubo ezininzi zamashishini ezifana neziko lokuqhushumba, iinqaba zokupholisa, kunye neecompressor ezinkulu kunye neempompo zokucoca zinokukhupha i-frequency ephantsi okanye i-infrasound hums ekwaziyo ukuhamba amashumi eemayile.Ngenxa yokuba ingcungcu ebangelwa ngabantu inobude obungaqhelekanga—maxa wambi ingaphezu kwekhilomitha enye—i-hum inokuhamba lula ezintabeni nakwizakhiwo.
Indalo inokuvelisa ezi ntlobo zamaza esandi ngexesha leziganeko ezifana nee-avalanche, iinyikima, kunye nogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo.Umoya wesantya esithile kunye nendlela ovuthuza ngayo kumwonyo unokwenza i-infrasound.Yaye izilwanyana ezithile, ingakumbi iminenga neendlovu, zinxibelelana imigama emide ngolu hlobo.Ngethamsanqa, ii-hums zendalo zidlula kwaye aziphazamisi kangako kuthi kunezo zemvelaphi yomatshini.
I-Infrasound sisandi esiqulathe amaza angaphantsi komjikelo we-20 ngesekhondi okanye i-Hertz (Hz), enokuba yinxalenye yomgangatho wentlawulo yerenti yemoto, ndiyacinga.Kuqikelelwa ukuba bamalunga ne-2% ukuya kwi-3% kuphela abantu abanokusiva isandi kweli nqanaba.Uninzi lwabantu luyakwazi ukuva kuluhlu lwama-20 ukuya kuma-20,000 Hz.Ngaphezulu apho kukho i-ultrasound, njengohlobo lwamaza asetyenziswa kwizikena zonyango.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba i-infrasound inokuhlasela amakhaya ethu kwisiseko se-24-7, enye yeengxaki ezinkulu kukuba sihlala siyiva ngaphezu kokuyiva.Ngokwenkcazo, isandi luluhlu lwamaza oxinzelelo enza utshintsho olufihlakeleyo kuxinzelelo lomoya kwi-eardrum yethu.Umbhobho wendlebe uyangcangcazela ngenxa yokuguquguquka koxinzelelo, nto leyo ingqondo ethi itolike njengesandi.Into yile, amaza atshintsha uxinzelelo lomoya aya kungcangcazela indlebe yethu nokuba intshukumo icotha kakhulu ukuba ingabonwa njengesandi.Kungenxa yoko le nto i-infrasound inokubangela isiyezi, i-vertigo, isicaphucaphu, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokulala.
Kodwa i-eardrum yethu ayikuphela kwendawo yethu eshukumayo ukuya kumaza esandi esisezantsi.Onke amalungu omntu anento ebizwa ngokuba “yi-mechanical resonant frequency,” eyi-wavelength eya kubangela ukuba izicubu zigxadazele ngokwazo.Uvavanyo lwabantu lufumene ukuba iziphumo zentliziyo zenzeka kwi-17 Hz;Izifundo zichaze iimvakalelo zoloyiko, intshabalalo ezayo, kunye nexhala.Kwaye kuphononongo lwe-1976, i-NASA yagqiba ukuba iliso lomntu libuyele kubude be-18 Hertz.
Kulapho iziporho zingena khona. Okanye ingxoxo malunga nayo.Kwi-1998, umphandi waseBrithani ogama linguVic Tandy wapapasha iphepha elibizwa ngokuba yi "Ghosts in the Machine" kwiJenali yoMbutho woPhando lwePsychic.Ngaxa lithile waqala ukuziva esoyika, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha wabona izimvi ezingwevu, ezifana neblob, ngelixa esebenza yedwa kwilebhu yakhe yezixhobo zonyango.Ngenye imini wabopha ifoyile yokubiya kwi-vise kwilebhu ukuze asebenze kuyo, yaza ifoyile yaqalisa ukungcangcazela ngamandla.Ufumanise ukuba i-vent fan esanda kufakwa yayingcangcazela kanye nge-18.98 Hz.Xa yacinywa, ifoyile yayeka ukungcangcazela, kwaye waziva engcono yaye wayeka ukubona izinto ezikumbono wakhe osecaleni.Ukusukela ngoko, iimvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo ziye zavelisa iziphazamiso ezibonakalayo ezifanayo.
Enye yezona ziganeko zaziwa kakhulu ze-infrasound kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi "Windsor Hum" kwingingqi yaseWindsor, e-Ontario, urhulumente waseKhanada ayilandele kwiziko le-Steel yase-US kwisiqithi esikuMlambo iDetroit.Oku kujikeleza okuphantsi, i-35-Hertz hum kuthiwa ivakala kakhulu kunangaphambili ukusukela oko yaphinda yaqala ngo-2017 emva kwekhefu elifutshane.Ukusukela oko i-hum yaqala ngo-2011, kukho iingxelo zabanye abahlali abasuka kude bebaleka iziphumo zayo eziphazamisayo, eziquka ukuphuthelwa kunye nesicaphucaphu.Ngo-2012, abahlali besixeko abangaphezu kwama-20,000 bajoyina i-teleconference ebukhoma bekhalaza ngale meko.Okulusizi kukuba, i-US Steel iye yakhaba ngawo omane iinzame zabasemagunyeni baseKhanada zokudibana nabo ukuzama ukulungisa le ngxaki.
Ukubangela abantu abaninzi ngolo hlobo ukuba babandezeleke kangangokude bafune inzuzo yemali kuba bulwaphulo-mthetho olumasikizi.Ngokungafaniyo nemeko yolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kunye nokubulawa kwabantu, ingqikelelo yeCrimes Against Humanity ayidingeki ukuba inxulunyaniswe nongquzulwano oluxhobileyo, nangona inkcazo yalo yahluka ngokwelizwe.I-UN yaqala inkqubo yokuyibhala ngo-2014. Omnye ummiselo wangoku uyichaza njengayo nayiphi na “…izenzo ezingenabuntu ngabom ezibangela ukubandezeleka okukhulu, okanye ukwenzakala okumandundu emzimbeni okanye kwimpilo yengqondo okanye ngokwasemzimbeni.”Akukho mntu okanye qumrhu kufuneka livunyelwe ukuba libambe impilo-ntle yabantu.
Kumantla e-NY State, ndibone i-hum efanayo kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo.Nangona iyahluka ngobukhulu bayo, ndiyivile ikhwaza ngokulinganayo ukusuka eGouverneur ukuya eCanton ukuya eMassena.Indlela yam ayinankonzo yombane, ngoko ke andinazo izixhobo zasekhaya ezinokuyibangela.Iphawuleka ngakumbi ebusuku, ngamanye amaxesha iyacima.Ekupheleni kukaNovemba ka-2018 yaqala kwakhona emva kwekhefu, kwaye yomelele ngakumbi okwangoku.
Zive ukhululekile ukwabelana ngamava akho nge-infrasound hum apha [i-imeyile ekhuselweyo].Ukuba uvakalelwa kukuba into enjalo inefuthe elibi kwimpilo yakho, ndiyakukhuthaza ukuba uqhagamshelane namagosa akho anyuliweyo.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Kunyaka ophelileyo ummelwane wam, okhula kwaye athengise amakhowa-asemthethweni-ukuphila, wacebisa ukuba ndenze inqaku malunga nefungus yeKrisimesi enokuthi iphendule ezinye zeempawu zemilingo zelo holide yeholide.Ekuqaleni ndawucima umbono wakhe, ndicinga ukuba mhlawumbi utye isitokhwe esibi ngaloo mini, kodwa ukusukela ngoko ndiye ndafumana ubungqina obubambekayo bokuxhasa umbono wakhe.
Isasazwe kuwo wonke uMntla Merika, iYurophu, kunye neAsia ukusuka kwiindawo ezipholileyo ukuya emantla akude, i-Amanita muscaria likhowa elikhula phakathi kwepine, birch kunye nemithi ye-oki.Eneneni iyinxalenye yeengcambu zaloo mithi, isebenzisa intwana yeswekile esuka ezingcanjini zayo kodwa iwandisa kakhulu amandla emithi okufunxa izondlo namanzi.Ayinakukhula ngaphandle kwendawo yehlathi.
Ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi-fly agaric okanye i-fly amanita kuba ibikade isetyenziselwa ukubulala iimpukane, i-A. muscaria likhowa elikhulu, elihle elibomvu (ngamanye amaxesha lityheli).Umnqwazi wayo obambekayo, othi tyaba njengoko ukhula, unamachokoza amakhulu amhlophe, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibe yenye yezona zixhaphakileyo zaziwayo okanye amakhowa amileyo ehlabathini.Likhowa elikhulu elinamachaphaza e-polka ka-Alice e-Wonderland, iincwadi zemibala, kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wegadi.Nkqu neminqwazi ye-gnomes idla ngokupeyintwa ukuze ibukeke njenge-fly agaric mushroom.
I-Amanita muscaria nayo ineempawu ze-psychoactive, kwaye sele idliwe kangangamawaka eminyaka yiLaplanders ediniwe ubusika njenge-pick-me-up;yi-shaman yaseSiberia kunye nabanye abachwephesha kwizithethe zokuphilisa;nangenyamakazi yasendle ngenxa-kaloku asiqinisekanga.Mhlawumbi ukubhabha, kodwa ngaphezulu koko kamva.Ngokuqinisekileyo zininzi iingxelo zenyama yenyamakazi ezenza “zinxilile” emva kokubrawuza kulo ‘mchunu.
Ukuba igama elithi Amanita likhala intsimbi, kusenokuba kungenxa yokuba into ebizwa ngokuba yi-death-cap, mhlawumbi eyona nkowane inetyhefu emhlabeni, sisalamane esisondeleyo, i-Amanita phalloides.I-death-cap inzalelwane yaseYurophu nase-Asiya, kodwa yaziswa ngengozi ngemithi ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwiindawo ezimbalwa eMntla Melika.Ngokungafani necala leefungi ezininzi, i-toxin yayo ayithinteli ukushisa, kwaye isiqingatha se-cap sanele ukutshabalalisa isibindi kunye nezintso zomntu omdala, okwenza "i-antidote" kuphela yokutshintshwa kwamalungu.
Ukongeza kokusebenza kwengqondo, i-fly agaric yethu eyonwabileyo nayo iyityhefu, nangona ingaphantsi.Kwaye kubonakala ngathi inokuguqulelwa "ikhuselekile" (iingxelo zithi isenokubangela ukugabha) ngobushushu obuthambileyo okanye ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.Kubonakala ukuba, ukushisa okukhulu kuthatha yonke into emnandi kwi-fly agaric, njengoko isetyenziswe njenge-mushroom yokupheka emva kokuba ibilisiwe ngaphambili kwaye amanzi okuqala alahlwa.Kuthiwa, eSiberia nakweminye imimandla, i-A. muscaria yafakwa kwiikawusi kwaye yaxhonywa kufuphi nomlilo.Ngale ndlela ubushushu obuphakathi buya kubenza (amakhowa, hayi iikawusi) akhuseleke ukuba asetyenziswe ngokwemibhiyozo okanye ngenye indlela.
Iikawusi ezigcwele amakhowa abomvu namhlophe axhonywe kwitshimini ngenkathalo zivakala ziqhelekile.Kwaye ewe, uTata weKrisimesi unokunxiba iimpahla ezibomvu nezimhlophe kwaye angazirhangqa ngee-elves ezimfutshane, ezi-squat, ze-mushroom-esque, kodwa ndandithandabuza ngalo naluphi na unxibelelwano lomngundo kunye nezithethe zeeholide zasebusika.Nangona kunjalo, i-web-image yokukhangela "iKrisimesi yokuhlobisa i-mushroom" iphendule i-bazillion (kakuhle, i-30,800,000) imifanekiso ye-Amanita muscaria imihlobiso yomthi kwaye yandenza ikholwa.
Kwiskit sikaCheech Marin noTommy Chong sika-1971 esihlekisayo esithi “Santa neNenekazi Lakhe Elidala,” uCheech ucacisa ngelitshoyo uSanta Claus, “umfana onemihlathi enoboya,” kumhlobo wakhe.Isileyi esibhabhayo sikaSanta, ngokutsho kweCheech, sixhotyiswa “luthuli lomlingo,” “incinci yenyamakazi, incinci kaSanta, kancinane kaSanta, kancinane kaSanta…” Mhlawumbi ukongeza kwizinto abazithandayo. ukutshaya, babesazi nangefly agaric.
Ngomdla wempilo yoluntu, ndifuna ukulumkisa malunga nokuzama le fungus.Enye into, iimbekiselo zibonisa amakhowa e-agaric avuthwe entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni anokuba namandla aphindwe ka-10 kunalawo aqokelelwe ekwindla.Kwaye ukuba i-miscalculation inokushiya ugula iveki okanye ngaphezulu.Kwaye hayi, andizange ndizame i-A. muscaria kwaye andinazo izicwangciso zokwenza njalo.
Andisiso isifundiswa, kodwa ndifumanisa ukuba kunomdla ukuba imigibe yeKrismesi yethu yanamhlanje inonxibelelwano nezithethe zasebusika zamandulo eSiberia.I-Amanita muscaria inokunceda ekuchazeni ukuhleka kukaSanta okungaqhelekanga, ukubhabha kwakhe komlingo, singasathethi ke ngokukhetha imibala yesuti yakhe, kunye nezigidi zemihlobiso yamakhowa eKrisimesi idityaniswe ngokugqithisileyo.
Ingcebiso yam iya kuba kukunqanda ukungunda okunetyhefu kunye netyhefu yokuthengisa, kunye nokujolisa ukonwaba kwakudala okungaqhutywa zizinto zolunye uhlobo okanye olunye.Inyamakazi, ngokuqinisekileyo, iya kuzenzela ukhetho.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Ngaphandle kokuba ukuhlela imizila yemfuza ngokwenene kuphuma esandleni, intetho yakudala malunga nemali engakhuli emithini iya kuhlala ichanile.Ndicinga ukuba ukutshintshiselana kuhlala kuyinto eqhelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, abalimi beziqhamo kunye namandongomane baya kuxakeka yimali yemithi.Ukubala amanani otshintshiselwano kunokuba yintloko ebuhlungu, ndiyacinga.Umpayina wethu wasempuma omhlophe, iPinus strobus, awuthathwa njengomthi ovelisa izityalo kwaye awubonakali ngathi uvelisa imali, ubuncinci kule ndawo, kodwa uthwale isiqhamo esixabisekileyo eluntwini ngokufanayo.
Imithi emide kakhulu kweli cala le-Rockies, ipineyini emhlophe ukuya kwi-230 yeenyawo irekhodwe ngabagawuli bokuqala.Intshatsheli yangoku yase-US ime kwi-188 yeenyawo, kwaye kwi-Adirondacks sinemipayini emhlophe yokukhula endala ngaphezu kweenyawo ze-150.Ngokumalunga nokuchongwa, ipine emhlophe yenza kube lula, ibe kuphela kwemveli yompayina ephuma eMpuma ethwala iinaliti kwimiqulu emihlanu, enye ngonobumba ngamnye OMHLOPHE.Ukucaca, iileta azibhalwanga kwiinaliti, zithetha nje.
Nangona inde kwaye inomtsalane njengoko injalo, kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo umthi wompayina uguliswa kwaye ugawulwa ziintsholongwane ezibonwa ngeliso lenyama.Ebizwa ngokuba yiCanavirgella needlecast kunye neMycosphaerella brown spot, ezi fungi zimbini zinexesha elide zikhona, kodwa azizange zibe yingxaki ngaphambili.Iimpawu zosulelo ziinaliti ezijika zibe tyheli ngokupheleleyo kwaye ziwe kwisithuba sonyaka okanye ngaphezulu.Izazi ngebhayoloji ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba imozulu yethu eguqukileyo kuMntla-mpuma, ingakumbi amaxesha amade emozulu emanzi, yiyo ebekek’ ityala ngolu tshintsho kwindlela esiziphatha ngayo.Phakathi kweminyaka emanzi, imbalela ka-2012, 2016, 2018 ibangele ukufuma komhlaba okuphantsi kakhulu, buthathaka imithi ukuze ibe sengozini yezifo kunye nezinambuzane.
Ipayina emhlophe ivelisa iicones ezinomtsalane, ii-intshi ezintandathu ukuya kwezilithoba ubude, zinezikali ezinencam yeresin, ezilungele ukuqala umlilo kunye nokongeza kwizithsaba kunye neminye imihombiso yeholide (inokufuna ukugcina ezo zikude namadangatye avulekileyo).Olu hlobo ludume ngobungangalala obukhethekileyo kwaye bucace, amaplanga anombala okhanyayo asetyenziselwa ukubeka umgangatho, iipaneli kunye nokushela kunye namalungu esakhiwo.I-New England yakhiwe kwipayini emhlophe, kwaye kwamanye amakhaya amadala, iiplanga zeplanga zepine zangaphambili ezinobubanzi obukhethekileyo zisenokufumaneka.Inomtsalane njengoko amaplanga ayo enjalo, esona sipho sixabisekileyo sompayini omhlophe asibonakali.Kwaye ngethemba ayinakwahlulwa.
Phakathi kwewaka elineshumi elinesibini lamakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo apha kumntla-mpuma, amazwe amahlanu ezizwe zomthonyama agqibe ekubeni achithe amandla amaninzi kakhulu exoxa ngemida kunye nemithombo yobutyebi.Ngoncedo lwenkokeli enombono, baqulunqa inkqubo yolawulo yomanyano ukusombulula imiba ephakathi kwamazwe, beshiya ilizwe-lizwe ngalinye lizimele.
Ipayina emhlophe, enenaliti zayo ezintlanu ezidityaniswe kwisiseko, yanceda ekukhuthazeni isakhiwo esitsha somanyano.Ihlala isisimboli esifanelekileyo kule Confederacy, i-Iroquois, okanye iHaudenosaune njengoko bezibiza ngayo.Umthi wawunokhozi olunempandla, iintolo ezintlanu zibambe iintetha zawo ukufuzisela ukomelela ngomanyano, zithe ngcu phezulu.
I-Confederacy iquka amashumi amahlanu eenkosi ezinyuliweyo ezihlala kumaqumrhu amabini owiso-mthetho, kunye nentloko yombuso enye ekhethiweyo.Ngokwembali, ngabasetyhini kuphela ababenokuvota.Abasetyhini nabo babenegunya elilodwa lokugxeka iinkokeli ezingasebenzeli mdla woluntu, kwaye banokuwucima nawuphi na umthetho abawuthatha ngokuba bubudenge okanye umbono omfutshane.Inkosi nganye bekulindeleke ukuba ikwazi ukucengceleza umgaqo-siseko we-Iroquois, into esenziwayo namhlanje kwezinye iindawo zolondolozo, kwaye ithatha iintsuku ezilithoba ezipheleleyo ukuyigqiba.
UBenjamin Franklin kunye noJames Monroe babhala ngokubanzi malunga ne-Iroquois confederacy, kwaye uFranklin ngokukodwa wakhuthaza iikholoni ezilishumi elinesithathu ukuba zithole umanyano olufanayo.Xa iNkongolo yelizwekazi yadibana ukuyila uMgaqo-siseko, iinkokeli zase-Iroquois zazimasa, ngokumenywa, kangangexesha elide njengabacebisi.
Phakathi kweeflegi zenguquko zokuqala kwakukho uluhlu lweeFlegi zePine Tree, kwaye ipine emhlophe ihlala kwiflegi yelizwe laseVermont.Ukhozi, nangona lususiwe kwi-pine perch yalo, belusoloko luhleli kwimali yase-US, inyanda yeentolo ezilishumi elinesithathu kwiintsiba zalo.Ndicinga ukuba ngokwezekeliso, imali yethu yakhula emthini.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
KwanoSanta Claus ngokwakhe akanakwenza umnqweno weKrismesi emhlophe—yingqekembe ephoswayo enoba le holide iya kugqunywa likhephu okanye luhlaza kulo nyaka.I-landscape eluhlaza ayisiyiyo iKrisimesi yethu efanelekileyo, kodwa sinokugcina i-greenbacks engaphezulu kwiLizwe laseNyakatho, kwaye sigcine imithi yethu yeKrisimesi kunye nezinye iimpawu ezitsha kunye nohlaza ixesha elide, xa sithenga imithi yendawo kunye nezithsaba.
Ayiyomithi yeKrisimesi nje kuphela into ehlaziyekayo, ikhulisa uqoqosho lwasekhaya.Nokuba awunalo ixesha lokugawula eyakho ifama yomthi, zenzele ubabalo kulo nyaka kwaye uthenge umthi wendalo kumthengisi wendawo.Unokukunceda ukuba ukhethe olona hlobo lulungileyo oluthandayo, kwaye akwazise nokuba lutsha kangakanani na.Eminye imithi kwiivenkile ezinkulu zisikwa iiveki, ukuba zingezizo iinyanga, phambi kokuba zibonakale ezivenkileni.
Kukho isizathu esongezelelweyo sokuthenga indawo kwi-2018: iSebe lezoLimo kunye neeMarike ze-NYS libhengeze i-quarantine kwimithi yeKrisimesi engaphandle kwelizwe ukukhusela ukusasazeka kwezinambuzane ezitsha zezinambuzane.I-spotted lanternfly (SLF) sesona sitshabalalisi siphambili kwiintlobo ezininzi zemithi, kunye neediliya kunye nezinye izityalo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ithanda kakhulu i-maple yeswekile.Okokuqala yafunyanwa ePennsylvania ngo-2014, le bug ebulala umthi yaseAsia sele yasasazeka eNew Jersey, eDelaware naseVirginia.Abasetyhini be-SLF babeka amaqanda abo afihliweyo phantse kuyo nantoni na, kwaye ngo-2017, iingqimba zamaqanda zafunyanwa kwimithi yeKrisimesi ekhule eNew Jersey, ibangela ukuba abantu bavalelwe.
Kuwo onke amavumba angalibalekiyo exesha leeholide, akukho nto ivuselela umoya wayo ngokufana nevumba lomthi wepayini osikiweyo omtsha, wespruce okanye wefir, wreath okanye igarland.Nangona uninzi lweentsapho zaseMerika apho kubhiyozelwa iKrismesi ziye zatshintshela kwimithi eyenziweyo, iintsapho ezimalunga nezigidi ezilishumi zisazisa umthi wokwenene ekhaya.
Lonke uhlobo lwe-conifer lunomxube walo weeterpenols ezinevumba elimnandi kunye nee-ester ezibalelwa kwisiqholo sazo "somthi wepayina".Abanye abantu bakhetha ivumba elimnandi lodidi oluthile lomthi, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba babenalo besengumntwana.Umthi weKrisimesi wendalo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iholide enkulu ye-potpourri.Akukho lab yekhemistri enokwenza umthi weplastiki uvumba njengepine entsha, i-fir okanye i-spruce.
Imvelaphi yomthi weKrisimesi ayicacanga, kodwa imithi ehlala iluhlaza, izithsaba kunye namasebe zazisetyenziswa ngabantu abaninzi bamandulo, kuquka namaYiputa, ukufuzisela ubomi obungunaphakade.Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu eJamani, uMartin Luther kubonakala ukuba wancedisa ekuvuseni (sekusenjalo) isiko lomthi weKrismesi wangaphakathi ngokuzisa umthi oluhlaza kwindlu yakhe waza wayihombisa ngamakhandlela.Kwiinkulungwane emva koko, imithi yeKrisimesi yayisoloko iziswa emakhayeni nge-24 kaDisemba, kwaye ingasuswa de kube semva komthendeleko wamaKrestu we-Epiphany nge-6 kaJanuwari.
Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezithandwa ngabantu abaninzi, iifirs-Douglas, balsam, kunye neFraser-zithandwa kakhulu, zivumba kakhulu.I-Grand kunye ne-concolor fir ivumba limnandi kakhulu.Xa igcinwe emanzini, iifire zonke zinokugcina inaliti ebalaseleyo.Iipayina nazo zigcina iinaliti zazo kakuhle.Ngelixa ipayina yethu yemveli emhlophe inevumba elimnandi kuneScots (hayi iScotch; yeyaSanta) ipayina, lo wamva uthengisa kude kunowokuqala, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba iScots eyomeleleyo inokuthwala imihombiso emininzi ngaphandle kokuba amasebe ayo athobe.Iispruce azinamasebe aqinileyo kuphela, zithande ukuba nemilo yephiramidi.I-Spruces isenokungabi nevumba elimnandi njengefirs okanye ipines, kodwa ziinketho ezintle kwabo bathanda imithi yeenaliti ezimfutshane.
Uhambo lonyaka lokukhetha umthi wokwenene kunye kunye neentsapho ezininzi, umgodi uquka, isithethe seholide esixabisekileyo, ixesha lokudibanisa.Uyazi, i-thermos yesiko letshokolethi eshushu;isithethe sabantwana abalahlekelwa bubuncinci bemitten, kunye ne-squabble ehloniphekileyo ixesha-ndithetha ingxoxo-malunga nomthi omele ugawulwe.Amavumba amahle, kunye neenkumbulo ezintle.
Ukufumana ivumba elimnandi kunye nokugcinwa kwenaliti, nquma "i-cookie" ye-intshi enye ukuya kwe-intshi ukusuka kwisiseko ngaphambi kokubeka umthi wakho kwindawo yokumisa, kwaye ugcwalise i-reservoir rhoqo kwiintsuku ezimbini.Uphando lubonisa ukuba iimveliso ezibanga ukuba zandisa ubomi benaliti azisebenzi ngokwenene, ngoko ke yonga imali yakho.Izibane ze-LED azizomisi iinaliti njengoko sisenza isimbo sakudala, kwaye zilula nakwityala lakho lombane.
Ndwendwela ku-www.christmastreesny.org/SearchFarm.php ukufumana ifama yomthi ekufutshane, kwaye iinkcukacha zokuvalelwa ziyafumaneka ku-www.agriculture.ny.gov/AD/release.asp?ReleaseID=3821 Ulwazi malunga ne-lanternfly ebonakalayo ifakwe ku-https https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/113303.html
Nokuba zithini na izithethe zakho, ngamana usapho lwakho, abahlobo, kunye nezityalo ezihlala ziluhlaza zingaba ngamanzi, zinevumba elimnandi kunye nomthombo weenkumbulo ezihlala ixesha elide kweli xesha leholide.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
IWatertown ilungele ukuba sisiXeko sase-Emerald, kodwa ayizondaba ezimnandi ezo.UJefferson noLewis kungekudala baya kuba yi-Emerald Counties, kwaye iSt. Lawrence County yaqala inkqubo yokutshintsha iminyaka emibini edlulileyo.Ngelishwa, olu hlobo lwenguqu alubandakanyi iziphelo ezivuyisayo.
Xa i-emerald ash borer (EAB) ibulala uthuthu, kwenzeka into engazange ibonwe ngaphambili-umthi uba brittle kwaye ube yingozi ngokukhawuleza, ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into eyenzeka kuMntla Merika ngaphambi koku.Iinkokeli zikamasipala, amagosa eDOT, abanini bemithi, abagawuli, amafama kunye nabanye abaphathi bomhlaba kufuneka babe nolwazi oluphangaleleyo ukuze bahlale bekhuselekile kwaye baphephe uxanduva.
Yibize njengosulelo okanye ubhubhane, kodwa kungekudala kwanesona sitrato simnandi esinemithi kunye neplanga elilawulwa kakuhle liya kubonakala ngathi yinto ephuma kwihlathi likaTolkein elisongela iFangorn kwiNkosi yakhe yeRings trilogy.Imithi yethu yothuthu ayiyi kuphinda iphindezele, kodwa iya kuba yingozi ngenxa yezinye izizathu.
Ngo-Agasti 2017, amavolontiya abahlali abaqeqeshwe liSebe lezoLondolozo lweNdalo yaseNew York State (NYSDEC) bafumene i-emerald ash borer kwi-EAB trap kwilokishi yaseSt. .Amahlathi avela kwi-St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Environment Division iphinde yaqinisekisa i-EAB emininzi e-Franklin County kwi-2017.
Ekuqaleni kweli hlotyeni, amavolontiya avale i-EAB kwezinye iindawo ezikumantla e-NY, kuquka kumda osemazantsi weJefferson County.I-NYSDEC ayikakhuphi idatha yokugqibela kwiprogram ye-trap ye-2018, kodwa silindele iziqinisekiso kwiindawo ezininzi.Kuyaqondakala ukuba, sisenokudinwa kukuva ngalo qongqothwane ubhodloza iinkuni nendlela aza kuyitshayela ngayo yonke imithi yothuthu.Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, i-chestnuts kunye ne-elms zafa kwaye umhlaba awuzange uphele.Umahluko ukwinqanaba lengozi ebangelwe.
Ngokuqhelekileyo xa umthi ophilileyo ubulewe sisitshabalalisi, isifo okanye umkhukula, ume apho iminyaka emi-5, eli-10 okanye ngaphezulu.Ukuba awubonakali kwisithuba seminyaka eyi-15, ishukuma, imbombozela into ethile malunga nokungabi nasimilo emsebenzini, kwaye ibhukuqa ngaphezulu.Cinga ngayo yonke imithi efileyo ekumachibi eebhiva emi ishumi leminyaka nangaphezulu njengeendlwana zoonogwayi kwizithsaba zabo ezijijekileyo.Emva kokuba i-chestnut blight itshabalalise ezo ntlobo, kukho iingxelo ze-snags ezifile ezihlala zithe tye iminyaka engama-30 okanye ngaphezulu.
Kodwa i-emerald ash borer inempembelelo ekhethekileyo kwimithi yothuthu eyibulalayo.Uthuthu oluwela kwi-EAB luba yingozi kwisithuba nje sonyaka omnye, kwaye emva kweminyaka emibini kuphela, luqalisa ukutsibela ezimotweni, kwiilori nakwiibhasi ezithwele abantwana besikolo.Oko kuthatha kancinci kakhulu, kodwa abantu abaninzi bonzakele, kwaye amakhaya amaninzi kunye nezithuthi zonakaliswe emva kohlaselo lwe-EAB.E-Ohio, ibhasi yesikolo yatshatyalaliswa ngumthi omkhulu we-EAB-ebulala umlotha, yenzakalisa abafundi aba-5 kunye nomqhubi, kwaye iphelele kakuhle ibhasi.
Akukho mntu ubonakala enengcaciso eyaneleyo yokulahlekelwa ngokukhawuleza nangokunzulu kwamandla enkuni, kodwa ndiza kudlula into esiyaziyo.NgokweQela leDavey Resource Group, isebe leengcebiso kunye nophando likaDavey Tree, ukomelela komthi womlotha we-shear wehla ngokuphindwe kahlanu emva kokuba umthi uhlaselwe yi-EAB.Imithi iba yingozi ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba iDavey Tree ayiyi kuvumela abakhweli bayo ukuba bangene kuyo nayiphi na i-ash ehlaselweyo ebonisa ukuhla kwe-20% okanye ngaphezulu.
Ngamazwi kaMike Chenail, i-International Society of Arboriculture Certified Arborist yasePennsylvania, “Iinyani ezimbini zenza umthi wothuthu obulewe yi-EAB ube yingozi ngakumbi.I-EAB inqumla ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nezondlo emthini.Ukongeza, isitshabalalisi esibulalayo sidala amawaka amanxeba okuphuma.Bobabini benza iyelenqe lokuwomisa umthi baze bawenze ube rhabaxa.”
Enye yeengxaki kukuba i-sapwood, i-sapwood engaphandle, yoma ngokukhawuleza.Ekubeni i-sapwood ingaba ngama-intshi ambalwa ubukhulu, ukuba yome ngokukhawuleza ingabonakali ngathi ininzi.UJerry Bond, iConsulting Urban Forester nowayesakuba nguMhlohli weCornell Extension Educator, wandicacisela ngale ndlela: “Amashumi asithoba ekhulwini omelela omthi akwindawo engaphandle kweshumi ekhulwini lomthi.”Ngamanye amazwi, xa i-sapwood ibuthathaka, akukho mandla amaninzi asele emthini.
Kusenokubakho enye inkalo kulo mfanekiso.I-anecdotes evela kwi-arborists kunye nabanye abasebenzi bemithi yalatha ngokumangalisayo ukubola okuqhubela phambili kwimithi yothuthu eyayihlaselwe ngexesha elinye kuphela.Ukuba oku kusasazeka okanye kubaluleke kangakanani akukaziwa.
Kodwa akukho nanye kuloo nto ibalulekileyo.Ingongoma kukuba abo basebenzayo okanye bachitha ixesha elininzi ehlathini, kwaye nabani na onoxanduva lokhuseleko lwabanye kufuneka baqaphele ukuba xa i-EAB ibulala imithi yothuthu, baziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo.
Abanini beWoodlot, abaLawuli beDolophu kunye neDolophu, amalungu eBhodi yeDolophu, abaPhathi beMithetho baseNNY County, abatyali bemithi, amafama kunye nabanye abafuna ukufunda indlela yokulungiselela i-EAB bayabongozwa ukuba baye kwiseshoni yolwazi ye-EAB ezayo kwiSakhiwo sikaMasipala sase-Adams, e-3 South Main Street, Adams, NY ngoLwesithathu, Novemba 14, 2018 ukusuka 8:30 AM ukuya 12:00 PM.Abanikezeli babandakanya abameli abavela kwi-NYSDEC, iGridi yeSizwe kunye nabanye.Iseshoni isimahla, kodwa nceda RSVP kuMike Giocondo kwi-NYSDEC Lowville-ofisi ephantsi (315) 376-3521 okanye [i-imeyile ekhuselweyo]
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Ukuba iiPilgrim zazisazi ukuba i-Thanksgiving yayiza kuba yintoni eMelika ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngeba bathathe imifanekiso.Nokuba imenyu ilahlekile kuthi, nangona imbali yomlomo yeWampanoag, kunye neerisithi ezimbalwa zePilgrim zegrosari ezifunyenwe ngabembi bezinto zakudala, zibonisa ukuba bekukho umbona, iimbotyi kunye nesquash kunye neentaka namagwinya.Ngaphandle koko kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho i-chestnuts, i-sun chokes (i-artichokes "yaseYerusalem"), i-cranberries kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle.
Ababhali-mbali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba iiPilgrim zaziza kutshabalala zonke ngexesha lasebusika lika-1620 ukuba kwakungekho kukutya okubonelelwa ngamaWampanoags, umhlaba wabo ababewubambile.Ngentwasahlobo ka-1621, iWampanoags yanika iiPilgrims imbewu yezityalo, kunye nesifundo (esinokwenzeka iApp; asinakuqiniseka) ngemveliso, ukugcinwa kunye nokugcinwa kwezityalo zokutya eziquka umbona, iimbotyi, kunye nesquash.
Oko kuwa-asiqinisekanga nokuba bekungo-Oktobha okanye ngoNovemba-abahambi ngezonqulo babulela ngezolimo zaseMelika zaseMelika, kwaye badla ngokutya kwayo iintsuku ezintathu ngokuthe ngqo.I-Wampanoags mhlawumbi yabulela kuba kwakungekho zinqanawa zigcwele iiPilgrims elundini phayaa ngelo xesha.
Irhasi yayikuphela kwesityalo esasifumaneka eYurophu iiPilgrims ezakwazi ukusikhulisa ngowe-1621. Ngelishwa, zazibonakala zingazi ukuba inokutyiwa.I-upside, nangona kunjalo, yayikukuba kwakukho ibhiya eninzi kwisidlo sangokuhlwa soMbulelo.
Ngelixa umbona, iimbotyi kunye nesquash, "Oodade abathathu," babe, kwaye bekhuliswa ngabantu abaninzi bomthonyama eMelika, ezinye izityalo zemveli ziya kuhombisa iitafile zoMbulelo waseMelika kulo nyaka.Mhlawumbi uya kuba ne-appetizers ngaphandle kwenkampani ngaphambi kokutya.Amantongomane adibeneyo, nabani na?Amandongomane sisityalo sakudala saseMelika.Iipecans kunye nembewu yejongilanga, nayo.Kwaye wonke umntu uthanda iitshiphusi zombona ngediphu, akunjalo?Ezo pepper ezishushu (kunye neswiti) kunye neetumato kwi-salsa kukutya kwaseMelika.Ukhetha idiphu eyenziwe ngeavokhado?Ewe, okunye ukutya kwemveli.Kwaye kuyafana nakwipopcorn.
IiTurkeys, ezazigcinwe ngabantu bomthonyama kwakudala ngaphambi kokunxibelelana neYurophu, ngokuqinisekileyo ziyinzalelwane yelizwe elitsha.Iintlobo ze-turkey zanamhlanje zikhethelwe imizimba enzima, kodwa zezona ntlobo zifana ngqo ne-turkey yethu yasendle, enoluhlu olusuka kumazantsi eMexico ukuya kumazantsi eKhanada.
Kodwa uninzi “lwezilungiso” ezisetyenziswa kwiiMbulelo zanamhlanje zivela kwiLizwe elitsha.I-Cranberry sauce ngumzekelo omhle (uhlobo olunxulumene neVaccinium lwenzeka kumntla weYurophu, kodwa amajikijolo ayo mancinci kakhulu kuneentlobo ze-cranberry ezifumaneka apha, eziye zafuywa kwihlabathi jikelele).
Kwaye bekungayi kuba nguMbulelo ngaphandle kweetapile ezicujiweyo ukuthambisa i-gravy.Iitapile ezimhlophe (“zaseIreland”) zisisityalo seHlabathi Elitsha, njengoko kunjalo nangebhatata.Sinokubulela ii-agronomists zaseMelika ngeembotyi eziluhlaza kunye neembotyi zeLima.Ungalibali umngqusho—abemi bomthonyama bavelisa iindidi ezininzi, kuquka iHubbard ne butternut squash, kunye namathanga, wona asisikwashi sasebusika.
Esizisa kwi-iconic ye-Thanksgiving pie yethanga-ndicinga ukuba wonke umntu unombulelo ngolo hlobo.Akukho nto ihamba ne-pie njenge-ayisikrimu, engeyiyo kwiLizwe elitsha, kodwa ezinye iziqholo ezilungileyo.IMaple-walnut yenye yezona ntlobo zokuqala ze-ayisikrimu eNew England, iincasa ezimbini zemveli ezihamba kunye ngokudumileyo.Ngelixa ingaveli kuMntla-mpuma, i-vanilla ivela eMelika, kwaye kunjalo ke itshokolethi.Ukuba wongeza ezinye izinto zokuthambisa ezifana ne-strawberry okanye i-blueberry (kunye ne-ananas) i-sauce, uya kuba nokutya okuninzi kwaseMelika kwi-dessert.
Ndininqwenelela uMbulelo owonwabileyo nosempilweni, ozaliswe lusapho kunye nombulelo.Phakathi kwezinye izinto, esinokuba nombulelo kuBemi bomthonyama nezityalo zabo.Kodwa nceda, ungagxeki i-First-Nations agronomists ukuba ufuna ukukhulula ibhanti yakho inotshi okanye ezimbini emva koko.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Xa wayeqala ukubonakala kwiminyaka engamashumi asibhozo eyadlulayo, uSuperman kwathiwa “ukhawuleza kunembumbulu ebalekayo.”Ngokuqinisekileyo ezinye iimbumbulu zibhabha ngokukhawuleza kunabanye, kodwa ngo-1938, izantya zomndilili eziqhelekileyo zazisuka malunga ne-400 mph kwi-.38 ekhethekileyo ukuya kuma-580 mph kwi-.45 automatic.Emngciphekweni wokungena kwicala elibi likaSuperman, ndiyabuza ukuba angakwazi na ukudlula i-AR-15 .223 ejikelezileyo ejikelezayo nge-2,045 yeemayile ngeyure.Plus mdala kakhulu ngoku.Enyanisweni, ndiyazibuza ukuba ngaba une-peppy ngokwaneleyo ukuba abambe isityalo esibalekayo.
Ukujonga ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kuyasiqinisekisa ukuba izityalo azibonakali zihamba, okanye ukuba zihamba, zihamba ngokucotha kakhulu ukulinganisa inkqubela yazo.Okuhle kukuba, xa siqwalasela indlela esincothula ngayo ukhula, ukucheba ingca nokugawula amalungu emithini.Ukuba izityalo zikwazile ukuziphindezela, akukho mntu unokulala kakuhle ebusuku.Inyaniso kukuba, izityalo zidla ngokuhlala.Nawuphi na umgadi wegadi unokukuxelela ukuba ne-slugs inokubamba izityalo.Ke kubonakala kungqwabalala ngokungafanelekanga ukucebisa ukuba iNdoda yentsimbi iyacotha kunoko.
Kukho umahluko phakathi kokuhamba ngokukhawuleza nokuhambahamba.Izityalo zisenokuba neengcambu, kodwa ayizizo zonke ezihlala phantsi.Uninzi lwabantwana luyonwatyiswa kancinci xa ludibana nemimosa, okanye isityalo esibuthathaka.Xa lichukunyiswa, igqabi lalo liyagotywa kwisithuba semizuzwana ngocwangco, ukuba alikhange likhawuleze.Izityalo zeMimosa zifunda kumava, nangona kunjalo, kwaye ukuba uhlanza igqabi ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ekugqibeleni kuthatha ikhefu ekuphenduleni iiyure ezininzi.
Abantu bayo yonke iminyaka badla ngokuchukunyiswa yiVenus flytrap, isityalo esitya inyama esivalekayo kwizinambuzane, emva koko sidale isingxobo esingangeni moya kwaye sinyibilikise amaxhoba aso kwisisu se-asidi esigcwele i-asidi.Ngaphandle kwegama layo, i-flytrap itya kakhulu kwiimbovane kunye nezigcawu, ezinye iibhungane kunye neentethe, kodwa zimbalwa kakhulu iimpukane.Ngee-reflexes ezikhawulezayo kune-mimosa, inokuvala umgibe wayo kwi-100 milliseconds.
Inokubala.Xa enye yeenwele zayo ze-trigger ithintekile, umgibe uhlala uvulekile, kodwa xa inwele yesibini ivuselelwe ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana ye-20, umgibe uvala.Akonelisekanga ngaloo ntsebenzo, isityalo se-bog yokutya inyama sibala ukuya kwisihlanu.Oko kukuthi, kuthatha iinwele ezintlanu ezingaphezulu ukusuka kwisigcawu esinyakazayo ngaphambi kokuba sitywine isitshixo somoya kunye neempompo ze-hydrochloric acid.Ukuba ukhe wabanjiswa emihlathini yesityalo esikhulu esitya inyama, khumbula esi sifundo: Musa ukusokola.Hlala iiyure ezili-12, kwaye imihlathi iya kuvuleka kwakhona.Wamkelekile.
I-Venus flytrap ifumaneka kwimigxobhozo enemozulu epholileyo emazantsi ethu, kodwa sinesityalo esibhabha kakhulu kune-flytrap.I-dogwood encinci okanye i-bunchberry yintyatyambo yasendle eqhelekileyo ethanda umhlaba opholileyo ofumileyo.Ngamanye amaxesha ifunyenwe kumaqela afana ne-mat, inamaqela amaqunube abomvu abomvu, kunye neentyatyambo ezibeka i-NASA ihlazo.Intyatyambo ye-bunchberry ivula nge-0.5 milliseconds, kuxelwe ukuba ikhuphe i-pollen yayo kuma-2,000 ukuya kuma-3,000 amaxesha obunzima bomxhuzulane (G), obunokuqhekeza usomajukujuku, oqhele ukuziva engekho ngaphezulu kwe-3G ngexesha lokuqaliswa.Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba kutheni le bunchberry isenza oku, ngaphandle nje kokuqhayisa, kuba idluliselwa ipoleni liqela leenyosi zomthonyama.
Kodwa i-plant kingdom's rapid-movement pièce de resistance ngumthi we-mulberry.Ekubeni inzalelwane yaseTshayina, iye yasasazwa ehlabathini lonke ngenxa yokuba iyimfuneko ekukhuliseni imibungu yesilika, leyo kangangeminyaka engama-4 000 edluleyo ibivelisa isilika yehlabathi (ingeyiyo le mibungu ifanayo; ayiphili xesha lide kangako).Xa i-mulberry tree's staminate (inkunzi) catkins zilungile kwaye zilungile, zivula kwi-25 microseconds okanye i-0.025 milliseconds, ziqhubela i-pollen yazo malunga ne-350 mph, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesantya sesandi.Ngokungafaniyo ne-bunchberry, i-mulberries i-pollinated emoyeni, kwaye inokuxhamla kwisicwangciso sayo se-pollen-bomb.
Nangona ezi zenzo zichukumisayo, akukho mntu uziqondayo kanye ezona nkqubo zihamba ngokukhawuleza izityalo kangangokuba ezona foto zihamba phambili ngesantya esiphezulu azikwazi ukufota ngokwanelisayo iziganeko.Into esiyidingayo ngumntu okhawulezayo kunomzi-mveliso ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu ukuze ahlolisise oku.Ndiyazibuza ukuba igorha elalupheleyo linokuhendelwa na ukuba liyenze into enjalo.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Nangona inkcazo echanekileyo ayikho kwincam yolwimi lwakho, wonke umntu ufumana ukuqhutyelwa ngokubanzi kwegama elithi biogas - kukho i-biology echaphazelekayo, kwaye umphumo yigesi.Omnye unokuqikelela ukuba yi-funk emoyeni kwibhasi ethwele iqela elitya i-sauerkraut ekhaya emva kokhuphiswano lwempelaveki.Abanye banokuthi i-biogas yinkomo yenkomo, okanye amaqamza-iqanda elibolileyo elinuka phezulu xa unyawo lwakho lutshona kumgxobhozo.
Leyo yonke yimizekelo ye-biogas, eyenziwe ikakhulu yi-methane, i-CH4, ekugxininiseni ukusuka kwi-50% ukuya kwi-60%.Imethane inokutsha kakhulu, kwaye inokusetyenziswa endaweni yerhasi yendalo ukwenzela ubushushu okanye ukuqhuba iinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi zokuvelisa umbane nezinye izinto.Isekwe ziintsholongwane phantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic, yigesi yegreenhouse ephindwe kamashumi amabini anesibhozo ngaphezu kwekharbon dayoksayidi ekubambeni ubushushu kwiatmosfera yoMhlaba.Inyaniso yokuba inokuba luncedo xa ibotshelelwe kodwa ibe yingozi xa ikhululiwe yiyo loo nto kufuneka sibambe igesi yendalo ephilayo ekhutshwa yinkunkuma, imingxuma yomgquba, kwaye ngenye imini, mhlawumbi nokugqobhoza kwenkomo.
Ngokwayo, imethane ayinambala kwaye ayinavumba, kodwa ihlala ihleli nabahlobo abangathandekiyo njengehydrogen sulfide, H2S, enoxanduva lokubola kweqanda elibolileyo esilidibanisa nefarts kunye negesi yomgxobhozo.Ayizizo zonke i-biogas ezilinganayo-izinto ezinikezelwa ngokulahla inkunkuma zingcoliswe yi-siloxane evela kwizinto zokuthambisa kunye nezokucoca, kwaye i-biogas ephuma kumgquba ingaba ne-nitrous oxide, i-N2O.I-Siloxane, i-nitrous oxide, kunye neegesi ze-hydrogen sulfide ziyityhefu kwindawo ephezulu, kwaye ziyonakalisa kakhulu.Zidla ngokutsha ngokungenabungozi xa zisetyenziselwa ubushushu, kodwa kufuneka zisuswe ukuba i-biogas iza kusetyenziselwa ukubasa injini.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, i-methane yenzeka xa i-organic matter ibola kwiimeko ezingenayo ioksijini.Oku kukhokelele kugqabhuko-dubulo lwegesi yebhayoloji kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma kulo lonke elase-US naseYurophu, ubukhulu becala ngeminyaka yoo-1960 noo-1970, nangona uthotho lwezehlo ezinjalo eNgilane ngeminyaka yoo-1980 zakhuthaza imithetho engqongqo kwelo lizwe ekuqokeleleni igesi yendalo.Ukuphindaphinda koqhushumbo kwiindawo zokulahla kuncitshiswe kakhulu kumaxesha amva nje, kodwa kusenzeka nangoku.Indawo yokulahla inkunkuma eWalt Disney World e-Orlando yatsha ngo-1998. Ngo-2006, uMkhosi wase-US (okhululwe kwimithetho emininzi yendalo esingqongileyo) wakhupha amakhaya alishumi elinesibini kufutshane nenye yeendawo zawo zokulahla inkunkuma endala eFort Meade, eMaryland ngenxa yomgangatho ophezulu wemethane.
Nangona ibonelela ngezibonelelo ezifana nokuveliswa kombane, ukukhupha i-biogas yokulahla inkunkuma kuyimfuneko kwimpilo nakukhuseleko.Kodwa i-biogas iveliswa ngabom kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-methane digester, endandicinga ukuba lelinye igama lenkomo.Ngaphandle kwegama, ezi zinto aziyityi imethane.Kunoko basebenzisa umgquba wezilwanyana, ilindle likamasipala, inkunkuma yasekhaya, nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze bavelise imethane, uninzi lwayo ngelukhutshelwe emoyeni.
Inkqubo esisiseko yile: i-reactor engenawo umoya izaliswe ngumgquba wezilwanyana okanye nantoni na ukuzaliswa kwakho okuthandayo, kwaye emva kwenkqubo yebhakteria ye-4 kunye nexesha elithile ugqiba nge-slurry "egayiweyo" engasetyenziselwa isichumisi, kunye ne-biogas.Itekhnoloji yeDigester inokusebenza ukusuka kwisikali esikhulu semizi-mveliso ukuya kwiyunithi encinci yasemva kwendlu esebenza kwinkunkuma yasekhaya.
Malunga ne-60% ye-methane, i-digester biogas sisibaso esingcono kune-biogas yokulahla inkunkuma, ethande ukuba malunga nama-50% CH4.Irhasi ephuma kwidigester ingasetyenziselwa ukupheka okanye ukufudumeza ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa kufuneka ilungiswe phambi kokuba isetyenziswe kwezinye izinto.Ukongeza ekusebenziseni ii-injini zokutsha zangaphakathi, i-biogas "ekhutshiweyo", ephantse ibe yi-methane esulungekileyo, inokufakwa kwigridi yegesi yendalo, okanye ixinzelelwe kwaye ithengiswe kwiimarike ezikude.
Kwezi ntsuku, abalimi bemfuyo bayakhuthazwa ukuba bafakele i-methane digester njengomthombo owongezelelweyo wengeniso okanye ukuphelisa iindleko zokufudumeza.Iidigesters zinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse, kwaye umgquba owenziwe kwidigester ugcina initrogen eninzi kunomgquba ogcinwe kumachibi avulekileyo.Ayiloqhaqho lobuchopho, kodwa kukho ijiko lokufunda, kunye negalelo labasebenzi.Lo mbono uyakhuthazwa ngoku, kodwa usemtsha.
AmaTshayina azibandakanye nokwetyisa i-methane ukusukela ngo-1960, kwaye ngeminyaka yee-1970s asasaza into efana nezigidi ezithandathu ze-home digester kumafama.Sithetha nje, i-home digesters ixhaphakile eIndiya, ePakistan, eNepal nakwiindawo ezithile zaseAfrika.Kwinqanaba elikhulu, iJamani yeyona ndawo iphambili yokuvelisa i-biogas eYurophu, malunga nama-6,000 ezityalo ezenza umbane webhayoloji.IJamani nayo ineenkuthazo kunye nenkxaso yamafama kunye nabanye ukuba basebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokugaya.
I-Cryo Pur, inkampani yaseFransi esekelwe ePalaiseau, ngaphandle kweParis, isanda kuvelisa indlela enye yokususa i-CO2 kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kwi-biogas usebenzisa i-cryogenics.Ngenxa yobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu, i-biogas iyanyibilika kwinkqubo, evumela ukuba ithunyelwe ngokukhuselekileyo ngakumbi.
Ulwandiso lweNtsebenziswano yaseCornell luza kubamba iworkshop enzulu yefama encinci yebiogas kobu busika.Iklasi iya kuphindwa ngeentsuku ezintathu ezahlukeneyo kwiFama yokuFunda yoLwandiso lweNtsebenziswano yaseCornell, i-2043 State Highway 68, eCanton.Ngelixa ilungiselelwe iifama zobisi ezincinci, imfuyo kunye nabavelisi bezityalo, kunye nabo banomdla kwimveliso yamandla angamanye bamkelekile.Abathathi-nxaxheba banokukhetha omnye kule mihla mithathu: NgoLwesithathu, nge-5 kaDisemba, 2018 10:00 AM - 2:00 PM, ngoLwesine, ngoFebruwari 7, 2019 , 10:00 AM - 2:00 PM, okanye ngoLwesithathu, Matshi 6, 2019, 6:00 PM - 9:00 PM.
Iiklasi zisimahla kwaye zibandakanya isibonelelo esincinci kunye nesidlo.Ubhaliso luyafuneka.Ukubhalisa okanye ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya, tsalela umnxeba iCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County (315) 379-9192.
Unokufunda konke malunga ne-methane digester encinci, kodwa kulwazi lwam akukho nanye yokusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo.Ukuba utye i-sauerkraut eninzi kakhulu kuya kufuneka uvumele ukugaya kuqhube ikhosi.Kude kwabanye, nceda.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Umfazi wam we-francophone uhlala ehlekisa njengoko ndiqala ukufunda ulwimi, njengexesha endandithetha ngalo i-connard xa ndithetha i-canard.Kubantu abathetha isiNgesi abantetho isisisiNgesi apha phandle, i-canard ithetha idada, ngelixa ukulingana okurhabaxa kwe-connard ligama elinemvano-siphelo “no-spithead,” kwaye awufuni ukuba abantwana bakho bathethe.Kodwa apho i-mallards kunye nezinye ii-puddle-dada zixhalabile, ezi zimbini zihlobene.Idrake (indoda) inokuba yi-connard ngokupheleleyo ngamanye amaxesha.
Umgaqo kaDarwin othi “survival of the fittest” awusoloko ungowokuba ngubani ophumeleleyo kumlo wempondo okanye ukhuphiswano lokujijisana ngengalo.Ukuba sempilweni kuthetha ukuyifanelekela kakuhle imeko-bume kabani ukuze uphile ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze uvelise ezinye yaye ngaloo ndlela udlulisela iDNA kabani.Ngaphezu kwayo yonke enye into, kuthetha ukuba bhetyebhetye.
Imallard, mhlawumbi lelona dada laziwayo eMntla Melika kunye nedrake enentloko eluhlaza ekhazimlayo, ibhilidi e-orenji eqaqambileyo kunye nekhola emhlophe eprim, isenokuba lolona didi lunamandla.Ngapha koko, isazi ngebhayoloji yeYunivesithi yaseAlberta uLee Foote ubabize ngokuba “yiChevy Impala yamadada.”Kwabo bangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-30, i-Impala eyayifudula ifumaneka yayiyinjongo yazo zonke, iphantse yakwazi ukumelana nembumbulu.
Umthonyama kuMntla kunye noMbindi Melika, i-Eurasia kunye noMntla Afrika, i-mallard (i-Anas platyrhynchos) iye yaziswa eMzantsi Melika, e-Australia, eNew Zealand naseMzantsi Afrika.Inokuba luncedo ngakumbi kune-Impala.I-International Union for Conservation of Nature, iqela elizinikele ekulondolozeni ubuncwane bendalo, ilidwelisa (idada, kungekhona inqwelo-mafutha) “njengeentlobo ezingabalulekanga kangako.”Eli gama livakala lingenamdla, kodwa kukho inkxalabo kwiindawo ezinjengoMzantsi Afrika neNew Zealand, apho iimallards ziye zaxhaphaka.
Ngokungafaniyo neemoto, apho imixube ilungile kodwa ingafane ikhululwe, i-mallard hybrids ixhaphake kangangokuba amanye amadada anokuphela ngokukhawuleza njengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.Ngokuqhelekileyo, uphawu oluchazayo lweentlobo yinyaniso yokuba ayikwazi ukuwela kunye nezinye iintlobo ukuvelisa inzala, okanye ubuncinane abachumileyo.UMallards, ngokucacileyo, akazange alufunde uncwadi.Ndiyayithiya xa indalo isenza loo nto.
I-Mallard hyper-hybridization kungenxa yokuba zavela kwi-Pleistocene yamva nje, kutshanje ngokwemigaqo yendaleko.IMallards kunye nezalamane zabo "kuphela" baqala kwiminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa amawaka.Izilwanyana ezisuka kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo zinexesha lokusasaza kwaye ziphuhlise ulungelelwaniso olulodwa, rhoqo kubandakanya utshintsho lomzimba kunye nokuziphatha olubenza bangahambelani neentlobo ezinxulumeneyo.
IiMallards zihlala zikhwelana namadada amnyama aseMelika, kodwa zikwazala ubuncinane neshumi elinesibini lezinye iindidi, kwezinye iimeko ezikhokelela ekulahlekeni okanye kufutshane nokuphela kweentlobo.Ngokutsho kweGlobal Invasive Species Database (GISD), “Ngenxa yesiphumo [yokuzalanisa kwe mallard], idada laseMexico alisajongwa njengesilwanyana kwaye asele engaphantsi kwe-5% yamadada angwevu aseNew Zealand angaxutywanga.”
Iimallards luhlobo lwedabi okanye idada elidlalayo, elinika iintloko phantsi kwamanzi ukuze litye kwimollusks, imibungu yezinambuzane kunye nemibungu, ngokuchaseneyo nokuntywila emva kwexhoba.Zikwatya imbewu, ingca kunye nezityalo zasemanzini.Beqhelene kakuhle nabantu, babonakala bevuyiswa kukutya isonka semihla ngemihla kwiipaki zedolophu.
Isicwangciso sabo sokukhwelana, nangona singenaxanduva kwimpumelelo yabo, sisenokuba luphawu lwaso.Malunga nama-97% eentlobo zeentaka zesi sijikelezi-langa, ukukhwelana sisiganeko esifutshane, sangaphandle apho izinto zenkunzi zigqithiselwa kwimazi ngokuthi zombini zibambe umqolo wazo ziphelele kunye kwinto ebizwa (ngabantu ubuncinane) “kukuncamisana okugqunyiweyo. ”I-cloaca yindawo evulekileyo yentaka esetyenziselwa ukuhambisa amaqanda, ilindle kunye nantoni na, njengoko kufuneka.Lo msebenzi we-PG-13 uvakala nantoni na ngaphandle kothando.
Amadada athile aye kwelinye icala, edlala kwi-X-rated, isini esinobundlobongela.I-puddle-idada amadoda anokuba namalungu amade kunemizimba yawo, nto leyo ebeka izinto ngendlela yethu bafana.Kwakhona, inani le mallard drakes zikhwelana nesikhukukazi ngasinye, ngamanye amaxesha ngaxeshanye, ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela kukwenzakala okanye (kunqabile) ukufa kwemazi.
Oku kubonakala kuyindlela embi yokuqhuba uhlobo, kunye needrakes ezibulala iinkukhu.Kodwa kukho ingqiqo kuyo.Iimazi ziye zabonwa ziqokelela amadada angamakhwenkwe abonakala kungekho nto ingcono anokuyenza.Isizathu sokuba isikhukukazi se-mallard sikhuphe ii-hangouts ukuze sibenze basilandele sinento yokwenza nobomi.Ngokuchaseneyo nerhanisi laseCanada, elaziwa ngokuphila iminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwengama-25 kwindalo, iimallards zasendle zinobomi obuphakathi kweminyaka emi-3-5.Oku kuthetha ukuba ipesenti ephezulu yeemazi, eziqala ukuzala kwiminyaka emi-2, ziya kukhwela kube kanye kuphela ebomini bazo.Ukudityaniswa okuninzi kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba amaqanda esikhukukazi aya kuchuma.
Kwaye amadada amantombazana aneqhinga eliyimfihlo-emva kokuba isikhukukazi sifumana ingqalelo yabafana, sinokuthatha i-duckling-daddy.Ukuba indoda ayimfanelanga, uya kukhokelela ilungu lobudoda lelahleko kwilungu lobufazi de libe ligqibile, i-copulation fake-out.Idrake enethamsanqa iya kuvunyelwa ukuba ihambe iiyadi ezilithoba zonke.Ukuthetha-ndiyathandabuza ukuba lide kangako.
Ngokucacileyo, iimallards azifuni uncedo lwethu ekufumaneni ukutya.Kumaxa amaninzi ayingombono ulungileyo (kwaye imithetho kamasipala inokuthi ikuthintele) ukondla iintaka zasemanzini, nto leyo enokwandisa ungcoliseko lwamanzi kunye nezifo, nokuba ezinye zinokuchaphazela abantu.Oko kubizwa ngokuba “kukurhawuzelelwa ngabantu abaqubhayo,” isifunxi-gazi sedada esinokuthwaxa abantu abahamba elwandle, sisona sincinane kubo.I-GISD ithi “…i-mallards yeyona nto iphambili kumgama omde we-H5N1 [umkhuhlane weentaka] kuba ikhupha inani eliphezulu lentsholongwane kunamanye amadada ngelixa ebonakala engakhuselekanga kwiziphumo zawo… inika ikhonkco kwiintaka zasendle, izilwanyana zasekhaya, nabantu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibe yintsholongwane ebulalayo.”
Ubomi obufutshane be-mallards baqhube iintlobo zokuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezibandakanya ukuziphatha kakubi.Thina bantu asinasizathu sinjalo.Kuya kuba yinto enqabileyo ukuba sinokuvuma ukuba singaze senze njenge-connard, kodwa oko akuyonyani kwihlabathi elintsonkothileyo.Mhlawumbi singazama ukuba sithetha iilwimi ezimbini.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Xa isihloko sezilwanyana ezihlakaniphile sivela, sinokuphikisana nokuba i-crow okanye i-parrot ihlakaniphile ngakumbi, okanye ukuba iidolphin zihlakaniphile kunama-manatee.Kunqabile ukuba sibonise ubukrelekrele kwizinto eziphilayo ezifana nezinambuzane, izityalo okanye umngundo.Kwaye kunqabile ngokwenene ukuba sibuze ubukrelekrele bethu phakathi kwezilwanyana.Kuyinyani ukuba azikho ezinye iindidi ezinokukhomba kwimpumelelo enkulu njengeColosseum, imvula eneasidi, igesi yemithambo-luvo kunye neebhombu zeathom.Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ezinye iintlobo zinobuchopho beentaka.Ukuthetha ngokufuziselayo.
Iyavakala into yokuba iindlovu kunye neminenga ngama-whiz-kids, xa kujongwa ubungakanani beentloko zabo.Ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo, ubunzima bobuchopho bomnenga buphakathi kwe-12 kunye ne-18 yeekhilogram (5.4-8 kg.), kwaye i-cranium ye-Dumbo inokuthi ikhuphe isikali malunga ne-11 lbs.(5.1kg.).Xa sithelekisa nabo, ubuchopho bethu obuziikhilogram ezi-1.3 ziitapile ezincinane.Yintoni eyahlula ubuchopho bezilwanyana ezanyisayo kwezinye iindidi zezilwanyana yi-neocortex, ummandla ongaphandle kwengqondo onoxanduva lwemisebenzi ephezulu efana nolwimi kunye nokucinga okungabonakaliyo.
Kodwa ubukhulu abukuphela kwento ebalulekileyo.Iineocortices zethu, ngokungafaniyo nezo zezilwanyana ezininzi, zixubene kakhulu, oku kuthetha ukuba senza yonke into ibe nzima ngakumbi kunokuba kuyimfuneko.Ngokwenyani, i-convolution inika ubuchopho bethu indawo eninzi yokuthengisa izindlu ngomthamo-ngokungathi iTexas ingumraphu kwaye iye yahluzwa ukuya kutsho kubungakanani beVermont.I-acreage eninzi ingangena kwindawo encinci ukuba ibingeyonto ngaphandle kweentlambo kunye neentaba.Lo mmandla mkhulu womphezulu ulingana namandla okusebenza amaninzi kunobuchopho obusongelwe kancinci njengobomnenga.
Ukukwazi ukwenza nokusebenzisa izixhobo, kunye nokuzithwala ukuze zisetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo, sesinye sezibonakaliso ezamkelwe ngokubanzi zobukrelekrele.Ngaphambili, kwakucingwa ukuba ngabantu kuphela nezalamane zethu ezisondeleyo ezisebenzisa izixhobo zokusebenza.Ezinye iigorila eBorneo zisebenzisa izinti ukwenza umkhonto, yaye iigorila zasentshona ziye zabonwa zisebenzisa intonga ukulinganisa ubunzulu bamanzi.Kwimeko enye, igorila yasebenzisa isiqobo ukwenza ibhulorho yokuwela umlambo.Ndicinga ukuba xa beqala ukuhlawulisa, besiya kubanika imbeko engakumbi.
Kutshanje nje ubukrelekrele be-cephalopods obufana ne-cuttlefish, i-squid kunye ne-octopodes bubhaliwe.Ii-octopodes ziye zabonwa zikhangela amaqokobhe ekhokhonathi alahliweyo kwaye ziwasebenzisela ukwakha iinqaba zolwandle zokuzimela.Ukuba isakhono sabo ngezixhobo siqhubela phambili, ndibheja bayakwazi ukunitha ijezi eyoyikekayo ngexesha.
Iintaka nazo zisebenzisa izixhobo—amagwababa, ngokomzekelo, aya kusebenzisa intonga ukuze ahlabe iincukuthu abangenako ukuzifikelela.Xa isinambuzane siluma intonga, unomyayi ukhupha intonga aze ayitye loo ntsholongwane.Abantu bahlala becinga ukuba iintaka azihlakaniphile kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ubuchopho babo bulinganisa iigram ezimbalwa, kwaye busuka kwi-pea-size ukuya mhlawumbi ubukhulu be-walnut.Ke, kuye kwafuneka ukuba sitye unomyayi, kuba ingqondo yeentaka ixinene kakhulu kuneengqondo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo.Kufana nokuba besithelekisa ubuchopho be-microchip beentaka kunye ne-vacuum-tube enkulu yobuchopho bomntu kunye nokugculela, ngelixa eneneni iintaka ezininzi zivavanya ngokulinganayo kunye neeprimates ubukrelekrele.
Siyazi ukuba iinyosi zobusi zisebenzisa uhlobo lomdaniso weenyosi ezitolikayo ukuze zinxibelelane ngendawo ezikuyo iintyatyambo kunye neepicnickers.Iinyosi zethu zomthonyama zibonakala zinenye yazo.Ngo-2016, abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yase-Queen Mary yaseLondon bafumanisa ukuba i-bumblebees yafunda kwimizuzu nje embalwa indlela yokuqengqa ibhola encinci kumngxuma omncinci ukufumana umvuzo wamanzi eswekile.Ndicinga ukuba abaphandi ngoku baxakeke ziitumente zegalufa zebumblebee.
Kwanemifuno inokufunda amaqhinga amatsha.Iimvavanyo zibonise iimpendulo zePavlovian xa ukukhanya kunye nezinye izivuseleli zibonakaliswa kunye ukusuka kwii-angles ezahlukeneyo.Izityalo ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kukhula kwicala lokukhanya.Kodwa kwathi kwacinywa isibane, izityalo zajikela ngakwisinye isivuseleli, kanye ngendlela izinja zikaPavlov ezazinyonyoba ngayo xa ziva iintsimbi.Ndicinga ukuba ixesha leeholide zasebusika lalinxunguphalisa loo marhosha.
Abantu, iimfene, isquids, iintaka, iizinambuzane nezityalo—akukho apho banokuya khona ngaphandle kokuhla.Ngena kwi-plasmodial slime mold, into ehamba kancinane eneseli enye enokuhlola imbonakalo yomhlaba, ifumane okona kutya kulungileyo, kwaye ikugqume, ikhula ngakumbi.Iza kamsinya kwithiyetha ekufutshane nawe.Ivakala ngathi yifilim ye-sci-fi, kunye ne-blob ye-pinki, i-slime mold etyheli okanye emhlophe, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yi-square yadi kwindawo, ibonakala ingaqhelekanga.Ngokuqhelekileyo bahlala kwindawo enomthunzi wamahlathi, kodwa banokubonakala kwibhedi yakho yeentyatyambo, kwaye umhlobo wakhe wathumela umfanekiso we-slime ukungunda oye wagubungela ibhiya yakhe engenanto ishiywe ngaphandle ngobusuku.
Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba i-plasmodial slime mold isebenzisa i-algorithms entsonkothileyo ukwenza izigqibo-ezinengqiqo, kuvela-ngokuphathelele ukuba leliphi icala ekufuneka liqhubeke njengoko lihamba kulo lonke ilizwe.Omnye wabaphandi abaphambili kwisifundo se-2015 nguSimon Garnier, uNjingalwazi oNcedisayo weBiology kwiNew Jersey Institute of Technology.Uthe [ukufunda ukubumba i-slime] kucela umngeni kwiimbono zethu zobuncinci bezinto zebhayoloji ezifunekayo kukuziphatha okuphucukileyo.
Mhlawumbi lixesha lokuba sinikele ingqalelo ngakumbi kwizalamane zethu ezingengobantu.Ndibheja kuninzi abanokusifundisa kona.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Ukusithwa kwelanga yinyanga ngokupheleleyo kuqhelekile kunokususwa ngokukhawuleza kwenoveli yohlaselo lwesityalo esihlaselayo, kodwa iminwe iyawela ukuba into enjalo yenzeka eSt. Lawrence County kweli hlobo.Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo, ndiyathetha-sonke siyazi malunga nesiganeko sasezulwini kulo Julayi udlulileyo, ukutshatyalaliswa kokuqala kwenyanga ephakathi ukususela ngoJuni 2011. Ndiyabulela kumehlo abukhali kaDkt Tony Beane, uNjingalwazi weNzululwazi yezilwanyana kwi-SUNY Canton naye ingcali yendalo ekhutheleyo, umdiliya ongaqhelekanga okwaziyo ukugquma amasimi kunye namahlathi uye wapheliswa kwisithuba seeveki zokuqinisekiswa kwawo kwindawo yaseOgdensburg.
Idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-porcelain berry (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata), akukho nto "brev" malunga negama lesiLatini, okanye umkhwa wokukhula, walo mdiliya unobundlavini onokuthi ugqume utyani ngokukhawuleza ecaleni kwemijelo nakwimiphetho yamahlathi, ubulale izityalo zendalo kwaye uthintele ukukhula ngokutsha.Ivaliwe kuninzi lwamazwe, kwaye idweliswe "njengeZilwanyana eziThintelweyo" liSebe leNew York State of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), okuthetha ukuba "ayinakukwazi ukubakho ngenjongo yokuthengisa, ukungenisa elizweni, ukuthenga, ukuthutha okanye ukwazisa. ”Ngelishwa, ukhangelo lwewebhu lusavelisa iintengiso ezininzi zokuthenga lo mdiliya, nokuba “ukuhlasela” kongezwa kwiiparamitha zokukhangela.
Ukufunyanwa kwequnube yeporcelain kumantla eNY yadluliselwa kwiSt. Lawrence-Eastern Lake Ontario Partnership for Regional Invasive Species Management (SLELO PRISM), iqela lamaqela olondolozo, iitrasti zomhlaba, kunye neearhente zikarhulumente kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo anjongo yawo ikukunciphisa. umonakalo wezoqoqosho nemekobume owenziwe zizityalo ezihlaselayo, izinambuzane nezinto eziphila emanzini.Kwizithende zikaDkt.Ingxelo kaBeane, iQela le-SLELO PRISM le-Early Detection liye latyelela indawo, kwaye izityalo sele zitshatyalalisiwe.Iqela liceba ukwenza utyelelo olulandelayo kwiisizini ezimbalwa ezizayo ukuze likhangele ukukhula kwakhona.
Inzalelwane yaseJapan nakwiindawo ezisemantla eTshayina, iqunube yeporcelain yaqala ukuziswa e-US malunga ne-1870 njengehombiso.Inxulumene nomdiliya wethu wasendle, apho unokubhidaniswa lula.Ngokungafaniyo nomdiliya, onexolo elivuthulukileyo, elikhuphayo kunye nepith emdaka, umdiliya weporcelain berry unexolo eligudileyo, elinelenticeled (elirhabaxa xa lindala kodwa lingaphumi), kunye nebala elimhlophe.Amaqunube aqinileyo, anemibala emininzi ebizwa ngawo inkqubela ukusuka kwilavenda ukuya eluhlaza ukuya koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuqaqambileyo xa evuthwa, kwaye awajingi njengomdiliya, kodwa abambe nkqo.Amagqabi e-porcelain berry ahlala enzulu i-5-lobed xa kuthelekiswa namagqabi omdiliya, aqhelekile ukuba ne-3-lobed kwaye engacolwanga ngokunzulu, kodwa oku kohluka kakhulu kwaye luphawu olubi loxilongo.
Nangona ukupheliswa okunokwenzeka kwezilwanyana ezihlaselayo ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili kwiLizwe elikuMntla kukhuthaza, abantu bayabongozwa ukuba bahlale bejonge amaqunube eporcelain.Iziqhamo zayo zityiwa ziintaka, kwaye imbewu evela kolu luntu lunye lwaziwayo ibinokuthwalwa ngokulula kwezinye iindawo ezikumantla eNYS.Ukuba ucinga ukuba usifumene esi sityalo, nceda uxele kwi-Cornell Cooperative Extension ekufutshane okanye i-ofisi ye-NYSDEC.Uluhlu olupheleleyo lwe-NYSDEC eLawulwayo kunye neZilwanyana eziThintelweyo zinokufunyanwa kwi-dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/isprohibitedplants2.pdf.Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokulawula invasives kwingingqi yaseSt. Lawrence-Eastern Lake Ontario, tyelela sleloinvasives.org
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
Ukutyala umthi asiyonzululwazi yerokhethi, nto leyo ilungileyo.Ukuba ibintsokothile ngolo hlobo, bendinokubheja ukuba sinokuba nemithi embalwa esecaleni kwezitrato zethu.Kusenokungathabathi isazinzulu ukutyala umthi ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa imali eninzi ichithwa minyaka le ukuthenga kunye nokutyala imithi enokuthi iqeshiswe, kuba iya kuphila iqhezu nje leminyaka enokubakho.
Xa imithi isihla ize ife emva kweminyaka eli-15, engama-20, okanye engama-30, eyona nto sikrokrela ukuba kukutyalwa ngokungekho sikweni.Nangona imithi yendawo efana nentaba-ash kunye ne-birch inobomi obufutshane ngokwemvelo, imephu yeshukela okanye i-oki ebomvu kufuneka ihlale ikhulu okanye ngaphezulu iminyaka.Ukanti ngokufuthi, uhlobo oluphila ixesha elide luya kuphelelwa kumashumi amabini ngenxa yokuba lwatyalwa “ngokukhawuleza kwaye lumdaka.”Ungafumana imizekelo yemithi ewohlokayo njengomgangatho wobudala kuphuhliso lwezindlu, kwaye ngakumbi ecaleni kweendlela ezinkulu apho iikontraka zitshintshe imithi egawulweyo ukuze kuphuculwe iindlela.Ubani usenokuqwalasela ukuqeshwa kwemithi enjalo, kungekhona ukuthenga.
Ukutyala ngokunzulu kubangela umthi ogulayo, odla ngokuba nesiphelo esingalindelekanga.Wonke umthi uza “negeyiji yokujula” ebizwa ngokuba yi-trunk flare, ekufuneka ibonakale ngaphezu komgangatho wokuqala womhlaba.Ukutyala nzulu kakhulu kukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzulu zempilo kwixesha elizayo.Ngomthi, ngokuyinhloko.Nali isiqhulo somthi: Uwubiza ntoni umngxuma wokutyala umthi oziimitha ezi-3 ubunzulu?Ingcwaba layo.
Xa kujongwa ii-druthers zazo, iingcambu zomthi zandisa ngokuphindwe ka-2-3 ubude besebe, okanye umgca wokuthontsiza, kodwa i-90% yazo iya kuba yi-10 ephezulu yomhlaba.Ukubonakalisa le nyaniso, umngxuma wokutyala kufuneka ube yi-saucer kunye namaxesha angama-2-3 ububanzi benkqubo yeengcambu, kodwa akukho nzulu-nanini na.Kungenjalo iPolisa lokuTyalwa liya kukunika itikiti.Kulungile ke yintsomi leyo, kodwa ukuba kuyenzeka ukuba i-arborist ifike, unokugquma kakubi.
Xa umthi ugrunjwa kwinkulisa, uninzi lweengcambu zawo zisikwa ngumhlakulo womthi osetyenziselwa ukugrunjwa.Igama elithi ukothuka koqhaqho lokufakelwa libhekisa kolu lahleko luyintlekele lweengcambu.Ngokucacileyo, imithi iyakwazi ukusinda xa kutyalwa ngokutsha, kodwa kufuneka ibe neemeko ezifanelekileyo zokuphinda zikhule iingcambu.Kubalulekile ukuba iingcambu zofakelo zikwazi ukugqobhoza kumhlaba ojikelezileyo, njengoko nasiphi na isithintelo esincinci sinokuziphembelela ukuba zijike zikhangela indawo yokuvuleka.Umhlaba oxineneyo—oqhelekileyo ecaleni kwezitrato—kunye nodongwe olunzima yimizekelo.
Nokuba i-burlap ejikeleze i-rootball ibonakaliswe ukuba ibangele iingcambu ukuba zijikeleze ngaphakathi kwelaphu.Iikheji zocingo ezijikeleze i-burlap zingahlala amashumi eminyaka, kwaye zihlala zikhokelela kwezinye iingxaki njengoko iingcambu zikhula.Wakuba umthi ubunzulu obufanelekileyo emngxunyeni, susa yonke i-burlap kunye nekheji yocingo kwimithi yebhola kunye ne-burlap.Iingcambu zemithi ekhuliswe kwizikhongozeli kufuneka ziqhutyelwe ngqo.Ukuba kuyimfuneko, zisike ukwenza oku.Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iingcambu ezijikelezayo zinyuka ngobubanzi kwaye zibambene.Ezinye ekugqibeleni ziba ziingcambu ezibhinqileyo ezikrwitsha isiqu, mhlawumbi ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo, ngaphantsi komgca womhlaba, kunye neempawu zoxinzelelo ezifana nombala wokuwa kwangaphambili kunye nokufa kwesetyana kubonakala.
Ukukhetha kubalulekile.Njengabantwana, imithi ibonakala intle xa ubazisa ekhaya uvela kwi-nursery, kodwa banokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye bathathe indawo engaphezulu kunokuba ubulindele.Ukuba isiza siphantsi kweengcingo okanye sithintele indawo yamasebe, kufuneka ukhethe uhlobo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezinokukhula ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokubangela iingxabano.Khetha umthi oqinileyo kwindawo-ezinye iivenkile zinokuthwala imithi engafanelekanga kwimozulu yendawo ohlala kuyo.Kwaye asiyiyo yonke imithi enesimo selanga.Iimaphu zinokuma kancinci emthunzini, kodwa i-crabapple enomthunzi inokuba ne-crabby.Okokugqibela, imithi efana ne-hawthorn, i-hackberry kunye ne-Kentucky coffeetree inomdla wobuhle kwi-dormancy, uqwalaselo olunikwe ubusika bethu obude.
Ngomhlaba oyisanti kakhulu okanye oludongwe olunzima, umlinganiselo ophakathi wezinto eziphilayo zingaphucula ukugcwaliswa ngasemva.Kodwa ngaphezu kwe-30% ngevolumu inokubangela "isiphumo se-teacup," ekhokelela ekufutheni kweengcambu.Isichumisi sinoxinzelelo kwimithi emitsha, ke linda okungenani unyaka kuloo nto.Kwimihlaba esempilweni, imithi isenokungasifuni isichumiso sorhwebo.
Amanzi njengoko ugcwalisa umva, uphakamise umhlaba ngentonga okanye umqheba wefosholo ukuphelisa iipokotho zomoya ezinkulu.Ngaphandle kokuba isiza sinomoya kakhulu kungcono ukuba ungayibeki imithi—ifuna intshukumo ukuze iziqwili ezomeleleyo zikhule.Ukugquma nge-intshi ezi-2-4 ubunzulu phezu kwendawo yokutyala (ungachukumisi isiqu) kuya kunceda ukulondoloza ukufuma nokucinezela ukhula.
Ngomlinganiselo ofanayo weendleko kunye nomzamo, kuyenzeka ukutyala umfuziselo abantwana babazukulwana bethu abanokuwakhomba ngokuzingca.Okanye, singatyala umthi ofanayo ovuthuza phambi kokuba sithathe umhlala-phantsi.Ngumcimbi nje omncinci womsebenzi wesikolo wasekhaya, kwaye ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha ezimbalwa.Akukho sayensi ye-rocket, ngethamsanqa.
Ukuba ungathanda ukufunda indlela yokutyala imithi abazukulwana bakho abanokwalatha kuyo ngokuzingca, nceda ujoyine iSt. I-The-River Park e-90 Lincoln Street kwindibano yocweyo yokutyala imithi nokukhathalela.Iklasi isimahla kwaye ivulelekile kuluntu, kodwa ubhaliso lwangaphambili luyacelwa.Ukubhalisa okanye ukufumana ulwazi oluthe vetshe, tsalela umnxeba uAaron Barrigar kwiSithili sokuGcinwa koMhlaba naManzi eSt. Lawrence County kwa-(315) 386-3582.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
I-nightshades ezininzi zikhuselekile kwaye zimnandi, kwaye zihamba kakuhle kwiisandwich kunye neesosi.Abambalwa bayabulala, badinwe ikakhulu ngabaphuli-mthetho, kodwa uninzi luhlala kwindawo engwevu phakathi kwezi zinto zimbini zigqithisileyo.Ehlabathini lonke, kukho malunga ne-2,700 yeentlobo ze-nightshade, ezaziwa njenge-solanaceae kwi-Latin geeks.Iqela liquka izityalo ezinencasa ezifana neetumato, iitapile, isitshalo seqanda, iipepile, kunye ne tomatillos.Ikwaqulunqwe ngokuyinxenye ngabalinganiswa abanomthunzi njengejimsonweed kunye ne-nightshade ebulalayo eyenze isiphithiphithi nokufa, ngengozi nangenjongo, kuyo yonke imbali.
I-Nightshades ikhona kuwo onke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, nangona i-Australia kunye ne-South America zineentlobo ezininzi, kunye namanani apheleleyo, eentlobo.Icuba yenye yezona nightshades ezibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho, ngelixa amanye amalungu osapho, umzekelo i-petunias kunye nezibane zaseTshayina, zinonga iiyadi zethu.Uninzi lwama-nightshades ziintlobo zasendle, ezinye zazo eziye zasetyenziswa njengemithombo yamayeza kwimillennia.
Kubonakala ngathi igama elithi "sumac" landulelwa "yityhefu" ezingqondweni zabantu abaninzi, okubuhlungu kuba yonke i-sumac esiyibona ezindleleni nasezintanjeni ayinabungozi.Ityhefu ye-sumac, efuna amanzi amileyo, sisihlahla esimenyezelayo esinamaqunube amhlophe athontsizayo.Inokubangela irhashalala enetyhefu efana ne-ivy, kodwa luhlobo olungaqhelekanga.Ukuya kumlinganiselo omkhulu ngakumbi, wonke umntu ucinga ukuba igama elithi "nightshade" lihlala liza emva kwegama elithi "ukufa."
Ngokucacileyo, inxalenye yengxaki yenye yophawu.I-nightshade ebulalayo "yokwenene" (Atropa belladonna) ifanelwe igama layo.Iqunube elinye linokubulala umntwana, kwaye amaqunube angama-8-10 okanye igqabi elinye lanele ukubulala umntu omdala.Ityhefu eyenzeka ngengozi ingenzeka ngenxa yokuba amaqunube amfusa anencasa eswiti, kwaye anokutyiwa ngabantwana okanye abantu abadala.Esi sityalo sikwasetyenziswe ngabom njengendlela yokubulala iintshaba zezopolitiko kunye namaqabane angathembekanga.Kwimeko enye ubuncinane, yonke inkampu yamajoni yatshatyalaliswa yiwayini eswiti egalelwe iA. belladonna berry extract (icebiso eliluncedo: musa ukwamkela iziselo ezisuka kookumkani abaziintshaba okanye abanye abantu ongabazi kakuhle).
Nangona kunjalo, i-nightshade ebulalayo ikhetha imozulu epholileyo okanye ephantsi kwemozulu, kwaye ayaziwa ukuba yenzeke emantla e-NY.Eyona nto siqhele ukuyibiza ngokuba “yi-nightshade ebulalayo” yintaka yendalo ekrakrayo, iSolanum dulcamara, imbewu yayo enetyhefu kancinane.Kodwa sinayo i nightshade eyingozi, ijimsonweed (iDatura stramonium) ekwaziwa njengesathana-apile okanye i-mad-apile.Zonke iindawo zesityalo zinetyhefu, kodwa ngakumbi imbewu.Inzalelwane yaseMexico nakuMbindi Merika, olu khula lurhabaxa lonyaka lunentyatyambo ezinde kakhulu, ezimhlophe, ezimile okwefuneli kunye neepods ezijongeka ngendlela engaqhelekanga, kwaye zifumaneka kumadlelo kunye neebhari.
Zonke ii-nightshades zinezixa ezithile ze-atropine, i-scopolamine, kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ezithi ngokobungakanani bemizuzu zisetyenziswe kwezonyango, kodwa ziyingozi kakhulu kwiidosi ezinkulu.Kwimida emxinwa kakhulu, le michiza ikwasetyenziselwa ukuzonwabisa.Okulusizi kukuba, ezinye iityhefu zisisiphumo sokutya kwabantu i-A. belladonna, D. stramonium, kunye nezinye ii-nightshades ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwaloo khemikhali ngenkolelo ephosakeleyo yokuba banokunyuka.Isityalo kwindawo enye sinokuba yingozi ngamaxesha amaninzi njengeentlobo ezifanayo ezikhula kwindawo eyahlukileyo, kwaye akukho ndlela ngaphandle kohlalutyo lwaselabhu yokuxela.
Ulusu lwamazambane oluye lwavezwa ekukhanyeni luya kuba luhlaza, lubonisa ukuba imigaqo enetyhefu iqokelele.Ingozi incinci, kodwa ukuba kwicala elikhuselekileyo ezi kufuneka zilahlwe.Iikhemikhali zinokungena enyameni, kwaye ukususa iinxalenye eziluhlaza akwanele ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo umngcipheko kwiintsana okanye kubantu abadala.Ngokukwanjalo, kukho ingozi encinane ekutyeni intwana yetumato okanye igqabi letapile, kodwa apho abantwana bexhalabile, thumela yonke imibuzo kwiziko lokulawula ityhefu.Yonwabele imifuno yakho ye-nightshades, kodwa ukhwebule kwezo zinomthunzi.
UPaul Hetzler ngumfundisi wehlathi kunye nokulima kwezityalo kunye nezixhobo zendalo kunye neCornell Cooperative Extension yaseSt. Lawrence County.
©Ilizwe laseMntla kule Veki ye-PO Box 975, 4 Clarkson Ave., Potsdam, NY 13676 315-265-1000 [i-imeyile ekhuselweyo]
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-27-2020