I-reactor enyakazayo ifakwe umugqa

Njengomuntu omsebenzi wakhe ukusiza ukulondoloza izihlahla, ngikuthola kungixaka ukuthi cishe kuzo zonke izimo ngiyazisindisa kithi.Silimaza izimpande zabo, sizibhuqe ngezinto zokugunda nezidla ukhula, sizitshale sijule kakhulu, futhi senze nezinye izinto eziningi ezibeka impilo yazo engcupheni.Kungaba okwesabisayo uma bekwazi ukulwa ngendlela yehlathi likaTolkein leFangorn Forest.Phakathi kokunye, umsebenzi wezihlahla wawungaba yingozi kakhulu kunalokho oyikho kakade.

Kodwa izihlahla ziyakwazi ukuzivikela ezinambuzaneni nasezifweni.Zinakho kokubili izakhi zokuzivikela kanye nezinqubo zokuzivikela, eziqhathaniseka ngandlela thile namasosha ethu omzimba.Sibonga kakhulu ngocwaningo olwenziwa kusukela maphakathi nawo-1960 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 nguDkt. Alex Shigo we-US Forest Service, sazi okuningi kakhulu ngendlela izihlahla ezizivikela ngayo kunathi eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule.

Sekuyisikhathi eside sazi ukuthi, njengoba nje isikhumba sethu sigcina amagciwane ayingozi ngaphandle kwethu, amagxolo asebenza njengesihlangu ngokumelene namagciwane ezihlahla.Njengoba zingenakho ukunethezeka kokuhamba ukuze zigweme izingozi, izihlahla zidinga “isikhumba” esikhulu kunathi.Izingqimba zezicubu eziphilayo nezingaphili zivikela iziqu zesihlahla, izimpande namagatsha ekulimaleni kwemishini, ukomiswa, kanye nasezifweni.

Kodwa uma okuthile kwephula lo mzila wokuqala wokuzivikela - udabula amagxolo - okwenzeka ngaphakathi kuyathakazelisa.Uma kwenzeka ukulimala, isihlahla sizoguqula ushukela waso ogciniwe ukuze wenze uxhaxha lwamakhemikhali okuzivikela.Bese isabalalisa futhi ifake lezi zinhlanganisela ngephethini ethile ngaphakathi ezungeze isilonda.UDkt. Shigo waba ngowokuqala ukubhala le phethini, ayibiza ngokuthi i-CODIT - ukuhlanganiswa kokubola kwezihlahla.

Ekwenzeni lezi zingxenye ze-CODIT, izihlahla zenza izindonga zamakhemikhali ezine ezihlukene - ezimbili eziyiziyingi, enye i-radial, neyodwa ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwesicaba ngokuvundlile.Ukuchaza lezi zindonga kuyinto esoteric kancane, noma mhlawumbe kuyisicefe, kodwa uma uthanda imininingwane, lo mbhalo US Forest Service https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/misc/ne_aib405.pdf muhle kakhulu .

Ngithanda ukuveza ukuthi ukuvaleka kwesilonda, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ukuphola,” akuhlobene kakhulu nokuthi kuzobola kangakanani.Ukubola kokubola kuncike ekutheni isihlahla singazinqanda ngempumelelo kangakanani izifo.Ukuvala kuhle njengoba isimiso semithambo yegazi singasadingi ukuchezuka esilondeni, kodwa ukuvala akuvikeli ekuboleni kwangaphakathi uma isihlahla sibuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba singazivikela ngamakhemikhali.

Ukuphumelela kwalokhu kugoqa kuncike kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo.Imephu eqinile ne-oki emhlophe, ngokwesibonelo, ingakhiqiza impendulo eqinile ye-CODIT.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-poplar ne-willow, azikwazi ukwenza noma yiziphi izindonga zamakhemikhali, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezifana ne-oki ebomvu ne-maple ethambile zenza umsebenzi ophansi ngakho.

Sekukonke ubungqabavu besihlahla bungesinye isici esibalulekile.Siyazi ukuthi uma sinokucindezeleka okungapheli, singondlekile, singenawo amanzi kahle noma siphelelwa amandla, sisengozini enkulu yokugula.Ngisho nebalazwe likashukela lingase lingakwazi ukwakha izindonga zamakhemikhali eziqinile uma lisesimweni esibuthakathaka.Ngokwencazelo, izihlahla ze-landscape zigcizelelwa uma ziqhathaniswa nabazala bazo abahlala ehlathini.Isihlahla somgwaqo sisesimweni esibi kakhulu, sibhekene nokushisa okubonakalayo, indawo elinganiselwe yezimpande, usawoti womgwaqo, ukungcoliswa komoya nokunye.

Futhi-ke ubukhulu bokulimala benza umehluko.Ngisho nesihlahla esijabulayo, esinempilo singasivikela isilonda esikhulu.Siyazi ukuthi izikhathi eziningi, isihlahla silahlekelwa impi yaso yokubola.

Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngendlela izihlahla ezisabela ngayo ezinambuzaneni.Siyazi ukuthi izihlahla zivikela izinambuzane ngokuhlanganisa ikhemistri yazo yangaphakathi ukuze zihlanganise izinhlanganisela, ezaziwa ososayensi njenge-Bad Tasting Stuff, ukuze zixoshe (izinambuzane, okungukuthi – hhayi ososayensi).Ezimweni eziningi babonakala bekwazi ukwenza isixosha sabo semvelo sihambisane nesiphazamisi esithile.Kodwa lawa makhemikhali aklamayo awaphelele - bheka nje lokho okungenziwa amacimbi etende namabhu e-gypsy.

Muva nje kuvele ukuthi izihlahla zinohlobo lwesimiso esikude sesexwayiso.Ngokusobala bangabonisana ukuthi hlobo luni lwesilokazane esifikile endaweni yesigameko ukuzodla amahlamvu.Lokhu kuxhumana kwenzeka ngaphansi komhlaba ngokuxhunyelelwa kwezimpande, nakuba indlela yokusebenza ingacwaningwa kahle.Ezinye izazi zezinto eziphilayo zicabanga nokuthi amakhemikhali asemoyeni angase futhi aphathe imilayezo ehlobene nezinambuzane, noma izifo.

Izihlahla nazo zinezakhiwo zokuzivikela ezibizwa ngokuthi amakholomu egatsha, atholakala phansi kwegatsha ngalinye.Amakholomu egatsha anekhono kakhulu kunezicubu ze-trunk ezivamile ekukhiqizeni ama-fungicides ukuze akhe izithiyo zokuzivikela.Le khola ivamise ukuba yindandatho “yedonathi” ekhuliswe kancane ezansi kwegatsha – kubalulekile ukuthi ungayisusi lapho ukuthenwa.Ikakhulukazi ezingodweni eziqinile, ukusikeka okuthena akumele kugudluzwe nesiqu;kunalokho kufanele zenziwe ngaphandle nje kwekholomu yegatsha.

Ungasiza ekwandiseni “amasosha omzimba” esihlahla sakho ngokunisela ngesikhathi esomile, ngokumboza i-dripline, nokugcina izimoto zingekho endaweni eyimpande.Ngokubuyisela, isihlahla sakho sizokusiza ukukugcina unempilo enhle ngokukunikeza umthunzi, ubuhle kanye nobungane.

U-Paul Hetzler uyisazi semvelo, isazi sezihlahla, futhi owake waba uthisha nge-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County, NY.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyatholakala ku-Amazon.

Enye yezinzuzo zokuba nezihlahla eduze ukuthi imithetho yokuhlukaniswa nomphakathi ayisebenzi - ungagona abaningi ngendlela othanda ngayo ngaphandle kwengozi yokuthola inkontileka ye-Covid-19.Enye inzuzo, yiqiniso, umthunzi.Uma ukushisa kuvuliwe futhi udinga ukulala kancane, kuhle uma abanye babangani bakho beyizinhlamvu ezinomthunzi.Ikakhulukazi uma zizinde, izinhlobo ezivuthiwe ezinokwakheka okuqinile.Yebo, izihlahla zipholile.

Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, noma yimuphi umthunzi wamukelekile.Uma ube nenhlanhla yokuba nezihlahla ezinkulu lapho uhlala khona, awugcini nje ngokuthola ikhefu elangeni, kodwa izinga lokushisa lomoya lizobanda - lize lifinyelele kumadigri ayishumi - uma liqhathaniswa nelangaphandle.Iwuhlobo oluhle kakhulu, lwemvelo, nolwamahhala lwe-air conditioning.

Uma ukhuluma ngakho, uma usebenzisa i-air conditioner, ukuba nezihlahla zomthunzi emaceleni aseningizimu nasentshonalanga yendlu yakho kuzonciphisa izindleko zakho zokupholisa okungenani ngama-30%, futhi mhlawumbe kuze kufike ku-50%.Kufana nokuthola imbuyiselo engxenyeni yesikweletu sakho sikagesi.Izihlahla ezivuthulukayo zilungile ngoba ziyakuvikela ehlobo kodwa zivumela ukukhanya kwelanga kudlule ebusika uma ukufisa.

Ngalezo zinsuku zasehlobo ezishisayo lapho ucabanga ukuthi kushisa kakhulu ukusebenza ngaphandle, awuwedwa - izihlahla zibelana ngombono wakho.I-photosynthesis, leyo nqubo emangalisayo eshintsha isikhutha nokukhanya kwelanga kube ushukela (ngaleyo ndlela igcina izihlahla ziphila) nomoya-mpilo (ngaleyo ndlela isiza ukusigcina siphila), ayisebenzi kahle ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-85.Wonke lawo mandla elanga azomosha!Phela, amaqabunga angashisa kakhulu elangeni eligcwele ngisho nalapho izinga lokushisa lomoya limaphakathi, kufana nendlela indawo yokupaka itiyela eshisa ngayo elangeni.

Yingakho i-canopy yangaphakathi yesihlahla ibalulekile.Kunokuba kube izakhamuzi ezimbi zasendaweni engathandeki, amahlamvu anomthunzi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela apholiswa, ngombhede ongaphezulu angabadlali ababalulekile ekusindeni kwesihlahla, njengoba kuyibo kuphela emsebenzini lapho kushisa kakhulu ekamelweni labo eliphezulu. omakhelwane ukusebenza.Ngakho-ke kungcono ukuthi ungashisekeli ngokweqile ngokuthena.Izihlahla azifuni ukuthi umbhede wazo wangaphakathi “uhlanzwe” ngokwezinga elikhulu.

Ngethemba ukuthi uphuza amanzi amaningi ekushiseni kwehlobo.Kungase kukumangaze ukuthi izihlahla zingakwazi ukuphelelwa amanzi, ikakhulukazi enkathini eshisayo, eyomile njengonyaka ka-2016 no-2018. Nakuba sivame ukucabanga ukuthi izimpande zesihlahla zingena ngokujulile zifuna isiphuzo esipholile, u-90% wezimpande zesihlahla ziku-10 amayintshi aphezulu. yomhlabathi, futhi ama-98% asemayintshi angu-18 aphezulu.

Utshani obunsundu, obubukeka bufile buzolulama esomiso ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, ngoba utshani bunomshini wokungalali ngaphandle kokulimala.Izihlahla, nokho, zithatha iminyaka eminingana ukululama ngokugcwele enkathini yokomisa yasehlobo eyandisiwe.Ukucindezeleka kwesomiso kwenza isihlahla sibe buthaka, sisenze sibe sengozini yezifo nezinambuzane.

Yize izinhlamvu eziningi ezinomthunzi zingakuphathi kahle ukucwiliswa emanzini, isihlahla sakho sizothokozela ukucwiliswa kahle kwamasonto onke.Khohlwa utshani - buyakwazi ukuzimela.Sicela nikhumbule izihlahla zenu, nizinisele kahle uma izulu lingazange line esikhathini esingaphezu kwesonto.

Okungenani kusukela ngesikhathi sikaShakespeare, amadoda asebenzise inkulumo ethi “ubulili obuhle (noma obumnandi)” ukuze abhekisele kwabesifazane.Lokhu kuyaxaka kakhulu, uma kubhekwa ukuthi abesilisa bebezimisele kakhulu ukuphatha abantu besifazane ngendlela engafanele kusukela emandulo kuze kube manje.Abesifazane nabo ngezinye izikhathi babonakala - ngamadoda, kunjalo - njengobulili obuthambile noma obubuthakathaka.Kepha iqiniso ukuthi abesifazane banamandla kunamadoda uma kukhulunywa ngokulwa nezifo ezifana ne-Covid-19.Ukwengeza, abesifazane bazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo bangcono ukubhekana nokucindezeleka kunozakwabo besilisa.

Siyazi ukuthi i-testosterone yenza kube lula ukuthi abesilisa babe namandla ngokomzimba kunabesifazane.Lokhu kukholakala ukuthi ukujwayela okukhethwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo okwenza abesilisa bakwazi ukuvikela abesifazane - ababaluleke kakhulu kunabesilisa ngokuphila kwezinhlobo zezilwane - kanye nanoma yiziphi izingane ezizinakekelayo.Kubantu ngikuthola kudabukisa ukuthi nakuba imvelo (noma uNkulunkulu, uma uthanda) yaklama amadoda ukuba avikele abesifazane, amadoda amaningi kakhulu wonakalisa ukuhleleka kwezinto ngokuhlukumeza abesifazane.

Nokho, uma kuziwa ekuphileni ngezifo eziwubhadane, abesifazane banamandla aphindwe kabili kunabesilisa.Ngokwe-athikili yango-Ephreli 18, 2020 ephephandabeni laseBrithani i-Guardian, abesilisa abaningi abaphindwe kabili kunabesifazane babulawa yi-Covid-19 eSpain.I-Guardian iphinda ilandisa ukuthi e-Italy, izinga lokufa kwabantu ngu-10.6% kwabesilisa kanye no-6.0% kwabesifazane, nokuthi idatha yasekuqaleni evela e-China yembula izinga lokufa elingu-2.8% kwabesilisa uma liqhathaniswa no-1.7% kwabesifazane.Ngisho nangemva kokulungisa amathonya endlela yokuphila njengokuthi amadoda amaningi kunabesifazane ababhemayo, umehluko usabalulekile.

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi kwezinye izindawo, ngokwesibonelo, e-Québec, abesifazane babhubha ngezinga eliphezulu.Lokhu kungase kube inkinga yezibalo zabantu.I-Montréal Gazette ibika ukuthi ama-80% abasebenzi bezempilo e-Québec ngabesifazane, kanti abesifazane bahlanganisa ama-85% alabo abasemakhaya asebekhulile, ahlaselwe kanzima yi-Covid-19.Kungakhathalekile ukuthi i-Québec kanye nabanye abambalwa, i-Global Health 50/50, isikhungo esilandelela amacala omhlaba wonke, ithi into esobala emhlabeni wonke ukuthi amadoda amaningi ayanqotshwa.

Encwadini yakhe ethi The Better Half (eyanyatheliswa ngo-2020 kodwa eyabhalwa ngaphambi kokugqashuka kwe-Covid-19), udokotela uSharon Moalem uchaza ukuthi iningi lezakhi zofuzo ezilawula amasosha omzimba atholakala ku-X chromosome.Njengoba sifundile ekilasini eliyisisekelo le-Biology, amadoda anepheya ye-XY chromosome kuyilapho abesifazane bene-XX complement.Lokhu kusho ukuthi abesifazane banama-chromosome angu-X aphindwe kabili kuwo wonke amangqamuzana emizimbeni yabo, futhi ngokusho kukaDkt. Moalem, okungenzeka ukuthi kuphindwe kabili impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba.

Ngeke ngingene kumakhenikha (ikakhulukazi ngoba angiwaqondi kahle) wokuthi igciwane le-Covid-19 “liyivula” kanjani iphrotheni ye-receptor ebizwa ngokuthi i-ACE-2, ngaleyo ndlela ithole i-carte blanche ukuze isebenze emizimbeni yethu.Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi iphrotheni ye-ACE-2 incike kusethi yofuzo etholakala ku-X-chromosome yomuntu.

UDkt. Moalem uthi lapho igciwane lizungeza le phrotheni kowesilisa, leli gciwane lisuke selikhululekile ukuthi lingangena noma yiliphi ingqamuzana lanoma yisiphi isitho somzimba wakhe.Kwabesifazane, leli gciwane lidinga ukungena libe amaprotheni amabili ahlukene e-ACE-2 ahlobene nama-chromosome amabili ahlukene e-X, linikeze amasosha omzimba wesifazane isipele noma “ithuba lesibili” lokuvikela umzimba wakhe ekuthelelekeni.

Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi amagundane ngelebhu wesifazane kanye namagundane alulama esigamekweni sokucindezeleka kalula kunabesilisa, okugcina amazinga e-cortisol aphakeme nezinye izimpawu zokucindezeleka isikhathi eside ngemva kwanoma yikuphi ukuhlukumezeka avakashelwa kuwo phakathi nokuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene.Kodwa endaweni yabantu, ucwaningo olwenziwa eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eLos Angeles ngo-2000 lwathola ukuthi abesifazane baphatha ukucindezeleka okungapheli kangcono kunabafana.

Embikweni wokugcina, umbhali oyinhloko u-Shelley E. Taylor ubhala ukuthi nakuba impendulo yesilisa "yokulwa noma ukulwa" ibhalwe kahle (kuze kube maduzane, i-80% yawo wonke ucwaningo lokucindezeleka lwenziwa kwabesilisa), abesifazane banendlela yokusabela eyengeziwe.Ekubiza ngokuthi impendulo “yokuthambisa nokuba umngane,” uDkt. Taylor uthi ukuthambekela kwabesifazane ukwakha nokugcina izibopho zomphakathi kubasiza ubunzima besimo sezulu kangcono kunabesilisa.Uthi “…i-oxytocin, ngokuhlanganyela namahomoni okuzala wesifazane kanye nezindlela ze-endogenous opioid peptide, ingase ibe kumnyombo wayo [wempendulo ‘yokusabela nokuba umngane’].”Kusukela ngesikhathi socwaningo lukaDkt. Taylor, lesi simo somuntu wesifazane sokuthambekela nokuba nobungane siye sacwaningwa futhi saqinisekiswa, ikakhulukazi ngu-Lauren A. McCarthy we-Rochester Institute of Technology.

Kubukeka sengathi ubulili obuhle bunezinzuzo ezithile ezinhle uma kuziwa ekusindeni kwemiqedazwe nezinye izinkinga.

Mhlawumbe uke wawabona lawa ma-chimera anemilenze eyishumi nane ngesikhathi esithile, nakuba ungase ungawakhokheli lutho kusukela useyingane.Ingxenye yezimfanzi, ingxenye ye-kangaroo, kanye nengxenye ye-armadillo, izinambuzane zamaphilisi ezitholakala yonke indawo (Armadillidium vulgare) ayiyona ingozi, uma ngezinye izikhathi iyacasula, i-critter ehamba ebusuku idla izitshalo ezifile.Okwaziwa nangokuthi izimbungulu zamazambane noma ama-roly-polys, laba abafana abazidonsela ebholeni elincane eliqinile ukuze bavikeleke lapho bephazanyiswa.

Izimbungulu zamaphilisi azilumi, azinti, azithwali izifo, azihlafuni indlu yakho, noma zenza noma yini engathandeki ngokweqile, futhi izingane ngokuvamile ziyakuthanda ukudlala ngazo.Eqinisweni, (izimbungulu zamaphilisi, hhayi izingane) zenza izilwane ezifuywayo ezinhle inqobo nje uma lokho okulindele mayelana nokuqeqeshwa kungephezulu kakhulu.Ngezikhathi ezithile bathola indlela yabo ezindlini ezingaphansi futhi baba inkathazo, kodwa baphathwa kalula.

Ithiphu phezu kwelogi, phakamisa idwala eliyisicaba, noma uhlole ngaphansi kwesitsha sezimbali, futhi ezindaweni eziningi uzothola lawa ma-crustaceans.Ukuthi kungani bephuma olwandle bajwayela ukuhlala emhlabeni kuwukuqagela kwanoma ubani – mhlawumbe ulwandle lwake lwagcwala kakhulu ngesikhathi esithile.Njengoba zingafuni ukuyeka zonke izici zazo zasemanzini, izimbungulu zamaphilisi empeleni ziphefumula ngamathumba.Yingakho zitholakala ezindaweni ezinomswakama - zidinga amagilasi anomswakama njalo, noma ukushintshana komoyampilo kuzophazamiseka futhi zizominyanisa.

Kusukela ku-8.5 mm kuya ku-17 mm (cishe u-3/8 kuya ku-9/16 wamayintshi) ubude, izimbungulu zamaphilisi zimpunga ukuya kunsundu, zinephrofayili yomzimba eqondile.Lesi sici sakamuva yindlela umuntu angabahlukanisa ngayo nabazala babo izimbungulu ezihlwanyelayo, ezihlala endaweni efanayo yemvelo njengezimbungulu zamaphilisi.Izimbungulu ezihlwanyelayo ziyizintwala zokhuni ohlotsheni lwe-Oniscus ne-Porcellio, futhi zinomzimba oyisicaba.Futhi, izimbungulu zokuhlwanyela azikwazi ukubhola ukuze zivikeleke.Le nqubo yokugoqa yaziwa ngokuthi i-conglobation, igama elakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukusiza abadlali be-Scrabble.

Isici sekhangaru sezimbungulu zamaphilisi siwukuthi insikazi inesikhwama esiswini esibizwa ngokuthi i-marsupium lapho izalela khona amaqanda ayo.Lamaphuphu achanyuselwa ngaphakathi kwe-marsupium yakhe egcwele uketshezi futhi ahlale lapho aze abemakhulu ngokwanele ukuba angazimela.

Nakuba izimbungulu zamaphilisi ekuqaleni zavela eYurophu, azifinyeleli zonke izindlela zohlobo oluhlaselayo.Azibangeli ukulimala okukhulu kwempilo yabantu kanye/noma kwezomnotho kanye/noma kwezemvelo, into ephawula izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlaselayo.Ngiyangabaza ukuthi izimbungulu zamaphilisi zizizwa kabi ngokungavunyelwa ekilabhini.Eqinisweni, zisiza ekubuyiseleni umsoco, ngaleyo ndlela zisize ekwakhekeni kwenhlabathi engaphezulu enempilo.

Nakuba zingahlaseli ngobuchwepheshe, ngezinye izikhathi ziwuhlupho oluncane uma ziphelela endlini.Ukuzilawula kungase kudinge isibhamu, isilungisi sendawo, noma okokukhipha umswakama.Njengoba bebophekile ukuba bahlale ezindaweni ezimanzi, ukwehlisa umswakama kubalulekile.Vula amafasitela angaphansi futhi usebenzise amafeni noma okokwehlisa umswakama ukuze wehlise umswakama egumbini elingaphansi.

Gcina umugqa wetshe ochotshoziwe (noma enye into eyoma kalula) eduze komjikelezo wekhaya lakho ukuze ugcine zonke izimila kanye nemboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla kude nesisekelo.Okokugcina, nqamula isibhamu se-caulk ukuze uvale imifantu phakathi kwamabhulokhi esisekelo nezinye izindawo zokungena ezingase zibe khona.Angikwazi ukweqisa ukuthi ukwenza ngenkuthalo kungaba yimpumelelo kangakanani ekukhipheni noma iyiphi i-critter - uzothola iminyaka yokulawula izinambuzane ngomsebenzi owodwa ophelele wokuvala imifantu.

Isisho sakudala esithi “Umgwaqo oya esihogweni ugandaywe ngezinhloso ezinhle” siye saba induduzo enkulu kimina phakathi neminyaka edlule, njengoba ngicabanga ukuthi lokho kusho ukuthi indlela eya ezulwini igandaywe ngemicabango emibi, ngokuvamile okungelula ukuyifinyelela.Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, sakhe zonke izinhlobo zemigwaqo, imigwaqo emikhulu, ama-byways, ama-boulevards, amasimu, ama-turnpikes, izindlela zokudonsa, kanye nezindlela zamabhayisikili.Kodwa uma kubhekwa ijubane elimangalisayo lapho inani labantu bakithi abathutha impova liyancipha, yisikhathi esibucayi sokuvutha uhlobo olusha lomgwaqo.Indlela, ukucaciswa.

Eminyakeni eyishumi nambili edlule, umdwebi ozinze e-Seattle kanye nesazi sezemvelo u-Sarah Bergmann wasungula umqondo we-Pollinator Pathway.Kuye kwachazwa “njengomfanekiso obambekayo wobuciko, umklamo kanye nesayensi yemvelo,” indawo eqondile yokusiza izinambuzane ezithwala impova ukuba zithole ukudla njengoba zidlula emadolobheni nakwezinye izindawo eziyinselele.Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lo mbono uye wasakazekela kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika nangale kwayo.

Izindlela zempova zingaba lula njengomugqa wezitshalo eziqhakazayo phakathi kwegceke elilodwa nelinye, noma zibe zinkulu “njengebhande lezimbali” elixhumanisa izindawo eziluhlaza phakathi nendawo enkulu yasemadolobheni.Iwebhusayithi ethi http://www.pollinatorpathway.com/criteria/ inamathuluzi nezinsiza, futhi ibala imibandela emikhulu efana nesidingo sokusebenzisana namaqembu nama-ejensi ahlukahlukene, ukusebenzisa izitshalo zomdabu ngokuyinhloko, kanye nokuba nohlelo lokulungisa lwesikhathi eside.Njengemibono eminingi emihle, umbono wendlela ye-pollinator "usukile," futhi wemukelwa abantu abangajwayele njalo umsebenzi kaNkz Bergmann.

Lapho usungula noma iyiphi indlela yosayizi ukuze kuzuze abathwali bempova, kubalulekile ukufaka amaqoqo ezitshalo emibala eminingi, ubude, nokuma kwezimbali.Ukuba nezitshalo ezimbali kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhula kubalulekile futhi.Lokhu kucatshangelwa kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinambuzane ezimpova zingasebenzisa umpe nempova.

Ngokunokwenzeka, ama-pollinator angewona izinambuzane awafakiwe kule mizamo.Ama-lemur, izibankwa, amalulwane, izinkawu, ama-opossum, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezinomgogodla ezingaba ngu-50 nazo ziphonsa impova ezitshalweni.Ngicabanga ukuthi ukuheha izindimbane zama-lemur, izinkawu noma izibankwa emigwaqweni ye-pollinator yasemadolobheni kungaba umbono omuhle, kodwa ngingacabanga ngezithiyo ezimbalwa futhi.

Nakuba inyosi yenza uju nge-poster-child ye-pollinator, ohlelweni olukhudlwana lwezinto inikela kancane ekukhiqizeni ukudla kwasekhaya nokudla kwasendle.Endaweni enempilo, ngisho nasezindaweni eziningi ezisengozini, amabhu, izimvemvane, iminyovu, izinyosi, izimpukane, amabhungane nezinye izinambuzane ezenza cishe yonke impova ezitshalweni zethu zasendle nezasekhaya.Esifundeni esifana nenyakatho yeSifundazwe saseNew York, umthelela wezinyosi ekusakazeni impova awubalulekile, ngaphandle okungenzeka kwamasimu amakhulu kakhulu e-Champlain Valley.

Singasho ukuthi akufanele namanje sikhulise izinyosi futhi sikhathazeke ngempilo yazo - uju neminye imikhiqizo yezinyosi iyizitshalo ezibalulekile - kodwa kufanele sibe nesithombe esinembe kakhudlwana sokuthi ubani owenza impova yethu.Izinyosi zibalulekile kuphela lapho ukulima okujulile kususe izitshalo izinambuzane zomdabu ezivame ukuncika kuzo, njengasezindaweni zama-alimondi zaseCalifornia, ngisho nasezifundeni ezitshala izithelo ezizungeze amaChibi Amakhulu.

Izizathu zokuthi abathuthi bempova babe sengozini enkulu kangangokuthi badinga imizila ekhethekile ukuze banqamule idolobha ziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa bahlobene kakhulu nezibulala-zinambuzane.Ikilasi lama-insecticide abizwa ngokuthi ama-neonicotinoids, ama-neonics kafushane, sekuyisikhathi eside ethinteka ekwehleni kwe-pollinator.Asetshenziswa kukho konke kusukela ekulawuleni i-lawn-grub kuya kubhontshisi kasoya, lawa makhemikhali enza isitshalo sonke sibe nobuthi, kuhlanganise nempova yaso.Izindaba ezimbi zezinambuzane, kanye nezinyosi nezimvemvane.Ngo-Ephreli 2018, i-European Union yavala unomphela ezintathu ze-neonics ezaziwa kakhulu ukuze kuvikelwe izinyosi.

Futhi imithi yokubulala isikhunta, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi iphephile ezinyosini, isanda kubizwa ngokuthi iyimbangela esolwayo yokuncipha kwe-pollinator.Embikweni kaNovemba 2017, ithimba eliholwa nguCornell labacwaningi abavela ngaphesheya kweNyakatho-mpumalanga laphetha ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwezibulala-sikhunta kwezolimo kwenza izinyosi zibe buthaka kangangokuthi zivame ukunqotshwa isimo sezulu esibi noma izifo ezivamile, izici ngokuvamile ezingeke zibulale.Namuhla, izinhlobo ezingu-49 zezinyosi zomdabu zibhekwa njengezisengozini, zinezinyosi eziqine kakhulu.

Uma bekukhona umklomelo we-pollinator, cishe ubungaya ohlotsheni lwethu lwezinyosi zomdabu ezingaqondakali.Ukuba noboya kungesinye sezizathu zokuthi ama-bumblebees abe abathumbi bempova abaphumelela kakhulu kunamajakhethi aphuzi, okuthi ngendlela anikele ngayo kancane ekutheleleni impova.Enye into ukuthi ama-bumbler angasebenza emazingeni okushisa abandayo kakhulu kunezinye izinambuzane - noma ijazi labo loboya elimangalisayo liyasiza ngalokho, nokho, angazi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, "i-bumble" yabo iyingxenye yobuhle babo.Kuvela ukuthi badlidliza umoya nge-Friquency ye-Goldilocks, eyodwa nje efanele ukunyakazisa impova evulekile ngaphakathi kwezimbali ezithile ezifana notamatisi.Ngamanye amazwi, bangenza i-drive-by pollination ngaphandle kokudinga ukuwela embalini.Futhi ngenxa yesithakazelo sokungabalulekile ngizoveza ukuthi ososayensi baseQueen Mary University yaseLondon bafundisa izinyosi ukuthi zigingqa kanjani ibhola elincane emgodini omncane ukuze zithole umvuzo wamanzi ashukela.Ngicabanga ukuthi abacwaningi manje bamatasa nemiqhudelwano yegalofu ye-bumblebee.

Uma ungakalungeli ukumaka umgwaqo omkhulu we-pollinator, ungasiza ukwenza umphakathi wakho ube nobungane kakhulu nezinyosi novemvane ngokuqwashisa ngalezi zinkinga.Cela izikhulu zakho zendawo ukuthi ziguqule imithetho yokuklama ukuze ivumele ukuhlukahluka kwezwe emadolobheni ethu, emadolobheni nasezigodini.Utshani obucocekile buyingozi kuma-pollinator - shiya lawo ma-dandelion, ngenxa yobuhle.Sicela, usize ukuqeda ubunono!Lokhu kuzokhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo futhi kuzuzise kakhulu abathuthi bempova - futhi ekugcineni, nathi.

Izihlambi zika-April ziletha izimbali zikaMeyi, kodwa akuwona wonke ama-posies abonwayo.Nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi ama-dandelion afika eMayflower, awakutholi ukuhlonishwa okubafanele njengabafokazi abanezimpande eziqinile ezweni elisha, noma njengentokozo yokupheka egcwele uvithamini, noma njengekhambi lezinhlobo eziningi lemithi.

Kuleli phuzu lokugcina, idandelion ihlonishwa kakhulu kangangokuthi yathola igama lesiLatini elithi Taraxicum officinale, elisho “ikhambi elisemthethweni lazo zonke izifo.”Kunezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo ezibikiwe ze-dandelion, okuhlanganisa njengokweseka isibindi kanye nokunciphisa amatshe ezinso nesinye esinyeni, kanye nangaphandle njengendlela yokwelapha amathumba esikhumba.Angenzi sengathi ngazi konke ukusetshenziswa kwesitshalo okwedlule namanje, futhi ngincoma ngokuqinile ukuthi uthintane nodokotela wamakhambi ohlonishwayo, kanye nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo, ngaphambi kokuzama ukuzelapha.

Sekushiwo lokho, i-University of Maryland Medical Center inikele lonke ikhasi lewebhu ku-dandelion, futhi icaphuna izifundo ezibuyekezwe ngontanga.Ngaphambilini ngangizwile ukuthi i-dandelion yayisetshenziswa njengendlela yokwelapha isifo sikashukela, kodwa angizange ngithole noma yiziphi izinkomba.Kodwa-ke, i-U of M Medical Center ithi:

"Ucwaningo lokuqala lwezilwane luphakamisa ukuthi i-dandelion ingasiza ekwenzeni amazinga kashukela egazi abejwayelekile futhi ehlise inani le-cholesterol ne-triglycerides ngenkathi ikhulisa i-HDL (enhle) i-cholesterol kumagundane anesifo sikashukela.Abacwaningi badinga ukubona ukuthi i-dandelion izosebenza yini kubantu.Ucwaningo oluthile lwezilwane luphinde luveze ukuthi i-dandelion ingasiza ukulwa nokuvuvukala. "

Ngingathi akukubi lokho ngokhula.Ungathenga impande yedandelion eyomisiwe neqotshiwe ngobuningi noma ngamakhephuseli ezitolo eziningi zokudla kwezempilo, noma ungayithola mahhala egcekeni lakho elingemuva, inqobo nje uma ungawasebenzisi amakhemikhali otshani.

Igama elivamile le-dandelion livela kwelesiFulentshi elithi "dent de lion," noma izinyo lengonyama, elibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo eziqinile emaqabungeni awo.Amaqabunga ayahluka kakhulu ngokubukeka, noma kunjalo, futhi ngaphandle komhlwenga wawo ophuzi, akuwona wonke ama-dandelion afana ne-leonid njengelandelayo.Ngokusobala amaFulentshi anekhona emakethe yamagama ajwayelekile, ngoba enye i-dandelion moniker ithi “pis en lit,” noma “manzisa umbhede,” njengoba impande eyomile ikhipha isisu kakhulu.Okuningi ngalokho kamuva.

Imifino ye-Dandelion ingcono kakhulu ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba iqede ukuqhakaza.Ukuvuna ngasekupheleni kwesizini kufana nokukha ulethisi nesipinashi ngemva kokuba kubhontshiwe—kuyadliwa, kodwa hhayi ngokusemandleni akho.Uma ngabe ama-dandelion ambalwa amila engadini yakho ngonyaka odlule, cishe alungele ukusiphula futhi adle khona manje.Uhlobo lwenguquko entsha yegama elithi "ukhula-nesiphakeli."

Imifino emincane ingahlanjululwa futhi ihanjiswe ku-saladi, noma enye ibilisiwe, kodwa ngiyithanda kakhulu uma iqotshiwe futhi yashiswa.Zihamba kahle kuma-omelets, i-stir-fry, isobho, i-casserole, nanoma yisiphi isidlo esiphundu salolo daba.Izimpande ezintsha zingacwecwa, zisikwe kancane futhi zishiswe.Ukwelashwa kwangempela imiqhele ye-dandelion.Isizathu sokuthi ziqhakaze kusenesikhathi ukuthi zinezixha zezimbali ezakheke ngokugcwele ezishutheke phakathi nendawo yomqhele wempande, kuyilapho ezinye izimbali eziningi ziqhakaza ekukhuleni okusha.Ngemuva kokusika amaqabunga, thatha ummese wokumisa bese ukhipha imiqhele, engashiswa futhi ihanjiswe ngebhotela.

Izimpande zedandelion ezigazingiwe zenza indawo yekhofi engcono kakhulu engake ngayinambitha, futhi lokho kusho okuthile ngoba ngilithanda ngempela ikhofi.Khuhla izimpande ezintsha bese uzindlala kuhhavini ukuze zingathintani.Ungazama ngezilungiselelo eziphakeme, kodwa ngiwosa cishe ku-250 aze abe crispy futhi abe nsundu ngokumnyama yonke indawo.Ngokweqiniso angikwazi ukusho ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani, endaweni ethile phakathi kwamahora ama-2 nama-3.Kunoma ikuphi, ngihlale ngiwosa uma kufanele ngibe sendlini noma kunjalo, futhi ngiwahlole njalo ngemva kwamahora amabili.Zigaye usebenzisa iprosesa yokudla noma udaka ne-pestle.Uma kuqhathaniswa nekhofi, usebenzisa impande engaphansi kwenkomishi ngayinye.

Isiphuzo sinambitheka kamnandi, kodwa njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, sikhipha isisu kunekhofi noma itiye elimnyama.Angikaze ngithole ukuthi lokhu kuyinkinga, kodwa uma uhambo lwakho lwasekuseni luvame ukufaka umsindo wethrafikhi, khetha isiphuzo sakho sasekuseni ngendlela efanele.

Angizange ngizame iwayini le-dandelion, isiko elaqala emakhulwini eminyaka eYurophu, ngakho-ke anginaso isipiliyoni sokuqala sokubika, kodwa ama-scads zokupheka angatholakala ku-intanethi.Abangani abaningana namalungu omndeni bakuzamile, nokubuyekezwa okungekuhle nokuhle kuhlukaniseke kahle.Angazi noma kuyikhono lomuntu siqu noma ikhono lokwenza iwayini elihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo.

Uma kubhekwa zonke izici ezinhle zama-dandelion, kuyamangaza ukuthi singakanani isikhathi namagugu asetshenziswa isiko lethu ekuqedeni.Kubukeka sengathi kusondele ekuthathekeni ngabantu abathile, abamanzisa utshani babo ngezibulala-magciwane ezikhetha ukhula olunamaqabunga abanzi njenge-2,4-D, i-dicamba ne-mecoprop.Konke lokhu kuza nezingozi zezempilo, ingasaphathwa eyokumaka amanani aphezulu.

Kulabo okungenzeka bathathe lonke uxhumano lwebhubesi kude kakhulu futhi abakwazi ukulala ebusuku uma kukhona ama-dandelion acashe emagcekeni, ngizokwabelana ngemfihlo yokuwakhipha endaweni.Setha umshini wokugunda ukuze usike ngamasentimitha amane ukuphakama.Ukwenza kanjalo kuzonciphisa kakhulu inani lokhula, futhi kuzonciphisa ukucindezelwa kwezifo kanye nokulimala kwe-grub.

Ngithi sonke asiyeke ukuzama ukubulala ibhubesi laseNyakatho Melika okuwukuphela kwalo elingekho engcupheni yokushabalala, futhi sifunde ukulazisa nokulisebenzisa kakhulu.

Izihlahla ezinde kunazo zonke ngapha kwamaRockies, uphayini wethu omhlophe osempumalanga (Pinus strobus) ungenye yezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu - uma kungenjalo - ezibalulekile kwezomnotho namasiko eNyakatho-mpumalanga.Yize umpetha wamanje wase-US engumdondoshiya waseNorth Carolina ongamafidi angu-189 ubude, abagawuli bamandulo baqopha amaphayini amhlophe afika kumafidi angama-230.Uphayini omhlophe waziwa ngobubanzi bawo obuhlukile futhi obucacile (angenafindo), izingodo ezinombala okhanyayo ezisetshenziselwa ukubeka phansi, ukuphaneli nokushela kanye namalungu esakhiwo.I-New England yakhiwe ngophayini omhlophe, futhi kwezinye izindlu ezindala, amapulangwe okuqala kaphayini angamasentimitha angamashumi amabili noma ngaphezulu ububanzi asengatholakala.

Ikhwalithi efana ne-cathedral yesitendi samaphayini amhlophe avuthiwe ivame ukukhuthaza ukwazisa kwemvelo, uma kungewona umuzwa ojulile wokwesaba nenhlonipho.Mayelana nokuhlonza, uphayini omhlophe wenza kube lula.Iwukuphela kwe-pine out empumalanga yomdabu ethwala izinaliti ngezinyanda ezinhlanu, eyodwa ngohlamvu ngalunye olubhalwe “mhlophe.”Ukuze kucace, izinhlamvu azibhalwanga ezinalitini.Amakhoni awo amade ama-intshi ayisithupha anezikali ezinesihloko se-resin alungele ukuqala umlilo, kanye namagoda ezimbali neminye imihlobiso yamaholide.

Ihlaba umxhwele njengoba izimfanelo zayo ezibonakalayo zinjalo, i-white pine isinikeze izipho ezingabambeki, kodwa eziyigugu kakhulu.Ngezinalithi zawo ezinhlanu ezihlanganiswe esisekelweni, uphayini omhlophe wasiza ukukhuthaza amazwe amahlanu aboMdabu ukuthi abeke phansi izingalo eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule, futhi ahlanganyele ndawonye emfelandawonye wentando yeningi inoveli ebizwa ngokuthi i-Haudenosaunee noma i-Iroquois.Njengoba inamakhosi ayo akhethiwe angamashumi amahlanu, izindlu ezimbili zesishayamthetho, kanye nesistimu yokuhlola nokulinganisa, lesi sakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesihlala njalo saba ipulani yoMthethosisekelo wase-US.

UJefferson, uFranklin, uMonroe, uMadison no-Adams babhala ngokuthakasela kwabo iHaudenosaunee Confederacy.UFranklin noMadison babekuthakasele kakhulu, futhi banxusa amakoloni ayishumi nantathu ukuthi amukele inyunyana ehlelekile efanayo.Phakathi kwamafulegi okuqala e-Revolutionary kwakukhona uchungechunge lwe-Pine Tree Flags, futhi ukhozi, nakuba lususiwe ku-pine perch, luhlezi luhlala emalini yase-US.

I-Haudenosaunee isabonisa uphayini omhlophe, obizwa ngokuthi isihlahla sokuthula, nokhozi olunempandla phezulu.Ukhozi lukhona ukuze lubheke izitha njengokuhaha nokungaboni ngaso linye.Emaziphoni ayo, kugoqelwe inqwaba yemicibisholo emihlanu ukuze ifanekisele amandla ngobunye.Akukhona nje ukuqondana ukuthi amalungelo abesifazane besimanje aqala eSeneca Falls, NY emthunzini ongokomfanekiso kaphayini omhlophe.Abahlukumezi bakuqala abanjengoMatilda Jocelyn Gage babhala ngokumangala kwabo okukhulu ukuthi emadolobheni aseHaudenosaunee, abesifazane babephathwa ngenhlonipho efanayo neyabesilisa, nokuthi ubudlova banoma yiluphi uhlobo olubhekiswe kwabesifazane lwalungabekezelelwa.

Ngezizathu eziningi zokuthanda amaphayini amhlophe, ngakhungatheka lapho amaphayini amhlophe eqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka ezingxenyeni eziningi zohlu lwawo.Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2009, izinaliti zaqala ukuphenduka zibephuzi futhi zehle ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi ukukhula okusha kwancipha.Ekuqaleni lezi zimpawu zazitholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezinomhlabathi ongashoni noma ompofu, nasemaphaseji omgwaqo omkhulu lapho izihlahla zazivele zigcizelelwe ngosawoti wokwenza i-deicing, oshisa amahlamvu kanye nezimpande.Isomiso sango-2012 no-2016, esingakaze sibonwe ngokomswakamo ophansi wenhlabathi, setha uphayini emuva nakakhulu.Ngo-2018, ngisho namanye amaphayini kumasayithi acebile ayebukeka egula.

Njengezifo eziningi ezisanda kutholwa, lokhu kuncipha, okubizwa nge-white pine needle disease (WPND), akuqondwa ngokugcwele.Okwaziwayo ukuthi kuhileleke inqwaba yamagciwane esikhunta.Izifo ezine ezithinta izinaliti ziye zahlukaniswa, nakuba ngokuvamile zimbili noma ezintathu kuphela ezikhona kunoma isiphi isimo.Okudida nakakhulu ukuthi idlanzana lamanye amagciwane enaliti abhaliwe, kodwa ngalinye lilinganiselwe ezindaweni ezithile.Kutholakale igciwane lempande, kanti elinye elithelela izicubu ze-trunk libonakala lisakazwa isinambuzane esikalini.

Esikhathini esedlule, ukwehla okungazelelwe kohlobo lwesihlahla ngokuvamile kwakuwumphumela wezinambuzane okungezona ezomdabu noma i-pathogen efana nesifo se-Dutch elm, i-chestnut blight, noma i-emerald ash borer.Okuxakayo nge-WPND, ngaphandle kokuthi kungenzeka kube khona izinto eziphilayo eziphakathi kwesithupha neziyishumi, ukuthi zonke zizalelwa endaweni ethintekile.Umnyango Wokongiwa Kwemvelo Wesifunda SaseNew York (NYSDEC) uhlonze eyodwa okungenzeka ukuthi yavela ngaphandle kwaseNyakatho Melika, kodwa lokhu akukakaqinisekiswa.

Iwebhusayithi ye-UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery kanye ne-Urban Forestry ichaza ukuthi “Ukuntuleka kwe-pathogen okungezona ezomdabu noma isinambuzane kuholela abacwaningi ukuba baphenye indima yezimo zemvelo, eziye zashintshwa isimo sezulu esishintshayo.Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa nemvula kusukela ngoMeyi kuya kuJulayi kuye kwasiza ekubhebhezeleni ubhubhane lwe-WPND.Izinkinga ezibhekene ne-eastern white pine zizoqhubeka, kodwa izinketho zokuphatha zikhona ukusiza ukuthuthukisa impilo namandla kaphayini omhlophe. "

Ezindaweni zasekhaya, i-Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory iphakamisa “Ukumboza ngezihlahla zikaphayini omhlophe nokunisela ngokujulile kanye ngesonto ngesikhathi sokushisa kuyanconywa.Uhlelo lokuvundisa kufanele lusungulwe, futhi inhlabathi i-pH igcinwe phakathi kuka-5.2 no-5.6.Lungisa noma yikuphi ukushoda kwe-micronutrient (okufana nensimbi), futhi unciphise ukucinana kwenhlabathi ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokungenisa umoya.”Amaphayini amhlophe ngeke ajabule isikhathi eside emhlabathini wobumba, noma lawo ane-pH engaphezu kuka-7.0.Futhi, qiniseka ukuthi utshala wonke amaphayini ngaphandle kohlu lwesifutho sikasawoti womgwaqo, futhi ubanike indawo eyanele.

Abaphathi behlathi bangasiza ngokunciphisa izitendi zikaphayini omhlophe.Ubufakazi bokuqala bubonisa ukuthi ukufaka kancane i-nitrogen nakho kungasiza.Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, thintana ne-ISA-Certified Arborist, i-NYSDEC Forester, i-Private Consulting Forester, noma ihhovisi le-Extension yangakini.Ukufundwa okwengeziwe okujulile kungatholakala ku-https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/forest-ecology-and-management/vol/…

Ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka lapho kungekho okuningi okubonakala sengathi kuqhakazile ngaphandle kwama-dandelion nama-daffodils, impova ayikhumbuli ngendlela engase ibe ngayo kamuva enkathini lapho i-goldenrod isigcwele yonke indawo.Okuxakayo ukuthi izimbali esizibona kalula - amadandelion kanye ne-goldenrod ziyizibonelo ezinhle - zinezinhlamvu ezinkulu, ezinamathelayo zempova ezingaphephuki kalula emoyeni futhi zisenze sithimule.

Ngokuqinisekile uma ujwayele “i-hay fever” futhi unqamule insimu ye-goldenrod eqhakazile, kungenzeka usabele.Hlala kude nezimbali ezibukisayo uma ukungezwani kwempova kuyinkinga.Izimbali ezingabonakali yizo okufanele uziqaphele.Linda – lokho akuphumanga kahle.

Impova vele iwumnikelo wesilisa enzalweni.Izinhlobo eziningi zinezingxenye zokuzala zabesilisa nabesifazane ezitholakala kalula esitshalweni esisodwa.Amanye, njengama-apula, ane-shebang yonke esembalini efanayo, kanti amanye anjengamakhabe anezimbali ezihlukene zesilisa nezesifazane.Izinhlobo ezimbalwa - i-holly iyisibonelo - zinezitshalo ezihlukene zesilisa nezinsikazi.

Isizathu esenza ezinye izimbali zichaphaze ngemibala, iphunga elimnandi, kanye nompe ukufumbathisa izinambuzane, izinyoni nezinye izinambuzane ukuze zithwale impova zisuka engxenyeni yembali yesilisa ziyiyise kweyensikazi ukuze zenze izingane zezitshalo.Kuyisu elisebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu.Uhlangothi olubi, nokho, ukuthi kuthatha amandla amaningi.

Elinye iqembu lezitshalo lanquma ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi onzima ukuheha abathwali bempova, kodwa kulula ukuheha umoya, ongaletha impova.Kodwa leli su alisebenzi kahle, ngakho izitshalo ezinjengophayini kufanele zikhiphe inqwaba yezinto (impova, hhayi umoya).Lolu hlobo lwembewu yempova luncane kakhulu lukwazi ukukhukhuleka amamayela angu-400 luye olwandle.Izitshalo ezinempova yomoya, ezihlanganisa izihlahla eziningi manje “eziqhakazayo,” zinezimbali ezincane, ezinde, ngokuvamile ezinombala ofanayo nowesitshalo - empeleni azibonakali.

Willow, poplar, elm kanye ne-maple konke kunempova yomoya, futhi aqhakaza ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.Kuyinto enhle futhi, ngoba abathumbi bempova abasafufusa njengezinyosi badinga imithombo yempova lapho zingakavulwa izimbali ezibonakalayo.Nakuba ingelula njengempova evela ku-ragweed, impova evela emizaneni kanye nobhabhulini ingabangela izimpawu zokungezwani komzimba nezinto ezithile.

Imvula, ngokusobala, igeza uthuli, izinhlamvu zesikhunta kanye nempova emoyeni, kuyilapho izimo ezomile ziholela ekwakhekeni kwezinto ezingezwani nomoya.Labo abangezwani nezinto ezithile bangathola impumuzo ngezinga elithile ngokufaka isigqoko esinompheme obanzi ukuze bavimbele izinwele ukuba zingabi umqoqi wempova.Izibuko zelanga ezicishe zifane zemidlalo zingasiza ekukhipheni impova ezinhlamvini zamehlo omuntu.Futhi nakuba izingubo ezomisiwe zinuka kahle kakhulu, ungalengi izingubo zakho ngezinsuku ezinempova ephezulu ngoba uzobe ugqoke usizi lwakho.

Izimo zempova zingatholakala kumawebhusayithi amaningi - airnow.gov kanye ne-aaaai.org yizibonelo ezimbili ezinhle.Uma kuqhathaniswa, inani lempova liphansi impela manje, ngakho-ke njengoba lifudumala, ungangabazi ukuphuma ngaphandle.Mhlawumbe tshala izimbali ezikhanyayo, ezibukisayo.

Usuku Lomhlaba yisikhathi lapho sizama futhi ukuhlonipha iplanethi esisekelayo.Abaningi bethu bazozibandakanya ekuqwaleni izintaba, ukugibela amabhayisikili, noma ukusiza ukuhlanza usebe lolwandle noma umgwaqo.Sonke siyazi ukuthi kumnandi ukucwiliswa emvelweni.Okokugcina, isayensi isifinyelele emqondweni ovamile, futhi manje sekunobufakazi obanele bokuthi izihlahla, utshani kanye nemigudu yamanzi akugcini nje ngokusiduduza, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni njengokudla okuhle namanzi ahlanzekile.

Izilwane eziphucwe indawo yemvelo ziba nobudlova.Baqala ukukhombisa ukuziphatha okungahambisani nezinhlobo zabo;izibopho zomphakathi ziyabhidlika futhi ukugula kwanda.Lokhu kuyiqiniso kuzo zonke izilwane, ngisho nezingavamile.

KULUNGILE, qagela lesi silwane: Siku-phylum Chordata, okusho ukuthi sinomgogodla, ovimbela izimbungulu nezinwabuzelayo, hhayi umkhondo omkhulu.Isigaba sawo iMammalia;ezinsikazi zalolu hlobo zikhiqiza ubisi ukuze zincelise amaphuphu azo.Ikuhlelo lwePrimate, oluyinciphisa kakhulu.Umndeni wayo iHominidae, uhlobo lwayo iHomo, kanti iSapien iwuhlobo.

Umbuzo wokukhohlisa (uxolo);yithi.Kuyiqiniso ukuthi abantu bahlukaniswa kwezinye izinhlobo ngezindlela eziphawuleka kakhulu, kodwa siseyizilwane.Ngakho-ke, sinezintambo ezinzima zokucwiliswa emhlabeni wemvelo.UDkt. Frances Kuo waseNyuvesi yase-Illinois e-Champaign-Urbana uthi abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezingenazo izihlahla noma ezinye izici zemvelo babhekana nokuwohloka kwezenhlalo, ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba okufana ngendlela emangalisayo nalokho okubonwa kwezinye izilwane eziphucwe ukudla kwazo. indawo yokuhlala yemvelo.

Phakathi kokunye okutholakele, ucwaningo lukaDkt. Kuo lubonisa ukuthi abantu abadala baphila isikhathi eside uma amakhaya abo aseduze nepaki noma enye indawo eluhlaza, kungakhathaliseki isimo sabo senhlalo noma sezomnotho, nokuthi abafundi basekolishi benza kangcono ekuhlolweni kwengqondo lapho amafasitela abo e-dorm ebuka izilungiselelo zemvelo. .

Ucwaningo lwakhe luphinde lubonise ukuthi izingane ezine-ADHD zinezimpawu ezimbalwa ngemva kwemisebenzi yangaphandle ezindaweni eziluhlaza.

Emhlabeni wonke, abantu bakhangwa imvelo, ngisho noma kuyisithombe kuphela.Ikakhulukazi, sithola i-savannah, lapho saqala khona ukuba ngabantu eminyakeni engu-200,000 edlule, ithandeka kakhulu.Sidonsela ezindaweni ezifanayo njengamapaki, futhi simodela amayadi ethu ngendlela efanayo.Nge-DNA yethu, kanye nezinye izinto zofuzo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-epigene, sixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nemvelo.

Lokhu kufakwa kwezintambo eziqinile kuboniswe ngesithombe sobuchopho sesikhathi sangempela.Izinhlobo zamaphethini umuntu ahlangana nazo emvelweni, kungaba kuma-pine cones, amagobolondo e-nautilus, ama-diatom, amakhekheba eqhwa, amagatsha ezihlahla, noma izindunduma zesihlabathi, abizwa ngokuthi amaphethini ama-fractal.Ingoma yezinyoni nomsindo wokuphuka kwamagagasi amaphethini afanayo.Amaphethini e-Fractal, kuvela, athinta kakhulu amaza obuchopho bethu ngezindlela ezinhle.

Isihloko sangoFebhuwari 2014 ku-guardian.com sichaza ukuthi iziguli zasesibhedlela emakamelweni anokubukwa kwezihlahla zinezikhathi ezifushane zokulala esibhedlela kanye nesidingo esincane semithi yezinhlungu uma kuqhathaniswa neziguli ezingenazo izimo ezinjalo zemvelo.Iqhubeka ithi ngemva kwehora nje endaweni yemvelo, ukusebenza kwenkumbulo nesikhathi sokunaka kuthuthukisa u-20%.

Abacwaningi baseYunivesithi yaseRochester babika ukuthi ukuchayeka emvelweni kuholela abantu ekukhuliseni ubuhlobo obuseduze, bazise umphakathi ngokwengeziwe, futhi babe nesandla esivulekile.

Njengomuntu otshala izihlahla, kade ngabalula ucwaningo olukhombisa ukuthi ukutshala izihlahla kunciphisa ubugebengu kakhulu.Izihlahla zibuye zikhulise amanani ezakhiwo, futhi ngeshwa, zenza abantu basebenzise imali eyengeziwe.Noma ngabe izitshalo enxanxatheleni yezitolo noma izihlahla ezisezindaweni zezitolo ezimaphakathi nedolobha, abantu bachitha ama-greenback amaningi ezindaweni eziluhlaza.

Asigcini nje ngokusabela emvelweni, asikalahlekelwa amandla ethu okuzibandakanya nayo.Ucwaningo lwakamuva lufakazele ukuthi abantu bangakwazi ukulandelela kahle ngephunga.Labo abanenkinga yokubona sebeneminyaka ethile besebenzisa i-echolocation, kodwa okunye okutholakele muva nje ukuthi singakwazi ukuzwakalisa izwi cishe kanye namalulwane.

Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi abantu bayayidinga yini imvelo, uDkt. Kuo waphendula “Njengososayensi angikwazi ukukutshela.Angikakulungeli ukusho lokho, kodwa njengomama owazi izincwadi zesayensi, ngingathi yebo.”Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyayidinga noma siyayifuna nje, sisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ngokwemvelo, ngakho sebenzisa izinzuzo zayo eziningi.

Ukushayela ngizungeza ngezimpelasonto zasentwasahlobo kungiphatha kabi.Kungenxa yokuthi ngihlala ngidlulisela okungenani umndeni owodwa otshanini ngendlela yokucushwa kwe-American Gothic: ifosholo esandleni, mhlawumbe nabashade nabo kanye nezingane.Kunesihlahla esincane esihle esivela enkabeni yengadi ngakolunye uhlangothi lwazo, kanye nembobo embi emhlabathini ngakolunye.Ukube benginganamahloni kangako, bengizoma ngidlulise amazwi enduduzo.Kuyacaca ukuthi banomngcwabo wesihlahla.

Usuku lwe-Arbor luyeza ngoLwesihlanu, Ephreli 24, ngakho-ke cabanga ukutshala isihlahla nomndeni wakho noma abangani.Kodwa kwenze ukuze into izohlala isikhathi eside kunawe.Akunangqondo ukuqasha isihlahla emgodini wokutshala ojulile kuyilapho ungawutshala endaweni efanele.

Izimpande zesihlahla zibanzi - ziphindwe kathathu ubude begatsha, zinqanda isithiyo - futhi azijulile.Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ezimpande zezihlahla angaphezulu kwama-intshi ayishumi enhlabathini, kanti ama-98% asemayintshi ayishumi nesishiyagalombili aphezulu.Izimpande zezihlahla azishoni ngoba zithanda ukuphefumula njalo.Ngicabanga ukuthi sonke singahambisana nalokho.

Izimbotshana zomhlabathi zivumela izimpande ukuthi zithole umoya-mpilo, ophuma ekugcineni emhlabathini.Amazinga omoya-mpilo ehla ngokujula kwenhlabathi, ekugcineni afinyelele ku-zero.Emhlabathini we-silt, ubumba noma i-loam, lelo phuzu lingaba ngaphansi konyawo phansi.Ukwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, ukufaka umquba noma umquba emgodini ojulile wokutshala kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpande zizofutha, ngoba ama-microbes aphula izinto eziphilayo azosebenzisa wonke umoya-mpilo osele.

Isihlahla ngasinye siza nemiyalelo yokutshala, noma ngabe ingekho ithegi.Ukuze ufunde lezi zikhombisi-ndlela, thola indawo eduze nesisekelo lapho isiqu sivuleka futhi izimpande ziqala.Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-trunk flare, futhi yigeji yokujula.I-trunk flare kufanele ibonakale nje emhlabathini.Ngomfanekiso omncane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi isihlahla esincane esixhunyelelwe, lokhu kungase kube nzima.Ngokuyisisekelo thola impande ephezulu kakhulu futhi uyipake cishe iyintshi ngaphansi kobuso.

Akuzona zonke izihlahla ezitshalwe ngokujule kakhulu ezifayo, kodwa zonke zihlupheka kakhulu, futhi ngisho nasezimweni ezinhle kakhulu, kuzozithatha iminyaka ukufica isihlahla esifanayo esitshalwe ngendlela efanele.Ngokuvamile, izihlahla ezincane zihamba kangcono kunezinkulu.Kwesinye isikhathi isihlahla esincane singaphila ngokuthumela izimpande ezi-fibrous (adventitious) esiqwini saso ngaphansi nje kwenhlabathi.Izihlahla ezinkulu nazo zenza lokhu, kodwa izimpande ezintsha eziklwetshiwe ngeke zisekele isiqongo esikhulu.

Kukhona isisho sakudala esithi, “gebha isihlahla samadola amahlanu umgodi wamadola angamashumi amahlanu.”Kungase kudingeke ukuthi kulungiswe ukwehla kwamandla emali kodwa umqondo usenayo imali.Imbobo yokutshala kufanele ibe yisimo esoso futhi iphindwe izikhathi ezi-2-3 ububanzi besistimu yezimpande, kodwa ingajuli, noma Amaphoyisa Okutshala angakunikeza ithikithi.Akunjalo ngempela, kodwa uma kwenzeka kufika i-arborist, bangase bakuhlakulele ngokwesabekayo.

Ngaphambi kokugcwalisa, susa yonke i-burlap ne-twine.Amakheji ocingo ezihlahleni ze-ball-and-burlap kufanele anqunywe uma isihlahla sesibekwe emgodini.Izinhlelo zezimpande zesihlahla ezitshalwe ezitsheni zingase zibe nezimpande ezizungezayo okufanele zigconwe ziqonde, noma zizoba yizimpande ezibophezelayo ngemva kweminyaka bese ziminyanisa isiqu.

Ukwengeza imithwalo yento ephilayo ekugcwalisweni okungemuva cishe kudala ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho abantu babengabamba i-arborist, uma umuntu esebenza, futhi bayiphonsa emgodini wokutshala.Ngokunokwenzeka ekuphenduleni lokhu, abatshali bezihlahla manje batusa kancane noma akukho lutho olungeziwe lwezinto eziphilayo ezimweni eziningi.

Emhlabathini oyisihlabathi kakhulu noma onzima wobumba, amanani aphakathi (kufika ku-30%) we-peat moss, umquba noma ezinye izichibiyelo zingasetshenziswa ekugcwaliseni emuva.Nokho, ungafaki isihlabathi obumbani—yileyo ndlela izitini ezenziwe ngayo, futhi izitshalo eziningi azikhuli kahle ngempela ezitini.Ukwengeza izinto eziphilayo ezingaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ngevolumu kungabangela “umphumela we-teacup,” futhi izimpande zingaminyanisa.Umanyolo uyacindezela ekufakeni okusha, ngakho-ke linda okungenani unyaka kulokho.Emhlabathini wendabuko onempilo, isihlahla kungenzeka singadingi umanyolo othengiswayo.

Nisela kahle njengoba ugcwalisa emuva, bese upheqa inhlabathi ngothi noma isibambo sefosholo ukuze ukhiphe amaphakethe omoya.Ngaphandle uma indawo inomoya ovunguzayo, kungcono ungabeki esihlahleni.Ukunyakaza kuyadingeka ukuze isiqu esiqinile sikhule.Amasentimitha amabili kuya kwamane emboza ngabo izithombo phezu kwendawo yokutshala (kodwa engathinti isiqu) azosiza ukulondoloza umswakama futhi acindezele ukhula.Cishe akunakwenzeka ukunisela ngokweqile ukufakelwa okusha, kodwa kuyenzeka.Kuso sonke isikhathi sonyaka wokuqala, hlola inhlabathi njalo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi inomswakama kodwa ayinamanzi.

Indawo ekhangayo yesifunda ivula njalo ngo-Ephreli, futhi cishe amasonto amane - kuye ngomthunzi, isici nokuphakama - ungabuka "umbukiso" ezindaweni eziningi ezivulekile eduze nawe.Ukusebenza kumahhala, nakuba kutholakala kuphela ama-matinees.

Umcimbi wasentwasahlobo uwukuqhakaza kwesitshalo esisabalele, nakuba esaziwa kancane, esiqala ukuqhakaza.Kuye ngokuthi ubuza bani, kungase kuchazwe ngokuthi isihlahla noma isihlahlana, okungenza ngizibuze ukuthi ngabe kukhona okufihlayo.Eqinisweni, le nto ineziteketiso eziningi kuneyodwa ye-America's Most Wanted.Eyaziwa ngokuhlukahluka ngokuthi i-serviceberry, i-shadbush, i-shadwood, i-shadblow, i-Saskatoon, i-juneberry kanye ne-wild-plum, isihlahla esincane ukuya kosayizi ophakathi futhi siphendula i-Amelanchier canadensis, igama laso lezitshalo.Kulezo zinketho, ngikhetha ijuneberry, nakuba izithelo zayo zingase zivuthwe ekuqaleni kukaJulayi enyakatho yeNew York State.

Isitshalo sokuqala esinokhuni ukukhiqiza izimbali ezigqamile, futhi izimbali zaso ezimhlophe zingabonakala emigwaqweni, ezintangweni nasemaphethelweni ehlathi kuyo yonke indawo yethu njengamanje.Igxolo elibushelelezi, elimpunga-silver liyakhanga ngokwalo.Kuye ngezimo, ama-juneberries angase akhule njenge-multi-stem clump, kodwa ngokuvamile akhula njengezihlahla ze-single-trunk ezifinyelela ku-20 kuya ku-40 ubude.Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi izimbali zayo zakuqala ziyindlela yobuhle, zikhangisa indawo yomthombo wamajikijolo aziqhayisa ngezakhi zomsoco ezingaphezu kwanoma yisiphi esinye isithelo somdabu.

Amajikijolo avame ukunganakwa njengomthombo wokudla, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi izinyoni zingase zisishaye kakhulu, futhi ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi ama-juneberries akhula abe mude kangangokuthi isithelo ngezinye izikhathi asifinyeleleki.Ngenxa yokuthi amajikijolo anomswakama omncane kunama-blueberries, aphezulu kancane kumaprotheni nama-carbohydrate, okuwenza abe ukudla okuhle kwabasubathi nabanye abantu abakhuthele.

Amajikijolo athambile, amnyama ansomi ane-potassium ephindwe kabili kune-blueberries ngaphezu kwenani elikhulu le-magnesium ne-phosphorus.Ziwumthombo omuhle wensimbi, futhi, zinenani eliphindwe kabili kunama-blueberries.Amajikijolo nawo anovithamini C omningi, i-thiamin, i-riboflavin, i-pantothenic acid, i-vitamin B-6, i-vitamin A kanye ne-vitamin E.

Amajikijolo enza isitshalo sezwe esikhangayo, futhi angasetshenziswa ukuyenga izinyoni ezicula njengama-waxwing womsedari egcekeni lakho.I-Amelanchier alnifolia, uhlobo oluvela emathafeni aseNyakatho ahlobene eduze nenyakatho-mpumalanga yethu i-A. canadensis, ingcono ukusetshenziswa ekhaya, njengoba ingakhuli ibe yinde, ngakho isithelo siyohlala sifinyeleleka.Ingakwazi ukubekezelela izimo eziningi zesizinda futhi izophumelela ngisho nasemhlabathini ompofu.Ilanga eligcwele liyadingeka, nokho.Okunye futhi ukuthi amahlamvu kajuneberry aphenduka i-salmon-pink emangalisayo ekwindla, enezela enanini layo njengesihlahla se-landscape.Buza i-nursery yangakini mayelana nama-juneberry cultivars.

Amajikijolo ayathandeka amasha, futhi enza ophaya abahle kakhulu.Zilungele kakhulu ukuqanda, njengoba zenza ama-smoothie amahle kakhulu, agcwele izakhamzimba unyaka wonke.Kuyasiza ukuwafriza kuqala emakhasini amakhukhi, bese uwadlulisela ezitsheni zenqwaba.Ngaleyo ndlela abalwenzi uhlobo lweqhwa le-monolithic juneberry elidinga ishizolo, ukugadwa kwabantu abadala kanye nekhithi yosizo lokuqala ukuze kunqamuke ingxenye.

Abomdabu baseNyakatho Melika babewazisa amajikijolo, futhi izifiki zaseYurophu zalandela isibonelo sazo.Nawe ungasebenzisa lesi sithelo sasendle esingaziswa kakhulu.Lesi yisikhathi esihle sokuqaphela indawo yezitshalo zejuneberry ukuze zivunwe kuleli hlobo.

Esinye sezitshalo engizithandayo singashintshashintsha kakhulu, noma sidideke kakhulu.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilwane ezidla uhlaza ezingochwepheshe ezifana onogwaja nezinyamazane ziyenqaba ngisho nokuwuthinta, kodwa abantu abaningi, kuhlanganise nami, bazowudla ngenjabulo zonke izinsuku lapho utholakala.Nakuba ukuxhumana nakho kubuhlungu, kuye kwafakazelwa ukukhulula ubuhlungu obuthile obungapheli.Ingene shí emlandweni wezinganekwane weminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane, ngesinye isikhathi igcwele amandla okugeza isono, nokho isayensi yezokwelapha iyakuqaphela njengekhambi elingokomthetho lezifo eziningi.Abanye abalimi bakubheka njengokhula olukhathazayo, kodwa abanye bayaluhlakulela.

Imbabazane ehlabayo, i-Urtica dioica, idabuka eYurophu, e-Asia nasenyakatho ye-Afrika kodwa sekungamakhulu eminyaka isabalele eNyakatho Melika kusukela enyakatho yeMexico kuya enyakatho yeCanada.Ochwepheshe abavumelani ngenani lezinhlobo ze-nettle nezinhlobo ezincane emhlabeni wonke.Ukuze kudideke izinto, eziningi zazo ziyaphambana ukuze zakhe ingxubevange.Nakuba izinhlobo ezimbalwa zingantinyeli, uma ziyimbabazane futhi ikwenza ube nokuqubuka, kuhle ukuyibiza ngembabazane ehlabayo.

Izimbabazane zihluma izinaliti ezincane eziqwini, emaqabungeni, ngisho nasezimbalini zazo.Ezibizwa ngama-trichome, lezi zinaliti ezenziwe ngengilazi ezifana ne-silica zijova ingxube yamakhemikhali acasulayo lapho zithintana.I-cocktail iyahlukahluka ngezinhlobo, kodwa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa i-histamine, i-5-HTP, i-serotonin, i-formic acid ne-acetylcholine.

Pho kungani umuntu ebeka lesi sitha esihlome kahle emlonyeni wabo?Hhayi-ke, uma sekuphekwa izimbabazane, izinwele ezihlabayo ziyashabalala.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbabazane ziwuhlaza olunambitheka kakhulu oluphekwe, lwasendle noma olufuywayo, engake ngaba nalo.Inambitheka njengenkukhu.Ukudlala.Inambitheka kakhulu njengesipinashi, ngaphandle kokuba mnandi.Izimbabazane zingabiliswa, zishiswe ngesitimu noma zithoswe.Zinhle ngokwazo noma ngesobho, i-omelets, i-pesto, i-casseroles, noma cishe noma yisiphi isidlo esimnandi ongaza naso.

Enye yezinto engizithanda kakhulu ngezimbabazane ukuthi zingezinye zezinto eziluhlaza okufanele ziqhubeke ngemva kokuncibilika kweqhwa.Kufanele ngikusho ukuthi iziqongo zezitshalo ezincane kuphela ezivunwa ukuze zidle.Okuhle ukuthi uma ukhetha kakhulu, kulapho iziqongo ezincane zikhula khona.Ekugcineni zizoba zinde kakhulu futhi zibe nzima, kodwa ukukha njalo kungase kunwebe inkathi ye-nettle kuze kube nguJuni.

Ngesisekelo sesisindo esomile, izimbabazane ziphezulu ngamaprotheni (cishe 15%) kunanoma iyiphi enye imifino eluhlaza.Ziwumthombo omuhle wensimbi, i-potassium, i-calcium, namaVithamini A no-C, futhi zinesilinganiso esinempilo sama-Omega-3/Omega-6 fatty acids.Ngenxa yokuthi ukomiswa futhi kunciphisa ukuhlaba kwezimbabazane, sekusetshenziswe njengefolishi ezilwaneni ezifuywayo.Namuhla izimbabazane zivame ukuphakelwa izinkukhu ezizalelayo ukuze zithuthukise ukukhiqiza kwazo.

I-University of Maryland Medical Center ibika ukuthi izimbabazane zisiza ekudambiseni izimpawu, ezinjengobunzima bokuchama, ze-Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) emadodeni.Mayelana nokusebenzisa izinhlungu ukudambisa izinhlungu, i-U of M Medical Centre iphinde ithi ucwaningo “… luphakamisa ukuthi abanye abantu bathole ukukhululeka ezinhlungwini ngokugcoba iqabunga lembabazane endaweni ebuhlungu.Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuthatha i-oral extract of stinging nettle, kanye nezidakamizwa ezingezona ukuvuvukala (ama-NSAID), kuvumele abantu ukuthi behlise umthamo wabo we-NSAID. "

Njengoba i-Cat in the Hat yasho, akugcini lapho.Ungacabanga ukuthi i-U of M ibithengisa izimbabazane ngendlela ebonakala sengathi iyayithuthukisa.Cabangela lokhu kusekela: “Olunye ucwaningo lokuqala lwabantu lwasikisela ukuthi amaphilisi e- nettle asiza ekunciphiseni ukuthimula nokuluma kubantu abane- hay fever.Kolunye ucwaningo, u-57% weziguli uthe izimbabazane ziyasebenza ekudambiseni i-allergies, kanti u-48% uthe izimbabazane zazisebenza kangcono kunemithi yokungezwani komzimba ezaziyisebenzisile ngaphambili.

Abalimi basebenzisa izimbabazane “njengomquba oluhlaza” ngenxa yokuthi (izimbabazane, okusho ukuthi—abalimi bangase babe ne-nitrogen, kodwa azifakwa njalo enhlabathini.) zinenayitrojeni eningi, kanye nensimbi ne-manganese.Izimbabazane zingasiza futhi ukuheha izinambuzane eziwusizo.

Yini ongakwazi ukuyenza ngezimbabazane?Ngicabanga ukuthi bafana “nenkolelo” kaDkt. Seuss.Kuvela ukuthi ungawagqoka, futhi.Izimbabazane sezisetshenziswe iminyaka eyizi-2,000 njengomthombo wefayibha ekwenzeni indwangu.Phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, iJalimane yasebenzisa imicu ye-nettle ukwenza iyunifomu yezempi.Ngenze intambo ngeziqu ze-nettle ngisebenzisa indlela elula ebizwa nge-reverse-wrapping.

Uma une-nettle patch, sebenzisa isikhathi esithile ukukha imifino enempilo njengoba kufika intwasahlobo.Inye into eqinisekile: Uma uzungezwe izimbabazane, awudingi ukukhathazeka ngokuqhelelana nomphakathi!

Ngesinye isikhathi sonke siye saxakeka ngedokhumenti okuthiwa ibhalwe ngesiNgisi, kodwa kwavela ukuthi ingeyolunye ulimi olufana ne-legal-ese, medical-ese, noma science-ese.Ukuhlasela okunje ngolimi kungasishiya sizizwe sinesithukuthezi, sididekile, sikhungathekile futhi sesaba.Nokho, isayensi manje isikufakazele ukuthi ukusebenzisa igama elikhulu lapho elincishisiwe lingenza kahle kubi kithi sonke.

Uhlelo lwangoFebhuwari 12, 2020 lwe-Ohio State News lwagqamisa ucwaningo lwakamuva ngezingozi zejagoni yesayensi, oluholwa nguHillary Schulman, umsizi kaprofesa wezokuxhumana e-Ohio State University.UShulman nethimba lakhe baphethe ngokuthi “Ukusetshenziswa kwamagama anzima, akhethekile kuwuphawu olutshela abantu ukuthi abafanele.Ungabatshela ukuthi amagama asho ukuthini, kodwa akusho lutho.Sebevele banomuzwa wokuthi lo mlayezo akuwona wabo.”

Ngikhononda njalo nge-jargon.Cabanga ngeqiniso lokuthi yizilwane ezinegazi elifudumele kuphela ezilala ebusika.Izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini kufanele zivume kubangani bazo ukuthi zimane nje zigwaze enkathini ebandayo, kuyilapho izilwane ezilala lapho kushisa zidinga ukusho ukuthi ziyacabangela, kunokuba zilale.Ngiyaqhaqhazela uma ngicabanga ihlazo lokubizwa ngomuntu olala ebusika.

Kodwa empeleni ngingumuntu ongumzenzisi, ngoba ngiyayithanda ngasese i-jargon, futhi ingena ekubhaleni kwami kakhudlwana kunokunempilo.Kwaqala e-Paul Smith's College enyakatho ye-NY State lapho ngifunda ukuthi “izilwane ezingenamgogodla” zaziyizinto ezinwabuzelayo odakeni nangaphansi kwamadwala ngaphansi kwemifudlana.Ngokushesha bakufanelekela ukutadisha.Bengiziqhenya kakhulu ngephepha lami lethemu, Isitatimende Somthelela Wemvelo mbumbulu lapho ngicaphune khona izinto ezifana ne-Lloyd, Zar kanye neCarr Modification ye-Sorenson Coefficient of Species Diversity and Evenness, lapho igama elithi "C" lilingana no-3.321928 (sicela ubhekisele kuThebula B eSithasiselweni).

Oprofesa bami babekwazi kahle engangikusho.Kodwa usizi lwesakhamuzi esivamile esifuna ukwazi umthelela ongaba khona wentuthuko enkulu edolobheni lakubo aluzange lufike kimi ngaleso sikhathi.Ukwenza umqondo wamakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamakhasi emfucumfucu efana naleyo kuSitatimende Somthelela Wezemvelo akukona okomuntu onenhliziyo ebuthakathaka.

Ngabe sengisebenzela uMnyango Wezokongiwa Kwemvelo waseNew York State (NYSDEC) ukuze uphenye futhi uhlanze inhlabathi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba angcoliswe uwoyela nezincibilikisi.Noma, ku-jargon yebhizinisi, i-L-NAPL ne-D-NAPL.Lezo izinhlobo ezimbili zama-apula anobuthi, ngicabanga.Empeleni bamele “I-Light, Non-Aqueous-Phase Liquids” kanye “Ne-Dense, Non-Aqueous-Phase Liquids.”Ngemva kwemibiko embalwa egcwele lawo magama, kanye nezinto ezifana nokuthi "ukungena komoya ngamalensi amancane e-heterogeneic ekwakhekeni kwe-glacial outwash," kanye "nokuguqulwa kwesizini ye-hydrogeological gradient," amehlo ami ayezophambana.Futhi lawo bekungamaphepha engawabhala.

Engxoxweni nomsakazi we-CBC Radio, i-As It Happens, uCarol Off ngosuku olufanayo nombiko kaSchulman, u-Schulman wacacisa ukuthi “angiqondile ukumela i-jargon.Ngicabanga ukuthi kunokunemba nokusebenza kahle ngala magama abantu abawaziyo abawaqondayo.”Leli yiphuzu elibalulekile.Isibonelo, yonke i-jargon emnandi engayifunda ukuyisebenzisa e-NYSDEC yayibalulekile ekukhulumeni nabaxhumanisi nosonkontileka.Ngathola ukuthi ngemva kokucwiliswa emhlabeni wokulungisa ukuchitheka kwegazi iminyaka embalwa, kwaba imvelo yesibili ukukhuluma nawo wonke umuntu ngaleyo ndlela.Kwadingeka ngiphinde ngifunde ukukhuluma ngendlela evamile, ngithi, umninikhaya onomthombo ongcolile uma kuqhathaniswa nomxhumanisi owayenikezwe umsebenzi wokuklama uhlelo lokuhlunga.Kukho konke ubuqotho, singase sidinge ukuhunyushwa kwemibiko yobuchwepheshe, eyenziwe ababhali abahle kakhulu abanesizinda esiqinile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.

Njengoba u-Hillary Schulman etshela i-CBC, "Lapho ososayensi besebenzisa la magama ngokuzenzakalelayo bangase bahlukanise izethameli zabo ngaphezu kwalokho abakuqaphelayo."Angifaneleki njengososayensi, kodwa ngibhala ngesayensi, ngakho-ke ngizozama ukungafihli ngokushesha.

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Nakuba umama wami wase-Irish-American wangifundisa ukuthi isiqalo u-O' (inzalo ka-) ekuqaleni sasiyingxenye yezibongo ezivamile zase-Irish ezifana no-Kelly, uMurphy, uHogan noKennedy, bekungazwakala kungavamile ezindlebeni zami ukuthi le mindeni ibuyele ku-Old kungazelelwe. -Ifomu lomhlaba.Nginenkinga efanayo ne-New-World marsupial ecacile, i-opossum.Esigodini saseGenesee saseSifundazweni SaseNew York lapho ngakhulela khona, laba bahlaziyi abatholakala yonke indawo babaziwa yibo bonke ngokuthi ama-possum, futhi kusazwakala njengelinye izwe ukuzwa igama labo liphinyiselwa ngamagama amathathu.

Ezinhlotsheni ezingu-103 ezaziwayo zama-opossums emhlabeni, cishe zonke zihlala eNingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi (ngokwerekhodi, awekho ama-possums noma ama-opossum e-Ireland).Lapha eNyakatho Melika, sineyodwa nje, i-Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana).

Kubonakala sengathi lesi silwane savela eNingizimu Melika, saqala ukuvela emlandweni wezinsalela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-20 edlule.Yazulazula enyakatho cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2.7 edlule phakathi nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “UMehlukanondlela Omkhulu WaseMelika,” ngokusobala uhlobo oluthile lohlelo lokuqala lokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe.Lokhu kwaba lapho izinhlobo zasenyakatho njengezinyamazane, izimpungushe, onogwaja, amabhere, izimpisi nama-otters zihlasela iNingizimu Melika.Ngokungeziwe kuma-possums, ama-southern critters afudukela enyakatho ahlanganisa ama-anteater namalulwane angama-vampire, kanye nenqwaba yezinhlobo ezingazange zisithande isimo sezulu sethu, futhi zashabalala ngokushesha lapha.

Njenge-skunk, i-moose, i-muskrat, i-woodchuck nezinye izilwane eziningi ezihlala emazweni aseMelika, lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezifakwe emaphaketheni zaziwa yithina bokufika baseYurophu ngelinye lamagama azo omdabu.Kulokhu, i-opossum yigama elithi Powhatan, elabhalwa okokuqala ngesiNgisi nguCaptain John Smith cishe ngo-1609 eJamestown ekoloni laseVirginia.Ngike ngafunda ukuthi igama elithi Powhatan elithi “apassum” libhekisela entweni emhlophe nenjengenja, kodwa uSmith wachaza lesi silo ngokuthi silingana nekati, sinomsila wegundane, nekhanda elifana nelengulube.

Ngisho nanamuhla, abantu benza ihlaya ngokuthi i-opossum ihlanganiswe nezingxenye ezisele, nakuba ngicabanga ukuthi i-platypus ithatha umklomelo walokho, (iwebhu) ukuya phansi.Kumelwe ngivume ukuthi ama-possum abonakala eyi-menagerie impela: Anezithupha eziphikiswayo njengezimfene, ama-koalas nama-panda, nakuba izinyawo zawo zangemuva, kunezingaphambili, zishesha kakhulu.Okuwukuphela kwe-marsupial yaseMelika, banesici esakhelwe ngaphakathi se-sling njengoba nje kwenza ama-kangaroo nama-wallabies.Imisila yawo i-prehensile, iyakwazi ukugoqa nokubamba izinto ngendlela inkawu ekwazi ngayo.Futhi anomlomo ogcwele amazinyo angu-50 afana nenaliti, ama-possum ayisilwane esincelisayo saseNyakatho Melika esinamazinyo kakhulu.Mhlawumbe bangaphansi kwe-spare-parts critter, futhi bafana nesilwane esinamathuluzi amaningi.

Leso sifaniso singase sibe nekhono, njengoba ama-possum ekwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, awaxaki nhlobo ngokuthi adlani noma ahlalaphi.Ukudla kwazo kungafaka noma yini kusukela kudoti kanye nenyama ebolayo, izithelo ezintsha nemifino, ukuphila izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasezweni namaqanda ezinyoni.Umkhaya we-opossum onabantwana abangaba yi-joey abayishumi nantathu usekhaya ngokulinganayo esihlahleni esingenalutho emahlathini, umgodi oshiywe dengwane epulazini, noma ngaphansi kompheme ongemuva endaweni engaphansi kwedolobha.

Ukuhlobana kwawo nenyama efile kanye nokunye ukudla okunuka kabi kwenza ama-opossum abe negama elibi, kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa namagundane, ama-raccoon nama-skunk abamba imigqomo yomquba kanye nokubulawa komgwaqo, aphuma enuka njenge roses.Okokuqala, ama-possum awavamile ukuthola amarabi.Kukholakala ukuthi izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo eliphansi ngokungavamile lenza kube nzima ngegciwane ukuthi liphile, yingakho bengathathwa njenge-vector yamarabi.Ngokuvamile athambile, futhi awaziwa ngokuhlupha abantu noma izilwane ezifuywayo.

Eqinisweni, ngisho noma i-possum yayicasukile, yayingeke ikwazi ukuzilwela."Ukudlala i-possum" akulona isu, kodwa impendulo yemizwa efana nokubanjwa.Njengoba umzimba wayo ugoqa futhi uqina, izindebe zayo zihlehla ukuze ziveze amazinyo, agcwala amathe akhihlizayo.Ingxenye ejabulisa ngempela ukuthi uketshezi olunuka kabi luphuma ezindlaleni zalo zangemuva.Kuthatha noma yikuphi ukusuka emizuzwini embalwa ukuya emahoreni ambalwa ukuze isilwane sibuye sakwazi ukuphaphama.Akumangalisi ukuthi ukusebenza okuphoqelela okunjalo kufakwe ikhodi ku-possum DNA.Lokhu kusabela okuzenzekelayo kunamandla ngokuya ngeminyaka, ngakho-ke osemncane angase angayitholi imemo ukuze aquleke imizuzu embalwa emdlalweni wokuhayiza.

Manje njengoba umkhaza onemilenze emnyama noma wenyamazane ususunguliwe esifundeni sethu, isifo seLyme nezinhlobonhlobo zaso eziningana, kanye nezinye izifo ezithwalwa imikhaza, ziyizinsongo zangempela.Uma ama-opossum engakushayi njengamahle, ungase uwathande kangcono uma ufunda ukuthi adla cishe u-95% wemikhaza abawathola emizimbeni yabo.Baze babanjwa ngamakhamera bechoma amakhizane aqunjelwe ebusweni bezinyamazane.Uma kubhekwa ukuthi umkhaza wensikazi ongene ngokugcwele ukhukhumala izikhathi ezingu-600 isisindo sawo soqobo, ngicabanga ukuthi ukuwudla kungaba okulingana ne-possum yokuba nesoseji legazi ngesikhathi sokudla kwakusihlwa.

Izilinganiso zenani lemikhaza ebabulalayo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, kodwa phakathi neminyaka emibili kuya kwemine yokuphila kwayo, i-opossum ingase ibulale imikhaza engaba ngu-20 000 kuya ku-40 000.Nakuba kungase kuzwakale sengathi kufanele sonke siqale ukukhulisa ama-possums ezilwane ezifuywayo, ake sikubeke lokhu kumongo: lezo zinombolo zimelela inzalo yomkhaza wezinyamazane eziwu-7 kuya kwezingu-14.Noma kunjalo, kungcono kunalutho.

Ngokusho kwe-researchgate.net, ama-opossum ayevinjelwe eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule.Ngaleso sikhathi uhla lwazo lwalusuka empumalanga yeTexas luze lufike enyakatho ye-Illinois, bese lusempumalanga, lugudle eningizimu yeGreat Lakes ngomugqa omangelengele unqamule enyakatho yePennsylvania uye ogwini.

Manje atholakala kulo lonke elaseWisconsin, eMichigan, naseNew England, naseningizimu ye-Ontario naseQuebec.Lapho ngithuthela e-St. Lawrence Valley ngo-2000, abantu bendawo ababekhulele lapho baqinisekisa ukuthi kwakungakabikho ama-possum kuleyo ndawo.Kwaze kwaba ngu-2016 lapho ngabona khona i-opossum yami yokuqala eyabulawa umgwaqo lapho.Kusukela lapho, ukubona sekuye kwanda minyaka yonke.

Akukacaci ukuthi leli izinga elingokwemvelo lokusabalala, noma liye lasheshiswa izinguquko zesimo sezulu ezibangelwa umuntu njengezinkathi ezikhulayo ezikhulayo nobusika obupholile.Ama-Opossum awalali, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi amakhaza anamandla abe yisici esake sakhawulela ububanzi bawo.Noma kunjalo, ngiphakamisa ukuthi samukele abafika abangajwayelekile kodwa abalungiswe kahle.Sonke sake saba abokufika.

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Umkami oyi-francophone uvamise ukuhleka njengoba ngiqala ukufunda ukufunda, njengangesikhathi ngithi connard lapho ngiqonde canard.Kwabakhuluma isiNgisi abakhuluma isiNgisi ngolimi olulodwa, i-canard isho idada, kuyilapho okulingana kabi ne-connard kuyigama elinemilolozelo nelithi “spithead,” futhi ongafuni izingane zakho zilisho.Kodwa lapho ama-mallards namanye ama-puddle-dada ekhathazekile, lezi zibili zihlobene.I-drake noma owesilisa uyi-connard ngokuphelele kwesinye isikhathi.

Umgomo kaDarwin othi “survival the fittest” awusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi ubani onqoba impi ye-antler noma umqhudelwano wokubambana ngezingalo.Ukufaneleka kusho ukufanela indawo okuzungezile ukuze umuntu aphile isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba azale futhi kanjalo adlulisele i-DNA yomuntu.Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kusho ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.

I-mallard, mhlawumbe idada elaziwa kakhulu eNyakatho Melika kanye nodrake onekhanda elicwebezelayo eliluhlaza okotshani, ibhilidi eliwolintshi elikhanyayo kanye nokhololo olumhlophe qhwa, kungase kube uhlobo olunamandla kunawo wonke.Eqinisweni, isazi sebhayoloji saseNyuvesi yase-Alberta u-Lee Foote uye wawabiza ngokuthi “i-Chevy Impala yamadada.”Kulabo abazalwa ngemva kuka-1990, i-Impala eyake yaba khona yonke indawo yayiyi-sedan enenhloso yonke, ecishe ingangenwa izinhlamvu.

ukukhathazeka.”Lokhu kubizwa kuzwakala kungenandaba, kodwa kunokukhathazeka ezindaweni ezifana neNingizimu Afrika neNew

Ngokungafani nezimoto, lapho ama-hybrids elungile kodwa engavamile ukuba mahhala, ama-mallard hybrids avame kakhulu kangangokuthi amanye amadada angase anyamalale njengezinhlobo ezihlukile.Imvamisa, isici esichazayo sohlobo oluthile iqiniso ukuthi alukwazi ukuwela nezinye izinhlobo ukuze lukhiqize inzalo, noma okungenani noma yiziphi ezivundile.UMallards, ngokusobala, akazifundi izincwadi.Ngiyakuzonda uma imvelo yenza lokho.

I-Mallard hyper-hybridization ibangelwa ukuthi yavela ngasekupheleni kwe-Pleistocene, yakamuva ngokwemibandela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.I-Mallards nezihlobo zabo "kuphela" baqala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezedlule.Izilwane ezisuka ezigidini zeminyaka edlule ziye zaba nesikhathi sokusabalalisa nokuthuthukisa ukujwayela okuyingqayizivele, ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa izinguquko zomzimba nezokuziphatha ezizenza zingahambisani nezinhlobo ezihlobene.

Ama-mallards avame ukuhlangana namadada amnyama aseMelika, kodwa futhi azalanisa okungenani nezinye izinhlobo eziyishumi nambili, kwezinye izimo okuholela ekulahlekeni noma ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane.Ngokusho kwe-Global Invasive Species Database (GISD), "Ngenxa yalokho [ukuzalanisa kwe-mallard], idada laseMexico alisabhekwa njengohlobo lwezilwane, futhi kusele amaphesenti angaphansi kwamahlanu amadada ampunga angaxutshiwe aseNew Zealand."

Ama-mallards awuhlobo lwedada elidakayo noma elidlalayo, eligxilisa amakhanda alo ngaphansi kwamanzi ukuze lidle ama-mollusk, izibungu zezinambuzane kanye nezikelemu, ngokuphambene nokutshuza ngemva kokudla inyamazane.Zibuye zidle imbewu, utshani kanye nezitshalo zasemanzini.Njengoba bejwayelene kahle nabantu, babonakala bejabulela ukudla isinkwa sasemini emapaki edolobha.

Isu labo lokukhwelana, nakuba lingenawo umthwalo wempumelelo yabo, lingase libe wumfuziselo walo.Cishe kumaphesenti angama-97 ezinhlobo zezinyoni zale planethi, ukukhwelana kuyisenzakalo esifushane, sangaphandle lapho izinto zeduna zidluliselwa kwensikazi ngokuthintana kwazo emhlane zombili kuphelela ndawonye kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi (abantu okungenani) “ukuqabulana kwe-cloacal. ”I-cloaca ivula inhloso yonke yenyoni esetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amaqanda, indle nanoma yini, njengoba kudingeka.Lokhu kusebenza kwe-PG-13 kuzwakala noma yini ngaphandle kothando.

Amadada athile aye kokunye okweqisayo, edlala ocansini olulinganiselwe ngo-X, olunodlame.Amaduna amadada angaba namalungu amade kunemizimba yawo, okuyinto ebeka izinto ngendlela yethu thina bafana.Futhi, kuvamile ukuthi inqwaba yama-mallard drake ikhwelane nesikhukhukazi ngasinye, ngezinye izikhathi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngezinye izikhathi kubangele ukulimala noma, akuvamile, ukufa kwensikazi.

Lokhu kubonakala kuyindlela embi yokuphatha uhlobo oluthile, ngamadrake abulala abantu besifazane.Kodwa ngokombono weqembu-ukusinda, kunomqondo othile kuwo.Abesifazane baye babonwa beqoqa amadada abonakala sengathi akukho okungcono angakwenza.Isizathu sokuthi isikhukhukazi se-mallard singahlasela ihholo lokubhukuda noma amanye ama-drake-hangout ukuze sisenze basilandele sihlobene nempilo yaso.Ngokungafani nehansi laseCanada, elaziwa ngokuphila kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi kuya kwengamashumi amabili nanhlanu emvelweni, ama-mallards asendle anesilinganiso sokuphila seminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu.Lokhu kusho ukuthi iningi lezinsikazi, eziqala ukuzala zineminyaka emibili, zizokhwelana kanye kuphela ekuphileni kwazo.Ukuzalanisa okuningi, okungase kubeke isikhukhukazi engozini, kuzoqinisekisa okungenani ukuthi amaqanda aso azovunda.

Futhi amadada amantombazane anemfihlo, uma exakile, isu - uma isikhukhukazi sithola ukunakwa ngabafana, singase singakwazi ukuwaxosha kodwa singakhetha ubaba wedada.Uma owesilisa engahambisani naye, uzoqondisa isitho sangasese sowesifazane ohluliwe esithweni sangasese sangasese esifile kuze kube yilapho eseqedile, i-copulation fake-out.Kodwa uma ethanda

idrake, insizwa enenhlanhla izovunyelwa ukuthi ihambe amayadi ayisishiyagalolunye wonke.Ngakho-ke ukukhuluma - ngiyangabaza ukuthi yinde kangako.

Ngokusobala, ama-mallards awadingi usizo lwethu ekutholeni ukudla.Ezimweni eziningi akuwona umqondo omuhle - futhi imithetho yendawo ingase ikunqabele - ukuphakela izinyoni zasemanzini.Lokhu kungaholela ekwandeni kokungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye nezifo, ngisho nezinye izifo ezithinta abantu.Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukulunywa kwababhukudi,” okuyisinambuzane samadada esingahlasela abantu abasolwandle, sincane kakhulu kuzo.I-GISD ithi “…ama-mallards ayiwona magciwane ahamba ibanga elide e-H5N1 [umkhuhlane wezinyoni] njengoba ekhipha inani eliphakeme kakhulu legciwane kunamanye amadada kuyilapho ebonakala engavikelekile emiphumeleni yawo… inikeza isixhumanisi ezinyonini zasemanzini zasendle, izilwane ezifuywayo, kanye nabantu, okuyenza ibe igciwane elibulalayo eliphelele.”

Ukuphila okufushane kwama-mallards kwenze lezi zilwane zakha amasu ahlanganisa ukuziphatha okunokhahlo kwabesilisa.Abantu abanazo izaba ezinjalo.Kungaba yidada uma thina bafana singavuma ukuthi singalokothi senze njenge-connard, kodwa lokho kungase kungabi ngokoqobo ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi.Mhlawumbe singazama okungenani ukukhuluma izilimi ezimbili.

Ngezinye izikhathi ngiyazibuza ukuthi ingabe izinhlupho zeBhayibheli zaseGibhithe lasendulo ziye zaqhubeka ngandlela thize.Izimbali zolwelwe olunobuthi, ngezinye izikhathi ezishintsha amanzi abe umbala obomvu njengegazi, ziyanda.Omiyane nezintwala kuthathelwe indawo imikhaza yenyamazane, engingaphika ukuthi kubi nakakhulu, futhi asikho isichotho esishodayo ngesikhathi sonyaka.Kungenzeka ukuthi amaxoxo awazange abe khona kusukela ngesikhathi sikaFaro, kodwa amaselesele kamoba anobuthi athunyelwa e-Australia manje aseyalunywa lapho, eqeda zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zomdabu.Futhi njengamanje, uquqaba lwesikhonyane lubangela ubunzima obukhulu eSomalia, e-Ethiopia, naseKenya.

Lapha eNyakatho-mpumalanga, sikhululekile ngokubusiswa ohlotsheni lwezintethe eziqhubeka zibangela ukuhlupheka e-Afrika.Noma kunjalo, isikhonyane sesiyinkinga kangangokuthi ngo-2014 uMnyango Wezokongiwa Kwemvelo waseNew York State (NYSDEC) wamemezela ukuthi isikhonyane siyi-Regulated Invasive Species, okusho ukuthi “asikwazi ukwethulwa ngamabomu endaweni ekhululekile.”Ngamanye amazwi, izinkumbi zisemthethweni kuphela endaweni ezingenakuphunyuka kuyo.

Njengenjwayelo lokhu kuwukuvuleka okukhohlisayo, engingaxolisi ngakho ngobuqotho.Ezintanyeni zethu zehlathi, izinkumbi ezithinta i-NYSDEC namanye amaqembu okulondoloza imvelo yizinkumbi ezimnyama (Robinia pseudoacacia), izihlahla ezinemvelaphi eCentral-Eastern US.

Ilungu lomndeni we-pea, isikhonyane esimnyama sivuthwa sibe ngamafidi angama-60-80 ubude, futhi sizenzele esaso initrogen “ngokulungisa” i-nitrogen yasemkhathini ngamabhaktheriya enhlabathini ye-symbiotic kumaqhuqhuva ezimpande.Lo manyolo wamahhala unikeza isikhonyane inzuzo ezindaweni ezingenazo izakhamzimba.Ukwengeza, bangochwepheshe ekuzihlanganiseni ngezimpande noma amahlumela, njengoba kwenza ubhabhulini.Ikakhulukazi enhlabathini empofu, lokhu kungaholela ezindaweni eziseduze ne-monoculture yesikhonyane.Intethe izinikeza elinye iso elimnyama ngokuba nameva abukhali akwazi ukusika izingubo nesikhumba.

Ngokwencazelo, uhlobo oluhlaselayo luvela kwenye i-ecosystem (ngokuvamile ephesheya kwezilwandle), luyakwazi ukuchuma futhi luthathe indawo yezimbangi zabomdabu, futhi lubangele imiphumela ebalulekile yezomnotho, yemvelo, noma yezempilo yabantu.Izibonelo ezifana ne-emerald ash borer, ibhungane elinezimpondo ezinde zase-Asia, i-Japanese knotweed, ne-swallow-wort ziwufanela kahle lowo mthetho, okwenza umonakalo wezigidigidi, kodwa ezingenazo izimfanelo ezinhle.

Ngicabanga ukuthi akulungile ukupenda zonke izinto ezihlaselayo ngebhulashi elifanayo.Okokuqala, uma kubhekwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 zezilwane ezihlaselayo e-NY State kuphela, ama-bristles azoguga kudala ngaphambi kokuba uqedele umsebenzi.Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isikhonyane esimnyama, okubikwa ukuthi sasakazwa kusukela ebangeni laso lendabuko eminyakeni engu-500 noma ngaphezulu edlule, siye sabizwa ngokuthi sihlasela eminyakeni eyishumi edlule noma ngaphezulu.Emathafeni, nasezindaweni ezihlala izinyoni ezihlala emathafeni ngokuvamile, kungaba yinkinga ngempela.Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izindawo eziningi lapho kunenzuzo ngokusobala, ngokwezomnotho kanye nangokwezemvelo.

UDkt. Robert P. Barrett waseMichigan State University, obelokhu ecwaninga ngezihlahla zesikhonyane ezimnyama kusukela ngo-1978, ubhala ukuthi “… ngenxa yama-flavonoid e-heartwood, [ukhuni lwesikhonyane esimnyama] lungahlala iminyaka engaphezu kweyikhulu emhlabathini.”Hambisa ngaphezulu, redwood, ehlala iminyaka engama-30 kuphela.Ukumelana nokubola yikho okwenza isidingo sezingosi zocingo lwesikhonyane sibe ngaphezu kwalokho okutholakalayo ngalesi sikhathi.

Le khwalithi yisizathu esenza ukuthi isikhonyane esimnyama singeniswe eYurophu ekuqaleni kwawo-1600s.Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izazi zamahlathi zaseYurophu zenze umsebenzi ophakeme wokukhetha izici ezinjengeziqu eziqondile, ezifanayo, futhi namuhla imithombo engcono kakhulu yesikhonyane esihle kuthiwa itholakala eHungary.Abalimi baseYurophu ngokushesha baqaphela ukuthi amaqabunga esikhonyane ayewumthombo obalulekile wamaprotheni emfuyo edlayo, futhi kuze kube namuhla isetshenziswa kanjalo eYurophu kanye nasemazweni amaningi ase-Asia lapho isikhonyane esimnyama sasithunyelwa khona.

Ebhalela Uhlelo Lwamapulazi Amancane AseCornell, Uchwepheshe Wezandiso uSteve Gabriel uphawula ukuthi abafuyi bezinyosi bayasazisa isikhonyane esimnyama.Izimbali zawo ziwumthombo obalulekile wompe ezinyosini, futhi uju oluwumphumela, ngezinye izikhathi olubizwa ngokuthi uju lomtholo, lufunwa kakhulu.UGabriel ubuye abhale ukuthi isikhonyane esimnyama sisetshenziswa “njengesitshalo sabahlengikazi” ezinsimini zezithelo zomvini ngoba sifaka initrogen enhlabathini, futhi asithintwa ubuthi obuphuma ezimpandeni zama-walnut.

Elinye iphuzu ukuthi isikhonyane esimnyama sikulungele ukubuyisela imigodi yamatshe, izimayini ezicushwayo nezinye izindawo ezinzima.Ekuphetheni kwephepha lakhe lango-1990 elithi “Intethe Emnyama: Izinhlobo Zezihlahla Zezinjongo Eziningi Zesimo Sezulu Esipholile,” uDkt. Barrett uthi “Njengesinye sezihlahla ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nezikhula ngokushesha ezitholakalayo ezindaweni ezipholile, siyohlale saziswa ngokuguguleka. ukulawula nokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezinzima.Amahlathi amakhulu amasha ezinhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha angase adingeke ukuze kuncishiswe ukunqwabelana kwe-CO2 emkhathini wethu.”

Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi isikhonyane esimnyama sikhula ngokushesha ezindaweni ezimpofu, ukhuni lwaso lunenani lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu ngomthamo wanoma yisiphi isihlahla eNyakatho-mpumalanga.Amashadi e-Wood-BTU awavamisile ukuvumelana, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezimo ezikhulayo endaweni ngezindawo ezithinta ikhwalithi yokhuni, kodwa izinkumbi ezimnyama zivame ukulinganiswa phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-28 nezingu-29.7 ze-BTU ngentambo ngayinye.Lokhu kuyibeka ngokulingana, noma kangcono kancane kune-hickory.Izivivinyo ezenziwa yi-Southern Forest Biomass Working Group zathola ukuthi kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesihlahla oluhloliwe, isikhonyane esimnyama sasishibhe kakhulu ukusikhulisa futhi sikhiphe inani elikhulu lokushisa, cishe ngama-BTU ayizigidi ezingu-200 ihektare ngalinye ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu.

Ngokwezentengiselwano, izinkumbi ezimnyama zifunwa kakhulu izingodo zemayini, izibopho zikaloliwe, ukwakhiwa kwezikebhe, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi lapho kubalulekile ukumelana nokubola.Ngokusho kwe-wood-database.com, "I-Black Locust iwukhuni oluqinile futhi oluqinile, luqhudelana ne-Hickory (i-Carya genus) njengokhuni oluqinile noluqine kakhulu lwasekhaya, kodwa olunokuqina nokumelana nokubola."I-International Union for the Conservation of Nature iyibheka njengenye yemithombo yamapulangwe esimeme futhi evumelana nemvelo, futhi i-National Wildlife Foundation ithi inezinhlobo ezingu-57 zezimvemvane namabhu.Zonke izizathu ezinhle zokugadla kwesikhonyane ohlwini lwezinhlupho.

Emzamweni wokukhuthaza impilo enempilo, ngithanda ukuxwayisa umphakathi ngamakhemikhali ayingozi ekudleni naseziphuzweni zethu.Okukodwa ikakhulukazi kubonakala kunzima ukukugwema.Qaphela i-Dihydrogen Oxide, isakhi esisabisayo esikwazi ukugqwalisa insimbi, ukuncibilikisa ukhonkolo, futhi kulimaze uxhaxha lwezinto zasendlini.Linda, cha – lawo ngamanzi nje.Ngijabule ngalutho.

KULUNGILE, nansi i-flash yezindaba ephazamisayo: izaqathi eziphilayo zaziwa ukuthi ziqukethe (2E,4E,6E,8E) -3,7-dimethyl-9- (2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-retinoic acid.Bamba kancane;ngiyaxolisa – lokho kuyiVithamini A yemvelo. Kodwa ubhontshisi wesoya ongenazibulali zinambuzane nakanjani ugcwele i-4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin.Lokho kuzokwenza ukuthi ucabange kabili mayelana nokubeka i-tofu kwimfoloko yakho.Eshu, ngikwenzile futhi.Lezo zinto ziyi-Vitamin B6, etholakala ezinhlamvwini eziningi - ngiyaxolisa ngokufaka unyawo lwami emlonyeni wami.

Sonke sifuna ukudla okunempilo, okunambithayo, okungenabo ubuthi.Ngeshwa, kuya ngokuya kuyinselele ukwazi ukuthi ukudla kwethu kuyahambisana yini naleyo ncazelo.Amagama afana nelithi “imvelo” kanye “nemvelo” asenamanzi futhi aphithikeka esitsheni sokuphatha - engiphakamisa ukuthi wonke umuntu awagweme, ngendlela - futhi alahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwawo.Kafushane (ngaphandle uma ungezwani), ukudla okusesikhathini sonyaka kanye nesifunda kuhlala kusilungele.Uma umlimi Eyi-Certified Organic, noma engafakazela umkhiqizo wakhe noma inyama ayizange yelashwe ngamakhemikhali, kungcono kakhulu.Kodwa ayikho indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudla okuthile akunawo ama-compounds angeziwe.

Into eyodwa okufanele siyikhumbule ukuthi konke ukudla esikudlayo - kanye namangqamuzana ethu - enziwe ngamakhemikhali.Kuya ngokuthi umuntu usebenzisa luphi ulimi, lezi zinto zingabonakala ziyingozi ngokuphelele.

Kunenhlangano ebizwa nge-International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists noma i-IUPAC, okuwumsebenzi wayo ukusidida.Nokho, yilokho abakwenzayo, kodwa akuyona inhloso yabo.Kunalokho, laba bantu bavumelene ngohlelo lokuqanjwa kwendawo yonke lwamakhemikhali ukuze ulimi lungalokothi lube isithiyo ocwaningweni.Kodwa ke

Okwenzeka ngempela ukuthi into enempilo ngokuvamile izobonakala iyethusa kwabangewona amakhemikhali.Uma uthanda iphunga lezihlahla zikaphayini, njengoba nami ngenza, uhogela i-isomeric tertiary kanye ne-secondary cyclic terpene alcohols.Kuzwakala kusabisa, kodwa kuphephe ngokuphelele.Ukwakheka kuyehluka ngezinhlobo, kodwa uma kunguphayini omhlophe, unuka i-CAS Number 8002-09-3.Efomini eligxilile, uwoyela kaphayini ubalwe njengesibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokucasula kwamehlo okukhulu.Kumane kuwumdlalo wamagama, nokho.Ngicela uqhubeke nohambo lwakho ehlathini.

Okungiphatha kabi yindlela amagama asetshenziswa ngayo.Nakuba ngidla inyama, kwangicasula ukubona umfanekiso osanda kwenziwa ku-inthanethi ogxeka ukudla okusekelwe emifino, okufana nenyama (noma noma yini engivunyelwe abagqugquzeli bezokuvakasha kanye nabameli ukuba ngiyisho) ngokuba “namakhemikhali ayingozi” kukho.Lesi sikhangiso sacaphuna i-iron phosphate, “i-bait ye-slug;”i-titanium dioxide, “into emhlophe esetshenziswa kupende;nezinye izinto ezesabekayo.

Phela, i-iron phosphate iyinhlanganisela eyenzeka ngokwemvelo.Kuhle nakuwe, inqobo nje uma ungasidli isisindo somzimba wakho.Yilapho ama-slugs enza iphutha.I-Titanium dioxide ayiyona imvelo, kodwa ngiyaqinisekisa ukuthi cishe usuligwinyile ikhilogremu yayo manje, njengoba ikuzo zonke izinongo zethu, isikhilimu sekhofi, amaswidi,

Ukuqoqwa kwezihlahla kuyisihloko engingasebenza ngaso.Akukona uchwepheshe, akubukeki, akunasimilo, kuyingozi, futhi kungase kubangele ukwanda kwempandla yamadoda kanye nezimpelasonto ezinemvula.I-Topping ayicabangeki, iyasabeka, imbi futhi i-yucko!Lokho kufanele kucace kahle.Noma yimiphi imibuzo?Oh, kuyini ngempela ukuqoqwa kwesihlahla?Bamba kancane.Mmmm Kungcono.Kwadingeka ngisule igwebu emlonyeni wami.

Ukuqoqwa kwezihlahla, okungeke kuphazamise izinwele zakho noma isimo sezulu, ukususwa kwezitho kanye noma/ iziqu zibe ubude obungahleliwe, kushiye izigaxa.Ekwaziwa ngokuhlukile ngokuthi isihloko, ukuklebhula izigqoko noma i-tipping, igxekwa yi-International Society of Arboriculture nezinye izinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe zokunakekela izihlahla.

I-Topping akumele ididaniswe ne-pollarding, umkhuba owawusukela ezikhathini zasendulo lapho abalimi babengabulawa ngokugawula izihlahla zenkosi, kodwa babevunyelwa ukusika igatsha elinwetshiwe lonyaka libuyele “ebhola” ukuze lisetshenziswe njengophethiloli futhi ifolishi.I-pollarding ayisebenzi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, futhi ukuze iphumelele kufanele iqalwe lapho isihlahla sisesincane, futhi siqhubeke njalo ngonyaka.

Emuva ku-topping.Ifinyeza isihlahla, kodwa ayiguquli i-DNA yesihlahla esiyala ukuba sikhule sibe namandla ohlobo lwaso.Ngemuva kokuthi isakhiwo segatsha semvelo sibhujiswe yi-topping, ukukhula okusha kuqhuma emagxolweni.Lawa mahlumela, abizwa ngokuthi amahlumela e-epicormic, azoba amagatsha amakhulu.Ngeshwa, zihlale kabi enamathiselwe izinkuni umzali.

Ngenxa yokuthi isihlahla sijahile ukuphinda sithole ukuphakama okugunyazwe wufuzo, amagatsha amasha akhula ngokushesha kunokujwayelekile.Uyazi ukuthi ukuxhamazela kwenza imfucumfucu, futhi njengoba isihlahla sikhipha lezi zitho ezishintshayo, “siyakhohlwa” ukwengeza i-lignin eningi, okuwukhuni lokho okuyizinsimbi zokuqinisa ekukhoneni.I-Lignin yizinto ezinikeza amagatsha amandla.Ngakho-ke manje sinamagatsha abuthakathaka kunawokuqala, futhi aboshwe kabi esiqwini noma ukhuni lwegatsha elikhulu.

Kodwa kukhona ezinye izinto ezimbili.Into Eyodwa ukubola, okungena esilondeni ngasinye.Amagatsha ethu amasha antengantengayo azithola esenamathele esihlahleni esibolayo.Kungase kuthathe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu noma kwenzeke ngaphansi kwemihlanu, kodwa yonke i-top cut cut ikhula isitho sombulali.Eziqinisekeni ezimbalwa eziyigugu ekuphileni, ezintathu zazo “ziwukufa,” “izintela,” kanye “nokuqoshwa kwesihlahla kudala izingozi.”

Into Yesibili isabelomali sesihlahla.Isihlahla esinezigqoko kufanele sikhiphe imali ebhange (isitashi esiphelelwe yisitoreji) ukuze sishintshe izinkuni ezinamaqabunga ngesikhathi lapho ingxenye enkulu ye-akhawunti yaso yasebhange, isitashi esigcinwe ezicutshini ezinokhuni, yebiwe futhi iqhutshwa ku-chip. .

Izihlahla zidinga izinqolobane ukuze zenze amakhemikhali avikelayo avikela izinambuzane nokubola, ukwandisa izimpande, futhi akhiqize amaqabunga unyaka ngamunye.Isihlahla esiphezulu sibuthakathaka futhi sisengozini enkulu yokubola, izifo, nezinambuzane kunangaphambi “kokwelashwa” kwaso.Uma kufunwa isihlahla esifushane, kufanele kutshalwe uhlobo olukhula kancane.

Kungase kuzwakale sengathi ngiyahlehla, kodwa kunomkhuba obizwa ngokuthi “ukuthenwa kokunciphisa umqhele” okunganciphisa kancane ukuphakama kwezihlahla zokhuni oluqinile kuyilapho kugcinwa ukwakheka kwazo kwemvelo.Ukwehliswa komqhele kudinga ukuqeqeshwa okuhle ukwenza kahle.Inganciphisa kuphela ukuphakama kwesihlahla ngamaphesenti angama-20-25, futhi kufanele iphindwe njalo ngemva kweminyaka emi-3-5 njengokuhlakanipha komuntu onolwazi lwezihlahla.

Omunye umkhuba, obizwa ngokuthi "ukunciphisa umqhele," ukhuluma nokwesaba mayelana nokuphephuka kwesihlahla.Lokhu ukuthenwa okuhlakaniphile kwamagatsha ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke i-canopy ukunciphisa ukumelana komoya.Amaphesenti angama-20 amagatsha aphilayo angathathwa.Futhi, lokhu kuthatha ikhono elikhulu kakhulu kunokweqa.

I-International Society of Arboriculture, inhlangano yocwaningo nezemfundo yongoti bokunakekelwa kwezihlahla, yeluleka umphakathi ukuthi inkampani yezihlahla ekhangisa nge-topping akufanele iqashwe kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi.Isikhathi.Kalula nje, kuhle ukuthi ungabavumeli babeke unyawo endaweni yakho.Inkampani ezimisele ukubeka phezulu izihlahla ingaphansi kochwepheshe, futhi mancane amathuba okuthi iqonde ezinye izici zokunakekelwa kwesihlahla, okuhlanganisa nezinqubo zokuphepha eziyisisekelo.

Ukuqoqwa kwezihlahla kuyamukeleka, nokho, kubo bonke abajabulela izigqoko zezigqoko ezingamashumi amane, kanye namacala esikweletu.Manje ingabe ikhona imibuzo?

U-Paul Hetzler ube yi-ISA-Certified Arborist kusukela ngo-1996, futhi uyilungu le-ISA-Ontario, kanye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyatholakala ku-amazon.com

Njalo ngonyaka ngifundisa amakilasi amaningana okuhlonza izihlahla zasebusika.Ngisho noma zihlale zibanjelwe ngaphandle kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubanda kangakanani, ukuhlolwa kwabafundi kubonisa ukuthi amakilasi anjalo ngokuvamile amnandi.Ukubonisa ababambiqhaza ukuthi usitshela kanjani isihlahla sokhuni oluqinile esinamaqabunga kwesinye into eyodwa, kodwa ukuchaza ukuthi kungani umuntu kufanele azihluphe kuyinkimbinkimbi.Enye impendulo ingase ibe ukuthi, “Kusevivinyweni.”Kodwa kunezizathu eziningi ezisebenzayo - kanye nezisusa ezimbalwa nezisusa ezithakazelisayo - ukwazi uhlobo olulodwa lwesihlahla kwesinye ebusika.

Ngokombono wokusinda, noma ubani ozithola elahlekile noma evalelwe (noma oqinile ngokwanele ukuthi angakhempa) ngasekupheleni kobusika angathola amanzi ngokuphephile ngokuphuza ubisi.Lapho amazinga okushisa enyuka ngaphezu kwezinga-qhwa emini nangaphansi ebusuku, ubisi lutholakala kushukela, amabalazwe athambile (abomvu) nasiliva.Ubisi lwe-maple luzogeleza ekwindla ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kwansuku zonke kweqhwa.

Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba amaqabunga aphume, ukugeleza kwe-maple sap kuyaphela, kodwa ama-birches - amhlophe (iphepha), aphuzi, amnyama, ampunga, nomfula - akhiqiza ubisi oluningi kusukela maphakathi no-April kuya kuMeyi.Izivini zamagilebhisi zasendle zizokunikeza inqwaba yesiphuzo esingenayo i-pathogen futhi.Ekwindla nasekuqaleni kobusika, ukwazi ama-shrub dogwoods nama-viburnum avela ku-honeysuckle kungase kukutholele amajikijolo amnandi, agcwele amandla kunalawo ayingozi.

Uma umusha endaweni yokuhlala yasemaphandleni, ungase uchithe isikhathi esiningi kalula, ingasaphathwa eyokuphelelwa izinkuni zokubasa ebusika, uma usika inqwaba yokhuni ucabanga ukuthi umlotha.Kuyasiza kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi ngengcosana, umuntu angashisa umlotha osanda kusikwa kanye ne-cherry, kanti ezinye izingodo eziqinile ezisanda kusikwa zizofiphala esitofini.Futhi, ungajabulisa abangani bakho ngokuhlukanisa umjikelezo wemephu ethambile ngesandla esisodwa, bese ubanikeza iqatha le-elm noma i-bitternut hickory ukuze bazame inhlanhla yabo.Hhayi ukuthi ngike ngenze into enjalo mina.

I-Bark ayisona isici esithembekile se-ID.Ingase inikeze umkhondo, kodwa akufanele ithenjwe njengomthombo oyinhloko.Ama-birches angaba namagxolo amnyama, aphuzi noma abomvu, isibonelo.Akuwona wonke ama-hickory ane-shaggy bark.Amagxolo e-cherry ne-ironwood anemidwa evundlile enombala okhanyayo ebizwa ngokuthi ama-lenticel, kodwa okhunini oluncane kuphela.Amanye amaphethini amagxolo, njengemisele emise okwedayimane yomlotha, angase angabi khona kuye ngezimo zesizinda kanye nempilo yesihlahla.

Ithuluzi elingcono lokuxilonga liwuhlelo, okusho ukuthi amagatsha akhula ngokuphambana kwelinye egatsheni, noma ayashintshana.Izihlahla eziningi ziyashintshana, ngakho sigxila kokuphambene: i-maple, umlotha ne-dogwood, noma "MAD."Izihlahla nezihlahla ezincane emndenini wakwaCaprifolaceae, njenge-viburnum, nazo ziphambene.Umyalo othi “MAD Cap” ungase ukusize ulandelele ukuthi ubani ophambana naye nokuthi ubani ongekho.

Iphunga liyinkomba ethembekile, kodwa kuphela kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa.Amagatsha e-birch aphuzi namnyama anuka futhi anambitheka njenge-wintergreen.Hlanza igatsha le-cherry futhi uzothola i-alimondi ebabayo.I-maple ethambile (ebomvu) nesiliva inamagxolo afanayo, kodwa amagatsha ephunga lebalazwe elisiliva asezingeni lapho ephukile.

Zonke izihlahla ze-dogwood zethu ziyizihlahlana, ezishiya i-maple nomlotha njengamalungu odwa eklabhu yesihlahla esiphambene.Ungacabanga ukuthi lokho kungenza izinto zibe lula, kodwa izinto ezenzeka ezihlahleni zingatshala ukudideka.Igatsha ngalinye egatsheni lomlotha noma i-maple lingase lilahlekelwe "igatsha likazakwethu" ngakolunye uhlangothi lwalelo gatsha.Ukuphuka, amagciwane, ukulimala kweqhwa nezinye izinto kuzokwenza lokho, ngakho ungawathembi ngokuphelele amalungiselelo egatsha.

Ngenhlanhla yethu, ama-buds, njengama-Vulcans, awakwazi ukuqamba amanga.Bheka eduze kwegatsha ukuze ubone ukuthi imiqumbe iphambene noma iyashintshana.Usayizi we-Bud, ukwakheka kanye nokubekwa kuzonikeza eminye imikhondo.

I-Beech inemiqumbe emide efana ne-lance.Ibhalsamu-popular inemiqumbe enamathelayo, enamakha.Amabalazwe abomvu nasiliva anemiqumbe ekhukhumele, ebomvu.Imiqumbe ye-maple kashukela insundu futhi i-conical, njengekhoni likashukela.Ama-oki anamaqoqo emiqumbe ekugcineni kwegatsha ngalinye.Izinkumbi ezimnyama “ezingabonakali” zicasha ngaphansi kwamagxolo.

Ngaphakathi kwehlumela ngalinye kuneqabunga le-embryonic (kanye/noma imbali).Ukuze kuvikelwe izinhlawulo zazo zamathenda, imiqumbe eminingi yezihlahla inezikali ezeqayo ezivuleka entwasahlobo.Ama-basswood buds anezilinganiso ezimbili noma ezintathu, ezihluka kakhulu ngobukhulu.Ama-maple buds anezikali eziningi, ezifanayo.I-Butternut ne-hickory bud ayinazo izikali.Amathuluzi e-ID yesihlahla sasebusika angcono kakhulu ama-buds.Khumbula ukuthi;kungase kube ukuhlolwa.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nokuhlonza izihlahla, bheka incwadi ka-Cornell ethi “Yazi Izihlahla Zakho,” etholakala njengokulanda mahhala (http://www.uvstorm.org/Downloads/Know_Your_Trees_Booklet.pdf)

Kwesinye isikhathi kuba sengathi i-Old Man Winter inohlelo lokusebenza lokushintsha izinga lokushisa alivula ngaphambi kokunyamalala isonto noma amabili, mhlawumbe iye endaweni ethile efudumele.Angisho ukuthi isimo sezulu sikaDisemba besinzima, sinolaka nje.Ithemometha igxuma iye phezulu naphansi, isuka kokuncane iye ngaphansi kweziro, futhi iphindela emashumini amane nanhlanu ngenhla ngeviki elifanayo.Ngingowokusonteka kwesakhiwo okungalindelekile, kodwa uma usulibonile iphethini, indaba iba yisicefe.

Ngemva kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngakunye, ngizwa abantu bethi kudida kanjani ukukha amaqabunga ngolunye usuku, ngokulandelayo ukukhithike ngefosholo, bese kufanele kusetshenziswe amakhramponi ngosuku olulandelayo ngenxa yemvula eshubisa umnkantsha.Uma ucabanga ukuthi kuyasicasula thina bantu, esinokunethezeka kokuhlehlela ezindlini zethu ezifudumele, cabanga ukuthi izilwane zizizwa kanjani.

Imvula ebandayo ingaphazamisa izinto ezinyonini eziculayo ezihlala khona.Ama-Chickadees awakwazi ukuhlukanisa ama-birch nama-alder catkins athembele kuwo ukuze adle.Ama-nuthatches awakwazi ukukhipha imbewu kuphayini kanye nezigaxa zespruce ezimbozwe eqhweni.Izenzakalo ezinjalo ze-glaze zivamile, kodwa zenzeka kaningi lapho ubusika bushintsha ingqondo yabo njalo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.Uqweqwe lweqhwa phezu kweqhwa lungenza kube nzima ku-grouse nama-turkeys, nezinyamazane futhi, ukuthola ukuphequlula.

Kuwuhlobo olusobala ukuthi iqhwa elijulile livimbela izinyamazane ekufinyeleleni uhlaza phansi, ngaphezu kokuphazamisa ukunyakaza kwazo.Njengoba isikhwama seqhwa sijula ngamasentimitha ayishumi nesithupha noma ngaphezulu, izisu zabo ziyadonsa, futhi kuba nzima kubo ukuphakamisa imilenze yabo phezulu ngokwanele ukuze bathathe isinyathelo.Kulezi zimo, izinyamazane “zizoya phezulu,” zithole indawo yokukhosela endaweni ye-conifer.Ngaphansi kombhede ohlale uluhlaza kuneqhwa elincane kakhulu phansi ngoba amahlamvu avimba iqhwa eliningi.Inkinga iwukuthi kuncane kakhulu okudliwayo, futhi indlala ngezinye izikhathi iyenzeka emagcekeni ezinyamazane.

Ebusika obunzima, ama-turkeys amaningi nawo abulawa indlala.Ngokuvamile zidla ngokuhamba futhi zinwaya i-duff ukuze zikhiphe ukudla, into ezingakwazi ukuyenza eqhweni elijulile.Ama-turkeys azofuna amajikijolo ahlala ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni ezifana ne-highbush cranberry, i-hawthorn, i-sumac ne-hackberry, kodwa lokho kudla kulinganiselwe.

Nokho ezinye izidalwa zithembele eqhweni ukuze ziphile.Amagundane amancane, ama-meadow voles ikakhulukazi, ahamba kahle emhlabeni ngaphansi kweqhwa, eyaziwa nangokuthi imvelo ye-subnivean.Ziphephile ezinyonini ezidla inyama, izilwane ezizidlayo ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi zingathola inala yembewu yokhula nezinye izimila ezingadla kuzo.Ngeshwa lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kufaka phakathi amagxolo eziqu zezihlahla ezincane, okudumaza kakhulu abagadi bezithelo nabanikazi bezindlu.Kodwa-ke, ezingxenyeni ze-Adirondacks, i-American noma i-pine marten izingela amagundane ngaphansi kweqhwa.

Lapho izinto ezimhlophe zinqwabelana, onogwaja beshowshoe, abanezinyawo zabo ezinoboya okweqile, banenzuzo kunezilwane ezidla ezinye ezifana nezimpungushe ezinezinyawo ezithambile.Kodwa ngemijikelezo ephindaphindayo yokuncibilika kweqhwa, leyo nzuzo iyancibilika.Futhi izinhlobo ezithile zigqoka ezimhlophe phakathi nezinyanga ezibandayo.Ukufihla okumhlophe akusebenzi kuma-ermine nonogwaja lapho isimo sezulu esiguquguqukayo silokhu sishintshanisa umbala wangemuva.

Izimo zasebusika zithinta impilo yasemanzini, futhi.Umoya-mpilo ungena emanzini ngokuthintana nomoya, kanye ne-photosynthesis yezitshalo zasemanzini.Iqhwa neqhwa emigwaqweni yamanzi kunqamula ukukhanya kwelanga ezitshalweni, kanye nokuthintana komoya namanzi.

Ngokuka-Bud Ziolkowski waseSaranac Lake, owayengumqeqeshi we-Paul Smith's College onesizinda sebhayoloji yezokudoba, inani elincane lezinhlanzi ngokuvamile liyafa ngenxa yezimo zasebusika minyaka yonke.Nokho, ebusika obumbozwe yiqhwa isikhathi eside, umoya-mpilo osemanzini ungase unciphe kangangokuthi izinhlanzi eziningi zingase ziminyaniswe.Izinhlanzi akuzona zodwa ezisebenzisa umoya-mpilo ngaphansi kweqhwa—izitshalo ezibolayo endaweni engaphansi noma ama-benthos asebenzisa kakhulu ukwedlula izinhlanzi.

Ngethemba ukuthi i-Old Man Winter izobuya maduze, ishiswe yilanga futhi ijabule, futhi ivale “Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lweqhwa nomlilo” ukuze siqhubeke nesizini efanele.

Njengamanje, iningi labantu baseNyakatho Melika selizwile igama elithi “Yenza iMelika ibe yinhle futhi,” isiqubulo esasetshenziswa umkhankaso kaTrump oholela okhethweni lukazwelonke lwase-US lwango-2016. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lesi sisho singahunyushwa noma siqondwe kabi kanjani, kungokwemvelo ukuthi umcabango. lokubuyela endaweni engcono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwathinta abaningi baseMelika.

Ngicabanga ukuthi izinqumo eziningi zikaNcibijane zihlobene nombono ofanayo: Uma sidla kangcono, sizivocavoca kakhulu, siyeka ugwayi, sinciphisa utshwala noma ukudla okunamafutha, sithemba ukuthi sizophinde sithole isisindo esifanelekile noma amandla omzimba esasinawo.Ngisho noma singakaze sibe nomzimba ophelele noma impilo engenasici, sizibona singabantu abangcono futhi singathanda ukuthuthukela kukho.Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuyisifiso esihle.

Ukuyisa isizwe enkathini yakudala kungaba ubuqili.Thatha i-US, isibonelo.Ngo-1969, abasebenzi benza imali engama-26% ngaphezulu kunanamuhla.Kodwa kwaba nezibhelu zezinhlanga, nemifula eyavutha umlilo, futhi.Ngeminyaka yawo-1950, umnotho wakhula ngama-37%, kodwa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezingane zangenwa uvendle.Yebo kuyafana yonke indawo - alikho izwe elaba neminyaka emnandi uma ulunguza ngemuva kwekhethini.

Nokho, indaba ehlukile ngathi njengabantu ngabanye.Kumuntu, sonke saba nenkathi echumayo, futhi singakwazi ukubuyisela ezinye zezimfanelo zayo eziyigugu kakhulu.Ukuzivocavoca kanye nokudla okufanele kuhle, kodwa ngombono wami akunalutho ngaphandle kwezici eziyisisekelo zokuthi singcono kakhulu.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-28, ngangidla ukudla okuphilayo, okusansimbi okumpontshelwe, ngingaphuzi futhi ngingabhemi, ngikhuthazela njenge-decathlete, futhi nginesimiso sokusebenza esasingahlazisa amaPuritan.Kodwa hhayi isikhathi esifushane.Ngokuziqhenya ngalezo zinto, ngangivame ukwahlulela abantu abahlulekayo.Angikwazi ukuvuma ukuthi ngangingazethembi kangakanani kwakushiwo ukuthi ngiveze ukwesaba kwami kwabanye.Ngangihlose kahle, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ngangiba isigebengu esikhulu.

Manje sekuphindwe kabili kuleyo minyaka, sengiqalile ukuphindela ebuhleni.Awu, ngaleyo ndlela jikelele.Yebo, bengingasebenzisa ukuvivinya umzimba okwengeziwe namaswidi ambalwa, kodwa akukhona lokho engigxile kukho.Ngibe muhle nini ngokweqiniso?Kuyimpendulo efanayo kuwe.Okwawo wonke umuntu.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu wasidala saba yimifanekiso ephelele kodwa eyingqayizivele yesithombe saphezulu, noma ukuthi siwumkhiqizo weminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine zenqubo enhle kakhulu yezinto eziphilayo ebizwa ngokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, noma kokubili, kufanele uvume ukuthi size emhlabeni kuhle kakhulu. .KULUNGILE, impela - sifika singenalutho futhi sidinga ukunakekelwa.Lokho kunikezwe.

Sehla komama bethu siye kuPlanethi Yomhlaba sikwazi ngokuphelele ukwamukela nokunikeza uthando, olukwaziyo nokulangazelela ukufunda izinto ezimangalisayo.Siza namandla amakhulu ozwelo nozwelo.Wonke umuntu osanda kuzalwa ubonakala enekhono nesifiso sokuxhumana nokuxhumana nabantu.Noma yimuphi umuntu.Esantwaneni, wonke umuntu wamukelekile, njengoba enjalo emhlabeni.

Ngosuku esafika ngalo, sasikwazi ukuthanda noma ubani, kungakhathaliseki ibala lesikhumba, ubulili, noma ukuthi uvelaphi.Ngalolo suku sasivuleleke ngokugcwele ekuzizweni sifaneleka ukuba lapha futhi sithathe indawo yethu emhlabeni.Ngalolo suku, okwakuphakathi kwemilenze yethu akuzange kuyithinte indlela esasizizwa ngayo ngathi noma ngabanye.Futhi nethoni yesikhumba sethu noma ezinye izici azizange.Senziwe kanjena.Ubukhulu lobu.

UNkulunkulu noma imvelo isithumela lapha ekugoqeni kwethu okuphelele kombala wesikhumba, nobulili bethu obuphelele.Isifunda somhlaba kanye neqembu lobuhlanga umuntu azalelwa kulo kungaba yithuba elingahleliwe, noma lilungele impilo yomuntu, kuye ngombono wakho.

Uma ukholelwa kuNkulunkulu, uqiniseka ukuthi indalo yaphezulu ayinasici.Ukuthi uNkulunkulu wenza abantu abamnyama noma abansundu noma abanesikhumba esikhanyayo akubalulekile.Uyaqonda ukuthi konke kuwukubonakaliswa okuphelele koBunkulunkulu.Nokho, ukwesaba okungavunyelwe kungayenga abantu banoma isiphi isizinda ukuba baveze ukungazethembi kwabo eqenjini abalibheka njengelihlukile.Kuyaduduza ukwakha imigoqo phakathi kwethu “nabanye.”Iphinde ikhiqize imiphumela emibi.Kodwa kumuntu onokholo, kuyingozi ngokukhethekile.

Ukuphetha ngokuthi into engathi shu njengombala wesikhumba, ukukhubazeka noma ulimi kusibeka phezulu - noma ngisho nokusehlukanisa - okunye ukusho ukuthi sazi kangcono kunoNkulunkulu.Kusho ukuthi siqinisile, kanti uNkulunkulu unephutha.Akukho ukuhlambalaza okwenyanyeka noma ithuna.Cabanga ngakho.

Ngenxa yokungalingani kwemali engenayo okukhulu nokungenakuqhathaniswa emhlabeni wonke, bayanda abantu abahluphekayo.Ukuqashwa akuseyona i-metric efanele, njengoba imindeni esebenzayo ikhula iba ubumpofu.Akumangalisi ukuthi abantu besaba.Into yokwesaba ukuthi kuzoba ngeyakho uma ungakuvumi.Nali iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ungenza kuphela isibindi uma uzizwa usaba kuqala.Lona akuwona umbono wami;yincazelo yesibindi: “ikhono lokwenza into ethusayo umuntu.”(Oxford)

Ukuheha kobuzwe, ukucwasa, ubufandamentali nezinye -isms ngalesi sikhathi kuyaqondakala.Kuyadabukisa, kodwa kuyaqondakala.Ukusola abanye - amanye amazwe, amasiko, izinkolo;uyisho - ngoba izinkinga zomuntu zibulala ukwesaba.Uvalo alupheli.Ishintsha ibe inzondo, eqeda ukwesaba.Futhi uma into yenzondo yomuntu ishiya indawo, "ukwesaba i-Novocain" kuzobe kungasekho, futhi enye entsha izodingeka ukuze kunqandwe ukwesaba.

Kudinga isibindi esikhulu ukuzwa uvalo lomuntu.Uma uyingxenye yeqembu uhlelo lwalo lwezinkolelo luhlanganisa ukungathembeki, noma inzondo kwelinye iqembu, kuthatha isibindi esikhulu ukubona leyo nkolelo njengento eguquguqukayo esekelwe ukwesaba.Bambalwa kakhulu abanamabhola okukwenza.Ngokuvamile ngabesifazane abahola indlela yokuphuma ebuhlanya bokusola nenzondo "-imibono" futhi babuyele emhlabeni wangempela.

Njengoba abantu abaningi beqaqa Ibhokisi lokwesaba likaPandora futhi bebona ukuthi ngeke libabulale - nokuthi empeleni manje bazizwa bejabule kakhulu kunangaphambili - abanye bazolandela okufanayo.Kuyinqubo ehamba kancane ekuqaleni, engagcwali nhlobo i-adrenaline njengenzondo ekhipha umoya, kodwa uma ukwesaba kwakho sekuphumile, awusayidingi i-Novocain yesikhashana yokwahlulela nokusola okuzokwehlula isikhathi nesikhathi.

Hey, nami ngiyesaba.Ucabanga ukuthi ungaba nesibindi?Kuvume ukwesaba kwakho kuwena.Bazwe, nakuba bengakhululekile.Khumbula, wazalwa umkhulu.Finyelela kulowo muntu wokuqala, ongokoqobo ongaboni mehluko phakathi kwabantu futhi ovulekele uthando kubo bonke.Qhubeka.Zenze ube muhle futhi.

Abaningi bethu baye baphuma enxanxatheleni yezitolo noma ekhonsathini (amakhonsathi ikakhulukazi, ngesizathu esithile) ukuze bathole ukuthi imoto yethu ibingamoshiwe futhi yakhukhuleka olwandle lwezindawo zokupaka izimoto.“Ukulahlekelwa” kwemoto yomuntu emile kuyinkinga evamile kangangokuthi manje sekunezinhlelo zokusebenza zokusiza ukuhlanganisa izimoto nabanikazi bazo.Ngakho-ke kungase kusimangaze ukuzwa ukuthi isayensi ifakazele ukuthi sinamakhono athile emvelo okuzenzela.

Izindlela azikaqondwa ngokuphelele okwamanje, kodwa into eyodwa engasiza abantu ukuba bahambe insimbi emakhanda ethu.Kulungile – hamba, Magneto.Abanye abantu banobuchopho okusansimbi kunabanye, futhi iningi lethu lazi okungenani umuntu oyedwa esisola ukuthi unokugqwala okukhulu phakathi kwezindlebe zabo.Iqiniso liwukuthi, sonke sinamaseli anothe nge-ferrous atholakala ku-cerebellum yethu neziqu zobuchopho ezingasisiza ukuthi sibheke eNyakatho.

Izilwane, kunjalo, zingcono kakhulu ekuhambeni okungeyona i-GPS kunabantu.Uma sikhuluma ngama-critter angakwazi ukuthola indlela yawo ngobuchwepheshe, ijuba le-homing cishe lifika engqondweni.AbakwaHomer banekhono elingajwayelekile lokuthola ngokunembile indlela yabo ebuyela kubanikazi bawo ngisho nalapho bethathwe ibanga elingaphezu kwamamayela ayinkulungwane.Indaba eyiqiniso: eNew Zealand, inkonzo ye-Pigeongram yaqala ngo-1898 kuya ku-1908, igcwele izitembu ezikhethekile.Amajuba ayebalulekile futhi kwaholela ekuhlaselweni kweNormandy lapho ukuthula komsakazo kubalulekile.

Ukuzulazula kwezinyoni kufundwe kahle, kodwa okuningi akukaziwa.Nakuba izinyoni zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze zithole indlela yazo emhlabeni, njengokuqaphela indawo eyingqopha-mlando kanye nokuma kwelanga, ukuzwela endaweni kazibuthe yomhlaba kubalulekile.Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zifuduka ebusuku kuphela, ngakho izimpawu zendawo kanye nokuma kwelanga akukwazi ukusiza.

Ngenhlanhla yethu, uMhlaba uwuhlobo oluthile lukazibuthe ngenxa yomgogodla wawo wangaphandle ojikelezayo wensimbi encibilikisiwe.Ukube bekungewona uzibuthe omkhulu, besiyothoswa sonke sibe yizicucu ngemisebe yelanga.Muva nje kuye kwavela ukuthi izilwane zisebenzisa i-molecule yephrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-cryptochrome ukuze zizwe amandla kazibuthe eplanethi.Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlotshaniswa namaza okukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lawo aphakathi kuka-400 kanye

480 nanometers.Okuhambisana nalokhu ukuthi ama-cryptochrome asebenza emini kuphela.Pho-ke lezo zikhova zasebusuku?

Izinyoni, kuvela ukuthi, zingamakhanda ensimbi angathi sína, (njengoba omunye umcwaningi akubeka ngendlela ebabazekayo) “ama-dendrite ezinzwa anensimbi olwelwesi olungaphakathi lwesikhumba soqhwaku olungaphezulu.”Kukhona lapho, kucace njengensimbi.

Amangqamuzana ezinzwa anothe ngensimbi atholwa kuqala kumajuba, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni zinawo.Abafuduki abahamba amabanga amade badinga lezi kakhulu, kodwa ngisho nezinkukhu nezinyoni ezihlala kuzo zaziwa ukuthi zinikezwe ikhampasi yangaphakathi.Ephepheni lokucwaninga elanyatheliswa kumagazini i-PLOS One ngo-February 2012, umlobi oyinhloko u-G. Falkenberg uyabhala “Ukwaziswa kwethu kubonisa ukuthi lesi simiso se-dendritic esiyinkimbinkimbi emlonyeni siyisici esivamile sezinyoni, futhi singase sakhe isisekelo sezinzwa ezibalulekile zezinyoni. ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungenani kwezinhlobo ezithile zokuziphatha okuqondiswayo kozibuthe.”

Insimbi enamandla akuyona nje eyezinyoni.Amagciwane, ama-slugs, izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasezweni kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zingabaqoqi bensimbi abangazi lutho.Ucwaningo olusanda kushicilelwa mayelana nezimpendulo zabantu ezinkambini kazibuthe luthole izihloko eziningi ezisabela kukazibuthe ekhiqizwe elebhu.Njengoba kuphawulwe kumaskena obuchopho obusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela, izihloko zingakwazi ngisho nokubona lapho ukuhlukana kubuyiselwe emuva njengengxenye yocwaningo.Kumagazini wangoMashi 18, 2019 wephephabhuku i-eNeuro, umbhali oholayo uConnie Wang ubhala “Lapha sibika impendulo eqinile, ethize yobuchopho bomuntu ekujikelezeni okuhlobene nemvelo kwezindawo kazibuthe zamandla oMhlaba.I-Ferromagnetism…inikeza isisekelo sokuqala ukuhlola kokuziphatha kwe-magnetoreception yomuntu. "

Okuthathe ukunaka kwami ukufunda okusha okuvela eSouth Korea.Ephepheni elishicilelwe ku-PLOS One ngo-Ephreli 2019, u-Kwon-Seok Chae et al.bathola ukuthi, ngisho bevalwe amehlo futhi befake ama-ear plugs, abantu besilisa ababezila ukudla usuku lonke babonakala beziqondisa endleleni ababeyihlobanisa ngokujulile nokudla.Ukuthi ngingakukholwa.

UPaul Hetzler wayefuna ukuba yibhere lapho ekhulile, kodwa wehluleka ukuhlolwa.Ngemva kokuthola okuningi kokuzidabukela kwakhe mayelana naleso sigameko esingesihle, manje usebhala ngemvelo.Kuhlanganisa namabhere, kanye ngesikhathi.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyatholakala ku-amazon.com

Izihlahla ezivuthulukayo, izitendi zika-ayisikhilimu ezisechibini, kanye nama-marinas konke kuvala ikwindla ngayinye ngesizathu esifanayo: njengoba imini iyancipha futhi kubanda kungena, izingubo zabo ziba nenzuzo kancane kancane.Esikhathini esithile kunengqondo ukubhakuzisa amachamusela kuze kube yintwasahlobo elandelayo.

Okunye okubanjiwe okumatasa kuhlala kuvuliwe isikhathi eside;mhlawumbe banenzuzo yezindleko abanye abangenayo, noma banokuncintisana okuncane.Okumbalwa kukhona okuphambene, ukuvala isitolo ekuqaleni kwekwindla.Leyo cishe yimisebenzi engakaze ibonakale ekuphakameni kwehlobo.Ngikhuluma ngezihlahla lapha, kunjalo.Izihlahla ezinamaqabunga abonisa umbala ngaphambi kontanga yazo bezinhlobo ezifanayo zenza kanjalo ngoba aziphuki.

Izimboni zikashukela ezisebenza ngelanga esizibiza ngezihlahla zingonga kahle, futhi zicophelela ekubaleni kwazo.Njengomthetho abaphili ngaphezu kwamandla abo.Ngaphezu kokukhanya kwelanga, zidinga isikhutha, amanzi anele nezakhi, futhi izimpande zazo zidinga ukuphefumula kalula.Iphuzu lokugcina libucayi.

- futhi utshala ku-solar array, eyaziwa ngokuthi amaqabunga.Ngemva kokukhokhela isamba sawo sonyaka samaqabunga, izindleko zawo zihlanganisa ukuphefumula ebusuku, kanye nokugcinwa okudingekayo njengokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanganisela ezilwa namagciwane ekuphenduleni ukulimala.Imali engenayo ingushukela;i-akhawunti yayo yokonga, isitashi.

Njengoba ihlobo lincipha, ubusuku obude bukhuphula izindleko (ukuphefumula), kuyilapho izinsuku ezimfushane kwehlisa imali engenayo, ekugcineni ziphoqe izihlahla zokhuni zivale isizini.Nokho, uma indawo yempande yesihlahla ihlangene, ukuphefumula kwezimpande kuyaphazamiseka, futhi izimpande azikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wazo.Imboni yayo kashukela izobe ingasebenzi kahle uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zayo, futhi izoba nenzuzo encane jikelele.Umhlabathi ogcwele usawoti we-deicing, kanye nokulimala komshini nakho kuzophazamisa ukusebenza kwezimpande.

Izihlahla zasegcekeni nezasemgwaqweni zithola amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu enhlabathini, izindawo ezinezimpande ezikhawulelwe, kanye nokuncintisana okukhulu otshanini.Izihlahla ezinemizi engaseceleni kwamanzi zinezinye izinselele: amazinga amanzi ashintshashintshayo akhokhisa izimpande zazo, futhi leyo nhlabathi ivame ukungabi nezakhamzimba.Izihlahla ezinjalo zizofinyelela iphuzu lokuphumula ngaphambi kwezihlahla eziqinile, futhi zizofaka umbala kuqala.

Umbala wakuqala uwuphawu oluthembekile lokucindezeleka kwesihlahla, kodwa i-palette inikeza ulwazi futhi.Siyazi ukuthi i-orange (i-carotenes) nephuzi (xanthophyll) isivele ikhona ngaphakathi kwamaqabunga, efihlwe yi-chlorophyll eluhlaza.Izihlahla ziqala ukwenza inhlanganisela ye-waxy ukuvimba amanzi nezakhamzimba emaqabunga awo, okulingana nokufaka ubusika ekamu - ivikela amapayipi.Njengoba amaqabunga emiswa kanjalo, i-chlorophyll iyafa, iveze ophuzi nowolintshi.

Uhla olubomvu-nsomi (ama-anthocyanins), nokho, luyindaba ehlukile.Izingulube ezibomvu zenziwa ekwindla ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ikakhulukazi amabalazwe, ngezindleko ezinkulu.Isayensi kusamele ize nencazelo ezwakalayo yalokhu.Iphuzu mayelana nokubomvu ukuthi imephu ibonisa okuningi kwakho

isempilweni enhle ngokwanele “yokumosha” amandla okwenza ama-anthocyanins.Ngonyaka odlule eSigodini sase-Ottawa nangale kwalokho, amamephu kashukela ayephuzi kuphela, okokuqala ngqa enkumbulo ephilayo eyenzeka.Amamephu athambile (abomvu) ayenobuningi obubomvu, kodwa amamephu aqinile ayengenawo.Lokhu kuyinkomba yokuthi njengohlobo oluthile babhekene nengcindezi enkulu engapheli.

Uma esinye sezihlahla zegceke lakho sinamaqabunga ashintsha umbala futhi asheshe awele, ungaqiniseka ukuthi sehlile, futhi kungaba kuhle ukuqasha i-Arborist Eqinisekisiwe ukuthi isihlole.Uma isitendi sakho se-ayisikhilimu esiyintandokazi se-cottage-country sivalwa kusenesikhathi, lokho kungase kubize izinkinga kubanikazi, kodwa bangase bakhathele.

Ngaphandle kwalokho angikwazi ukucabanga okuningi engingakusho ngivikela umona, ukuhaha, nokuminza, kodwa ubuvila buhlukile.Impilo yezinye izidalwa incike ekulaleni isigamu sonyaka, okuyinto engazama ukulifihlela izingane zami ezeve eshumini nambili.Amasu okusinda amalulwane, ama-woodchucks nezinye izilwane ahlanganisa isikhathi eside se-sloth.Okuxakayo ukuthi ama-sloth awalali.

Uma ukulala kuchazwa ngokukhululekile njengenkathi yokungasebenzi kanye nokuncipha kwemetabolism ezilwaneni ezinegazi elifudumele (endotherms) ebusika, kusho ukuthi abaningi bethu ezindaweni ezisenyakatho bayakwenza.Yebo, kukhona okungaphezu kwalokho.Kuvela ukuthi phakathi kwezazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, incazelo ngqo kwakuyindaba yempikiswano kuze kube emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule.

Bekujwayele ukuba yigama eligcinelwe ama-hibernators “ajulile” amazinga awo okushisa ayisisekelo nezinhliziyo zawo ezehlela engxenyeni encane yamanani azo ehlobo.Isibonelo esihle kungaba amagundane athile ase-Arctic athola ngaphansi kancane kuka-0 degrees Celsius noma 32 Fahrenheit.Manje isisetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isilwane esingakwazi ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba kanye nemetabolism.Ukwehlisa ngokuqhubekayo i-metabolism kuzwakala njenge-oxymoron, kodwa masingaphendukeli ekubizeni amagama.

Izilwane ezinegazi elibandayo noma ama-ectotherm afana namaxoxo nezinyoka nazo zilala ebusika.Ngokuyisisekelo kuyafana nokulala, ngaphandle kokuthi izazi zezinto eziphilayo zikubiza ngokuthi i-brumation.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-jargon yenza abathandi besayensi abangenangqondo bazizwe bengcono, ngakho-ke sicela ubahlekise (thina) ukuze baqhubeke nomsebenzi wabo omuhle.

Ngama-ectotherms, ungathi ukuphumula kuyenzeka;abakwenzi.Ngisho noma kungadingeki ukuba zisebenze kuwo njengoba kwenza izilwane ezincelisayo, i-torpor yazo isahlaba umxhwele.Amanye amaxoxo, izimfudu nezinhlanzi zingakwazi ukudlula ubusika odakeni olungenawo umoya-mpilo, futhi akukubi nakakhulu uma kufika intwasahlobo.

Iningi labahlala ebusika lishintsha amashejuli abo ngokwesimo sezulu: uma lihlala lipholile kuze kube uNovemba, amabhere amnyama nama-chipmunk alala ngemva kwesikhathi esivamile.Kodwa ezinye izilwane, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama- obligate hibernators, ziyozela

icishiwe ngokwekhalenda.Ngisho noma ungathatha i-hedgehog yaseYurophu uye e-Aruba ebusika, izoba yi-narcoleptic ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba kwenza abangane bayo emuva Ezinkangala zaseScotland.

Kuze kube muva nje, amabhere awazange enze uhlu lwama-hibernator, kodwa manje asehlangene nalawo ma-popsi-squirrel ahlala phansi engxenyeni yezilwane ezincelisayo eziqandisiwe ebusika base-Arctic.Amabhere asenyakatho ekude angeke adle noma aphuze isikhathi esingafika ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili, esebenzisa amafutha agciniwe ukuze akhiphe amanzi kanye namandla.Ukube besingasebenzi isikhathi eside kangako izicubu zethu bezizowohloka, kodwa zinezindlela zokuphatha amaprotheni ukuze imisipha yawo ingawoli.

akubizwa kanjalo.Ngokwemvelo izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaqamba igama elisho i-torpor yasehlobo: estivation is the

igama elifanele lokusnuza kwesimo sezulu esishisayo.Ubani owenza lokhu?Amanye amaxoxo ahlala ogwadule azungeza “ibhaluni lamanzi” lamafinyila ukuze alinde isikhathi esomile.I-African lungfish ineqhinga elifanayo lapho amachibi azo omile okwesikhashana.

Okumangaza kakhulu ukuthi okungenani i-estivator eyodwa iyinkawu, njengathi.I-fat-tailed dwarf lemur yaseMadagascar ihlala esihlahleni esingenalutho isigamu sonyaka kuze kuphele ukushisa.Uma isihlobo sethu esiseduze singalala, kuthiwani ngathi?Amafilimu ezinganekwane zesayensi abonise osomkhathi bevuka ngemva kweminyaka yohambo, futhi lokhu kungase kube esinye isenzakalo lapho okucatshangwayo namuhla kuba okwangempela kusasa.

I-NASA yamemezela ngo-2014 ukuthi ibheka indlela yokubeka izisebenzi zemishini yasemkhathini yeminyaka eminingi ezithombeni ezimisiwe izinyanga ezintathu kuya kweziyisithupha ngesikhathi.Cishe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-Mission Control ngeke kudingeke ilalele ngokungaphezi “Ingabe sesikhona?”ukububula ngemuva komkhumbi-mkhathi.

Nakuba izindaba zokulala kwabantu zigcwele, amacala abhaliwe awavamile.Kwesinye isikhathi othile uwela eqhweni futhi avuselelwe amahora kamuva kungabikho monakalo obonakalayo wobuchopho noma eminye imiphumela yesikhathi eside.Lokhu kungenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa lomzimba lehla ngokushesha okukhulu, njengoba bekungenzeka uma ucwiliswa emanzini ayiqhwa.

Uma izinga lokushisa lomzimba lehla kancane, i-hypothermia ngokuvamile iphumela, igcine ngokufa uma iqhubeka.Ngokusobala kukhona okuhlukile.Esinye isigameko senzeka ngo-2006 lapho umhambi olimele echitha amasonto amathathu abandayo eNtabeni i-Rokko entshonalanga yeJapane engenakho ukudla namanzi.Izinga lokushisa lakhe lase lehle lafinyelela ku-22 Celsius noma

Ososayensi bazoqhubeka nokufunda i-hibernation ngezicelo zayo zezokwelapha.Kodwa uma ungeyena umuntu wasebusika, musa ukwenza sengathi ulala ubuthongo ngenxa yobuvila, vele usineke futhi, uyazi.Kuthwale.

Isazi semvelo esinesikhathi eside, u-Paul Hetzler ube yi-ISA-Certified Arborist kusukela ngo-1996, futhi uyilungu le-ISA-Ontario, i-Canadian Institute of Forestry, kanye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyatholakala ku-amazon.com

Cishe wonke umuntu obone i-Walt Disney classic “Bambi” wakhala izinyembezi, noma okungenani wavimba isifiso sokulacrimate (lokho kusho ngesi-Scrabble-ese).Noma ngabe ngangazi ngemiphumela elimazayo inyamazane enayo ekuvuseleleni amahlathi, ingasaphathwa eyokulima, ukubukeka kwezwe kanye nezingadi, bekuzoba buhlungu kimi.

oneminyaka emihlanu ubudala ngesikhathi kubulawa umama kaBambi.(Eshu—sixwayise ngomoni lapho, ngiyaxolisa.) Kodwa imuvi yayingaphela kanjani ukube bonke babephile kamnandi ngemva kwalokho?

Injani impilo yalezo zinyamazane ezimbalwa ezinenhlanhla, okungenzeka zihlakaniphe, ezinomsila omhlophe ezikwazi ukugwema izimoto, ama-coyotes, ama-projectiles kanye nezilokazane ngaphezu kweminyaka embalwa yokuqala yokuphila?Inyamazane esekhulile ingakwazi yini ukugxilisa i-hostas yakho ibe yinub lapho amazinyo ayo esegugile?Ngibona ngeso lengqondo iGrand-Buck ibamba ukuthi izikhotha zikasawoti zazingcono uma iseyinyamazane, nokuthi izingane ezinonyaka kulula ukuwela umgwaqo kulezi zinsuku njengoba izimoto zinamabhuleki angakhiyiwe.

Nokho, ngokujulile, ukuphila kuba nzima ngezindlela eziningi njengoba izinto eziphilayo zikhula.Buza noma ubani othathe umhlalaphansi eFlorida ukuthi kungani eshiye inyakatho yeNew York futhi cishe uzokutshela ukuthi ubusika bebujabulisa kwaze kwaba yilapho kuqala isifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga nezinye izifo ezihlukahlukene. Kwenzekani ngezinyamazane zasendle njengoba ziba izakhamuzi esezikhulile—ingabe zinqotshwa impilo ehlobene nobudala izinkinga ezifana namalunga amabi, amazinyo abolile, noma izimila?

Ngibuze umbuzo ku-New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) Wildlife Biologist Ken Kogut, ohlala ngaphandle kwasePotsdam.Ahleke.“Ukufa kwenyamazane ngenxa yokuguga endle kuyi-oxymoron,” esho.UKen uqhubeke wachaza ukuthi mayelana nokuzingela, i-NYSDEC

idatha ibonisa ukuthi iningi lezinyamazane ezivunwayo zisebangeni elineminyaka engu-1.5 kuya kwengu-3.5 ubudala (ngoba zizalwa ngoMeyi noJuni, izinyamazane zihlala ziphakathi nonyaka ngesizini yokuzingela)."Ukubona inkunzi eneminyaka eyisikhombisa noma eyisishiyagalombili [esiteshini samasheke se-NYSDEC] kuyinto engavamile kakhulu."

Ukufanekisa leli phuzu, cabanga ukuthi i-Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research ithi isilinganiso sokuphila kwe-white-tails eboshiwe iminyaka engu-16, kanti inyamazane endala eboshiwe eqinisekisiwe iphila iminyaka engama-23 yakudala.Qhathanisa lokho nemisila emhlophe yasendle, engenawo umlando omuhle, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso.Isilinganiso sobude besikhathi senyamazane yasendle?Ngokombiko weNyuvesi yaseMichigan, iminyaka emibili.Yebo.Ishumi lithathwa njengomkhawulo wobudala obuphezulu, futhi kuyivelakancane kakhulu kulokho.

Ukunquma i-vintage ye-white-tails kubizwa ngokuthi inyamazane eguga, akufanele kudidaniswe nokuguga kwabazali, okuwumsebenzi wakho kokubili inombolo kanye nezinga lomsebenzi wezingane zabo.Sithola kanjani ukuthi zingaki izinsuku zokuzalwa inyamazane eke yaba nayo?Udokotela Wamazinyo.

Imisila emhlophe inamazinyo e-canine (i-irony, ngokudabukisayo, ilahlekile kuwo) kanye nama-incisors emhlathini ophansi, kodwa akukho phezulu.Ngamanye amazwi abakwazi ukuhlwitha igatsha ngendlela unogwaja ongenza ngayo, kodwa kufanele balidabule ngokunyakazisa phezulu.Kodwa zinawo ama-molar aphezulu naphansi, futhi ukuguga kwazo kusetshenziselwa ukusho ukuthi inyamazane indala kangakanani.Noma, njengoba lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngemva kokufa.

Izinyamazane eziguga zaqala njengohlobo lwephrojekthi yesayensi yesakhamuzi esikhule ekhaya.Eminyakeni edlule, abazingeli abaqaphelisise ababekwazi ukubona inyamazane eyodwa kusukela enyangeni kuya phambili babeqaphela ukuguga kwe-molar lapho ivunwa.Iminyaka yokuhlanganiswa kweminyaka yenyamazane eyaziwayo namazinyo alinganisiwe (okuvela ukuthi iyimilimitha elilodwa ngonyaka) yenza abazingeli abafana nomlimi wobisi kanye nomsunguli we-NYS Big Buck Club u-Bob Estes waseCaledonia, NY, ochwepheshe bemisila emhlophe eguga.

Ngaphandle kokuzingela, enye into eyehlisa isilinganiso sokuphila kwezinyamazane zasendle ukudla kwezinyane lezilwane ngama-coyote namabhere amnyama.Ngokumangazayo, e-Adirondacks, lezi zamuva zingabulala amafawn amaningi kunama-coyote.Ukudlwengulwa kunzima ukukubala, nokho, njengoba ama-coyote namabhere edla yonke insalela yokugcina - amathambo, uboya kanye nezibilini - zanoma yisiphi isilwane asibulalayo noma esitholakala sifile ngenxa yezinye izimbangela.Ngenxa yokuthi izilwane ezidla ezinye azizizwa ziphephile endaweni evulekile, azidli izinyamazane ezifile emigwaqweni, ezisala zibole.

Ukushayisana kwezimoto zezinyamazane kungenye into enkulu, ngoMnyango Wezokuthutha Wesifunda SaseNew York

ukubika isilinganiso se-65,000 ngonyaka.Kodwa indlala ngesikhathi sobusika obunzima, kusho uKogut, cishe iyisici esisodwa esingase sibulale izinyamazane ezindala.Ngenxa yezizathu ezehlukene ezihlanganisa ama-molars agugile, kungenzeka abe namafutha amancane agcinwe ebusika kunenyamazane encane.

Ngayo yonke le nhlekelele, ingabe imisila emhlophe iyanyamalala?Nakancane.UDkt. Peter Smallidge, i-State Forester for

inyamazane ngamamayela amabili-skwele.Namuhla acishe abe yisigidi, angaphezu kokwanele ukuba acekele phansi amandla amahlathi amaningi okumila kabusha, njengoba izihlahla ezisencane zishwabadelwa izinyamazane kuyilapho ziyizithombo.

Isifo seLyme siwumphumela wokugcwala kwezinyamazane.Uchwepheshe Wezilwane Zase-Cornell Extension Wildlife uDkt. Paul Curtis ukholelwa ukuthi uma izinyamazane zehla ngaphansi kwe-6 ngekhilomitha-skwele, nokusengaphezu kokuminyana okungokomlando, imikhaza yezinyamazane, esakaza isifo se-Lyme, izoba yindlala kakhulu ukuba ibe usongo lwezempilo yomphakathi. .

Yini engase yenze inani lezinyamazane lehle kanjalo?Angazi, kodwa ngokuqinisekile ngeke kube ukuguga.

Njengenqubo yezombangazwe, ama-cranberries angashiya ukunambitheka okumuncu emlonyeni wakho.Kodwa ngokungafani nepolitiki, okunambitheka kwayo okubabayo kunqamula kunoma yiliphi inani le-sweetener, ukunambitheka kwama-cranberries kuthuthukiswa kalula ngoshukela omncane.

Ukuthi i-cranberry entsha imuncu kufana nokuthi u-Picasso no-Monet bangabadwebi abahle ngokuphusile.Eqinisweni ingaba nenani eliphansi le-pH kune-asidi yesisu.Kuyamangaza ukuthi abantu bake baqala ukuwadla, akunjalo?

I-cranberry, ehlobene eduze ne-blueberry, itholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-northhemisphere emhlabeni jikelele.Iwumvini olandelanayo ohlale uluhlaza, noma kwesinye isikhathi isihlahla esincane kakhulu.Igama lisuselwa kumacembe ezimbali zawo, aphindekezekayo noma ahlehliselwe emuva ngokucijile, okwenza ukuqhakaza kwawo okubomvana kufane (kokunye) kwekhanda kanye nebhili ye-crane.Izinhlobo zaseNyakatho Melika yiVaccinium macrocarpon, futhi ngenhlanhla ngathi inamajikijolo amakhulu kunezinhlobo ezisenyakatho yeYurophu nakwezinye izindawo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isihlahla esibizwa ngokuthi i-highbush cranberry siwumkhohlisi futhi asihlobene nezinto esizidlayo ngezidlo zethu zamaholide.Lolu hlobo lokudideka mayelana namagama ajwayelekile lwenzeka kakhulu.Emhlabeni wezitshalo ayikho imithetho yamalungelo okushicilela, yingakho izihlakaniphi zezitshalo ezinamakhanda aluhlaza ezifana nezakho zithanda lawo magama esiLatini amnandi.

Yebo siyazi ukuthi aboMdabu baseMelika babesebenzisa ama-cranberries, futhi bawazisa kubantu abasuka kwamanye amazwe baseYurophu.Ukulandisa okuzibonela ngawakho kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1500s kuchaza ukuthi amanye ama-Algonquin alethe kanjani izinkomishi ezigcwele ama-cranberries kumaPilgrim asanda kufika njengoba ayefika ogwini.Ngicabanga ukuthi ngaphandle uma bekunoshukela we-maple phakathi kwamajikijolo, mhlawumbe isenzo sabo empeleni besihloselwe ukudikibalisa abafuduki ukuthi bangahlali.

Amakholoni athathela phezulu ama-sourballs amancane abomvu aziwa ngokuthi ama-moss berries noma amajikijolo ebhere, futhi ngawo-1820 abalimi abathile baqala ukuthumela lesi sitshalo esisha e-Europe.Ukuwakhulisa kungase kungabonakali ngendlela obungayilindela, noma kunjalo - izithombe zama-cranberries ezintanta kulokho okubonakala njengechibi zinikeza umbono ongalungile.

Ama-cranberries asendle avame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezimanzi njengama-bogs, kodwa amajikijolo atshaliwe atshalwa emasimini asezindaweni eziphethwe ngokucophelela.Lezi zindawo ezinesanti, ezinezinga le-laser futhi eziniselwa kakhulu, zizungezwe ama-berms ukuze amasimu agcwale amanzi angama-intshi ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili ukuze kube lula ukuvuna.Ngenxa yokuthi amajikijolo aqoqwe ngale ndlela aneshalofu lesikhathi esifushane, ngokuvamile ayaqandiswa, afakwe ethinini noma acutshungulwe ngokushesha.Ama-cranberries okudla amasha ngokuvamile athathwa ngesandla emasimini omile.

Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ama-cranberries abelokhu ephakanyiswa ngenani elikhulayo lezinzuzo zezempilo kanye nokunambitha kwawo.Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi aphakeme kuVithamini C no-E, i-pantothenic acid, kanye ne-manganese, ithusi namanye amaminerali.Kodwa yizinto zabo ze-antioxidant eziye zenza abantu bajabule.

Uma ubone “oligomeric proanthocyanidins” esohlwini lwe-candy bar ungase ungayithengi.Kodwa lezi nezinye izinhlanganisela zemvelo eziningi ziningi kuma-cranberries, futhi naphezu kwamagama asabekayo alungele wena.Ama-cranberries acwaningwa kakhulu ngezinzuzo ezingaba khona ekwelapheni isifo sikashukela, isifo samathambo, umdlavuza nezinye izifo.

Ucwaningo luphakamisa ijusi ye-cranberry - izinto ezinhle, hhayi ijusi ye-wannabe egcwele isiraphu yombila - ingasiza ukuvimbela amatshe ezinso ezisekelwe ku-calcium.Ukulinganisela kuzo zonke izinto, njengoba okuningi kwakho (ijusi ye-cranberry, hhayi ukulinganisela) kungase kubangele amatshe e-oxalic esekelwe esinyeni.

Ucwaningo luphinde lubonise ukuthi ijusi ye-cranberry iyawavimbela amagciwane athile ayingozi ukuthi anganamatheli kithi.Kuvela ukuthi kufana neTeflon kubo.Nakuba ijusi ye-cranberry ingatholakalanga isebenza kahle ekwelapheni izifo zomgudu womchamo, kuhle ekuzivimbeleni ngokuvimba amagciwane e-coliform ekubambeleleni ezindaweni okungezona ezazo.Izindaba ezinhle nangamazinyo akho: ama-cranberries asiza ukugcina amagciwane abolayo angagxili aye koqweqwe lwawo, ngaleyo ndlela ehlise uqweqwe lwamazinyo nezimbotshana.

Futhi njengoba umshini wokukhankasela ukhetho lwango-2020 ufudumala uzojabula ukuzwa ukuthi ama-cranberries nawo ayasiza ekuvimbeleni amagciwane abangela izilonda ukuthi ahlanganise ulwelwesi lwesisu somuntu futhi akhe izilonda.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinzuzo zabo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi zifaka phakathi ukwehlisa amazinga egazi we-cholesterol “embi” we-LDL kanye nokukhulisa lawo e-HDL cholesterol enhle.Ngakho-ke uma ungumuntu othanda izindaba, gcina ama-cranberries eseduze ngesikhathi sezindaba.

Ekukhuleni kwethu, amasiko omndeni wakithi e-Thanksgiving ayelinganisela kahle.Okokuqala sadla kakhulu, kodwa ngemva kwesidlo sakusihlwa mina nabafowethu ababili sazivivinya ngamandla imizuzu engamashumi amathathu noma ngaphezulu.Lokho kuvamise ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi eside kangakanani ukuhilizisana ngokuthi yibaphi abafana ababili ababezothola ukuphula ithambo le-turkey.Vele kwesinye isikhathi bekuba buhlungu uma owehluliwe ekhala kakhulu aze akhushulelwe eqenjini elidonsa amathambo.Ngemuva komcimbi, "ukuvivinya umzimba" okuqhubekayo kungase kwenzeke uma bekunemizwa enamandla mayelana nokulunga komdlalo oshiwo.Ngenhlanhla, ukuphuka kwamathambo kwakuphelela ezinkukhuni eziphekiwe, futhi thina bafowethu sisazwana.

I-furcula emise okuka-Y, noma ithambo lokufisa njengoba abantu abavamile belibiza kanjalo, lihlukile ezinyonini, futhi liyalephula ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi ubani othola ingxenye enkulu yamahafu amabili - futhi ngaleyo ndlela isifiso noma inhlanhla - ibuyela emuva eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa.Kubikwa ukuthi kunezindlela ezicashile zokuthonya ukuthi ubani othola ingxenye engcono, kodwa lezi bezingazazi thina njengezingane.

Ngisho noma amasiko akho e-Thanksgiving engafaki ukuphula ithambo lokufisa, sonke sizibonile izihlahla ezifokotha ngendlela efanayo.Ngokungafani ne- wishbone yangempela, nokho, awukho umphumela wenhlanhla kunoma ubani osesimweni esinjalo, ngoba izihlahla ezihlukana zibe yiziqu ezimbili noma iziqu ezifana ne-upper-case Y zizohlukana.Lapho i-engeli ehlukana ngayo le ziqu ezimbili iba mncane, inyunyana iba buthakathaka, kodwa amathuba okuhlukana akhula njalo ngokuya ngeminyaka.

Ngokwezinga elithile, ukuthambekela kweziqu eziningi kuwufuzo.Endaweni yehlathi, izihlahla ezinesakhiwo esingesihle ziyahlukana phakathi nemicimbi yomoya noma yeqhwa.Kuyindlela yemvelo yokukha izihlahla ezinofuzo olungcono (noma inhlanhla, ngezinye izikhathi) ukuze uphile isikhathi eside futhi wenze amahlathi azayo.Le nqubo yokukhetha inhle ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, kodwa hhayi ezihlahleni ezikhula emagcekeni ethu, emigwaqweni nasemapaki.

“Singamandla okukhetha okungesikho okwemvelo” esinomthwalo wokukhetha ukuthi yiziphi izihlahla ezitshalwa, futhi kuphi.Kuthatha umzamo omkhulu, izindleko kanye nesikhathi ukuze isihlahla somthunzi sifinyelele ekuvuthweni, futhi sifuna ukusigcina isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka.

Zonke izihlahla zinokungapheleli, eziningi zazo azilungile.Kodwa ezinye zingaba yingozi.Ukuze ugweme ukuphuka kwemilenze emikhulu, kanye namacala ezindiza ezindizayo kanye nemfucumfucu, izihlahla ezinokukhubazeka okusobala zivame ukususwa njengendaba nje.Njengoba izinkinga eziningi zezihlahla ziwumphumela wemisebenzi yethu, kubonakala kungenangqondo ukuthumela isihlahla esinomthunzi esivuthiwe kuleyo mithi enkulu esibhakabhakeni uma singathola enye indlela.

Endaweni ethile kufanele kube nedolobhana elihle elibizwa ngokuthi i-Narrow Forks.Lapho izihlahla zithinteka khona, leli yigama lenkinga eyenzeka lapho i-engeli yokunamathisela phakathi kweziqu ezimbili eziqhudelanayo (codominant) ishubile, kunokuba ibe yinhle.Okunamathiselwe okuqine kakhulu kuvuliwe futhi kuseduze nokumise okwe-U.Izimfoloko eziwumngcingo noma izinyunyana ziba buthaka ngokukhula futhi ekugcineni zihluleke.Ukuhlukana okukhulu, okuvame ukuba yinhlekelele, kwenzeka phakathi neziphepho zeqhwa, ama-microbursts nezinye izimo zezulu ezinobudlova.

Uma unethagethi eyigugu njengeqanda le-Fabergé noma indawo yokudlala yezingane esebangeni elimangalisayo lesihlahla “sokufisa”, kudingeka isinyathelo sokulungisa.I-Thanksgiving to Easter isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuthi izihlahla zakho zezwe zihlolwe ngokomsebenzi, ngoba ukwakheka kwezihlahla kulula ukukubona lapho amaqabunga ecishiwe.Isihlahla esisesimweni esibi kakhulu singase sidinge ukususwa, kodwa ezikhathini eziningi, ukuthenwa okuhlakaniphile kanye nesistimu yekhebula efanele kungasilondoloza.

Ukufaka amakhebula kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela efanele, ngoba isistimu eklanywe kabi iyingozi kakhulu kunokungabikho.I-American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A300 Support System Standards yokufaka amakhebula esihlahleni awasona isibonelo sokuxhaphaza uhulumeni omkhulu.Ngokuphambene nalokho;zibhalwe embonini, futhi zisekelwe ocwaningweni lwamashumi eminyaka.I-ANSI A300 ibeka ama-specs wezinto ezifana nekhebula, ibhawodi nosayizi wamehlo, ukwakhiwa, kanye nesilinganiso sokulayisha.Kubalulekile ukuthi isistimu yekhebula ifakwe Isazi Sezihlahla Esiqinisekisiwe esijwayelene nalawa mazinga.

Ukuze wesabe imephu yakho noma i-oki izobukeka njenge-Frankentree, ungakhathazeki: isistimu yekhebula efanele ayibonakali.Ngengxenyana yezindleko zokususwa, kanye nengxenye encane yezindleko zokususwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nokulungisa umonakalo, izihlahla eziningi zingathola isikhathi sokuqashisa esinwetshiwe ngekhebula.Nakuba ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu ngisho nesistimu ephelele ingase yehluleke, angikaze ngibone isistimu yekhebula efakwe kahle ihluleka.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngibone eziningi ezakhiwe ekhaya noma ezisezingeni eliphansi ziphahlazeka.

Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nekhebula, xhumana ne-International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Certified Arborist (i-treesaregood.org inomsebenzi wokusesha nge-ZIP).Uma uthola ikhotheshini kuchwepheshe, bacele ukuthi bakubonise ikhophi yabo yezindinganiso ze-cabling ze-ANSI A300, futhi bagcizelele ebufakazini bomshwalense ngokuqondile inkampani yabo yenethiwekhi.

Isikhathi esifanele sokubonga ngezimfoloko eziqinile, kokubili etafuleni nangaphandle kwezwe.

U-Paul Hetzler ube yi-ISA-Certified Arborist kusukela ngo-1996, futhi uyilungu le-ISA-Ontario, i-Canadian Institute of Forestry, kanye ne-Society of American Foresters.Incwadi yakhe ethi “Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World,” iyatholakala ku-amazon.com.

Izindlela azikaqondwa ngokuphelele okwamanje, kodwa into eyodwa engasiza abantu ukuba bahambe insimbi emakhanda ethu.Kulungile – hamba, Magneto.Abanye abantu banobuchopho-ayoni amaningi kunabanye, futhi iningi lethu lazi okungenani umuntu oyedwa esisola ukuthi unokugqwala okukhulu phakathi kwezindlebe zabo.Iqiniso liwukuthi, sonke sinamaseli anothe nge-ferrous atholakala ku-cerebellum yethu neziqu zobuchopho ezingasisiza ukuthi sibheke eNyakatho.

Izinyoni, kuvela ukuthi, zingamakhanda ensimbi angathi sína, (njengoba omunye umcwaningi akubeka kanjalo) “ama-dendrite ezinzwa anensimbi olwelwesi olungaphakathi lwesikhumba loqhwaku olungaphezulu.”Kukhona lapho, kucace njengensimbi.

U-Paul Hetzler ube yi-ISA-Certified Arborist kusukela ngo-1996, futhi uyilungu le-Society of American Foresters, kanye ne-Canadian Institute of Forestry.Incwadi yakhe ethi Shady Characters: Plant Vampires, Caterpillar Soup, Leprechaun Trees and Other Hilarities of the Natural World, iyatholakala ku-amazon.com

Nakuba izitshalo eziningi zisabela ezinsukwini ezimfushane zasekupheleni kwehlobo ngokuqala ukunciphisa ibhizinisi lazo kule sizini, i-goldenrod isitshalo “sosuku olufushane,” uhlobo olukhuthazwa ukuba luqhakaze ngokuncipha kokukhanya kwasemini.Isitshalo esihlala njalo emndenini we-aster, futhi sisabalele eNyakatho Melika.Ezwenikazi lonke, sinokuthile ngokohlelo lwezinhlobo ezingu-130 ze-goldenrod ohlotsheni lwe-Solidago.

Njengenye yezimbali eziqhakaza kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla, le mbali yasendle yomdabu ingeyabantu abaningi abathutha impova, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo eziningi zezinyosi, umthombo obalulekile wompe kanye nempova enomsoco.Ngeshwa, le nto yokugcina inikeze i-goldenrod iso elimnyama phakathi kwabantu abaningi abaphethwe yi-allergies.

Izimbali eziphuzi ezibukwayo ze-Goldenrod zibonakala ngokugcwele ngasezindleleni zemigwaqo nasezimfundeni nasemadlelweni cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho elinye lamagagasi anamandla esizini i-hay fever liqala khona. Ngakho-ke kuyaqondakala ukuthi i-goldenrod iye yasolwa ngokuluma kwamehlo abomvu, ukuminyana kwe-sinus. , ukuthimula, kanye nosizi olugcwele i-histamine abanye abantu ababhekana nalo kulesi sikhathi sonyaka.Kodwa kuvela ukuthi impova ye-goldenrod ayinacala kuwo wonke amacala.

I-Goldenrod ayikwazi ukuba necala ngoba impova yayo inzima.Lelo yigama elihlobene, ngicabanga ukuthi, njengoba lilula kangangokuthi izinyosi zikwazi ukuthwala imithwalo yakho.Kodwa endaweni yempova inesisindo esiyithani - futhi inamathela kakhulu - futhi ayishayeli kude nesitshalo.Akukhona ukuthi impova ye-goldenrod ayikwazi ukuvusa i-allergies, ukuthi nje ukwenza kanjalo, umuntu kuzodingeka ayinamathisele ekhaleni lakhe futhi ayincishe.

Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi i-goldenrod ayinacala lokuhlasela ngokungezwani, isetshenziswe njengomthombo omunye wenjoloba.UHenry Ford wahlabeka umxhwele nge-goldenrod, futhi kubikwa ukuthi ukhiqize amathayi athile enziwe kulesi sitshalo.Intshisekelo ku-goldenrod yavuselelwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.I-Goldenrod isetshenziselwa imithi ye-herbal ukusiza ukwelapha amatshe ezinso, umphimbo obuhlungu kanye nezinyo.

Ngakho-ke ubani okufanele asolwe nge-spike ngasekupheleni kwehlobo lokungezwani komzimba?Umlandu ngumzala we-goldenrod, i-ragweed, nakuba ingaziphathi nhlobo njengesihlobo sayo segolide.Ngisola ukuthi sonke sinesihlobo noma ababili abafana ne-ragweed emndenini wethu.I-Ragweed, esinye isitshalo somdabu, nayo imndeni we-aster.Kodwa ngokungafani ne-goldenrod ikhipha impova encane kakhulu.

Ilula kangangokuthi impova ye-ragweed ingahlala emoyeni izinsuku ezimbalwa.Eqinisweni, kuye kwatholakala amanani abalulekile emoyeni afinyelela kumamayela angu-400 ukuya olwandle.Futhi isitshalo esisodwa se-ragweed singakhiqiza izinhlamvu zempova eziyinkulungwane ukuze zindize emoyeni futhi zikwenze uthimule.Yebo, yilokho okukugxishayo.

Esinye isizathu esenza singasoli i-ragweed ukuthi izimbali zayo ziluhlaza ngokufiphele futhi azibukeki njengembali evamile.Kunjengokungathi bazama ukungadonsi ukunaka, ukuhlala ngaphansi kwe-radar futhi bavumele i-goldenrod ithathe i-rap.Isizathu sokuthi i-ragweed kulula ukungayinaki ukuthi i-pollinated emoyeni, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokukhangisa ngemibala egqamile kanye nompe omnandi ukuze ihehe i-pollinators.Izitshalo ezinempova yomoya zithole ukuthi kulula kakhulu ukuheha umoya kunezinyosi, kodwa okubi ukuthi zidinga ukwenza impova eningi.

Izinhlobo eziningi ze-ragweed - kukhona ezingaba ngu-50 zazo - zingonyaka, kodwa zibuya njalo entwasahlobo kusukela ezinhlanyelweni eziningi ezizikhiqiza ekwindla.I-Ragweed izoqhubeka nokukhipha izinto ezingezwani nomzimba kuze kufike isithwathwa sokuqala esiqinile, ngakho-ke asethembe ukuthi akuyona isizini enwetshiwe kakhulu kulo nyaka.Futhi sicela usize ukusabalalisa igama mayelana ne-goldenrod ukuze ugweme ukusolwa okungamanga.

Esiteshini sikaphethiloli eMichigan ngo-2015, indoda yazama ukubulala eyodwa ngelambutha yashisa isiqhingi sepompo, yasinda ngokulambisa.Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwalokho, insizwa ethile e-Seattle yalahlekelwa yindlu yayo ngomlilo ngenkathi izama ukubulala izicabucabu nge-blowtorch.Futhi i-Mazda yaphoqeleka ukuthi ikhumbule izimoto zayo ezingu-42,000 ngo-2014 ngenxa yokuthi izicabucabu zazikwazi ukuvala ulayini omncane wokukhipha uphethiloli ngosilika, okungenzeka kuqhekeze ithangi likaphethiloli futhi kubangele umlilo.

Abantu babonakala benezintambo eziqinile zokwesaba izicabucabu, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zingcwatshwe ku-DNA yethu, noma okungenani kukhodi yethu ye-epigenetic.Ngokusobala bekungabasiza abantu bokuqala ukuba baqaphele izicabucabu, njengoba izinhlobo ezimbalwa zesimo sezulu esifudumele zinobuthi.Qaphela, yidlanzana elincane.Kodwa izicabucabu kungaba nzima ukuhlukanisa.Uma into enemilenze namehlo amaningi kakhulu igijima emlenzeni wethu, iningi lethu lizoswayipha kuqala bese libuza imibuzo kamuva.

Emhlabeni wonke, kuye kwatholakala izinhlobo zezicabucabu ezingaba ngu-35 000 eziye zaqanjwa, nakuba ngokungangabazeki ziseziningi ezisazotholwa.Izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-3,000 zibiza iNyakatho Melika ikhaya, futhi kuzo, cishe ishumi nambili ezinobuthi.I-New York State isingathe uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwesicabucabu esinobuthi, kuyilapho i-Texas iqoqe eziyishumi nanye, cishe isethi yonke.Kodwa-ke, benza yonke into ngendlela enkulu ezansi lapho.

Imithombo ayivumelani kahle, kodwa ngokusobala sinezinhlobo ezicishe zibe ezingamashumi amathathu ezihlukene zezicabucabu ku-Empire State, neziyishumi zalezo ezithathwa njengezivamile.Ungacabanga ukuthi ezindaweni eziphakeme singase sikhululeke kwizicabucabu ezinobuthi;phela iningi labo lihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo.Kodwa njengoba kwenzeka uhlobo olulodwa lokukhathazeka eNew York, umfelokazi omnyama wasenyakatho (Latrodectus variolus), ujabule kakhulu ezifundeni zase-Adirondack naseNyakatho Yezwe njengoba kwenzeka eLong Island.

I-sidebar ethakazelisayo mayelana nabafelokazi abamnyama - ababizwa kanjalo ngoba baziwa ngokudla owesilisa ngemva kokukhwelana - ukuthi ukuziphatha okunjalo akuvamile njengoba kwakucatshangwa.Le “zimuzimu yocansi” (igama lesayensi langempela) yabonakala okokuqala elebhu lapho abesilisa babengakwazi ukubaleka.Kubonakala sengathi endle banamathela “ekuvikelekeni okungcono kakhulu kuyisiqalo sokugijima” sesikole sokucabanga, futhi iningi labo liyasinda.

Isikimu sombala obomvu nomnyama emotweni siyasporty.On a spider kuyasabeka.Sinenhlanhla yethu, ukukhomba umfelokazi omnyama wasenyakatho akudingeki ukuthi simbheke phansi ukuze sibheke isimo esibomvu se-hourglass esiswini sakhe.Ngendlela engikubona ngayo, ukulunywa okuningi kungenzeka kubangelwa abantu abazama ukuthola ukuthi leso sicabucabu esimnyama esicwebezelayo sinoshevu noma cha.Noma kunjalo, uhlobo lwasenyakatho lunenqwaba yeziqephu zejometri ezibomvu ngokugqamile ngemuva kwalo ngaphezu kophawu olusesiswini salo.

Nakuba abafelokazi abamnyama benobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu, isicabucabu esinsundu (Loxosceles reclusa) siyingozi kakhulu.Ukulunywa endaweni ensundu, nakuba kungavamile, kungase kudinge ukungenelela kwezokwelapha ngoba kungabangela ukufa kwezicubu (necrosis) okungenzeka kube nokutheleleka kanye nezibazi.Ezimweni ezingaba yiphesenti elilodwa, ukulunywa kwazo kuholela ekufeni uma ubuthi buba ngohlelo.Eziningi zalezi zimo zihilela abantu abadala noma izingane ezincane.

Lapha eNew York asinazo izicabucabu ezingahlali ezinsundu ezihlala ogwini ziye ogwini kodwa ezigxile eMidwest.Uhlu lwazo lusuka eGulf States luze lufike enyakatho njengeVirginia.Nokho, minyaka yonke abambalwa bagcina belapha lapho beqoqe imithwalo noma amagiya alabo ababuya eholidini.Izinsalela ezinsundu zi-tan futhi ziyacwebezela, futhi azinabo nhlobo uboya.Zinombala onsundu ngokumnyama, emhlane wazo omise okwevayolini, nentamo yevayolini ibheke emuva ngasesiswini.

Kunezicabucabu ezinolaka, njengesicabucabu se-hobo esihlaselayo eNyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific, kodwa ezinobuthi ngempela zithambile.Abafelokazi abansundu bancamela ukubaleka, futhi i-recluse ensundu ibizwa kanjalo ngesizathu.Kuyisimo esingesihle lapho enye yalezi zicashe ithawula lokugeza noma empahleni futhi iphiniwe esikhumbeni somuntu okuholela ekulunyweni yilezi zilwane ezinamahloni.

Nakuba izinhlobo eziningi zezicabucabu zingakwazi ngisho nokubhoboza isikhumba somuntu, izicabucabu zivame ukusolwa lapho othile evuka enophawu olubomvu esikhumbeni sazo.Isikhathi esiningi, izimpawu ezinjalo zivela ezinambuzaneni ezilumayo njengomiyane noma izimbungulu.

Nokho, ukuze sikhulume iqiniso, sinaso isicabucabu somdabu esingaluma futhi esizoluma, isicabucabu sesaka eliphuzi (Cheiracanthium spp.).Zivamile kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika, ziphaphathekile njengesipoki, ziphuzi ukuya kokuluhlaza okotshani (kwesinye isikhathi zipinki noma zibomvu), izinhlobonhlobo ezinosayizi omaphakathi ezakha izindlu zikasilika ngamahlamvu agoqekile, emifantwini yamadwala, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ekhoneni legumbi.

Nakuba kungeyona ingozi, lolu hlobo lunobuthi obuncane obungase bubangele ukuqubuka, noma kwezinye izimo, i-necrosis yezicubu ezilinganiselwe.Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu edlule omunye wabo waluma uhlangothi lwentamo yami (kwakukukhola yehembe lami), futhi kwavela inxeba elivulekile elikhudlwana kune-nickel.Lesi silonda siphenduke saba nombala ompunga othusayo futhi kwathatha amabhu ambalwa ukuphola.Kufanele ngibale izibusiso zami, nokho.Kwakungekho umlilo.

Kunengqondo ukuthi izihlahla ezifayo zinezibazi ezibulalayo.Kuzwakala njengesimo esibi - amazwi enduduzo.Kodwa izihlahla ezinempilo kakhulu zinabo, futhi (izibazi zokugcina, hhayi amazwi enduduzo).Kuyinto enhle, njengoba izibazi ze-bud bud zinikeza indlela enhle kakhulu yokuphuma kumarekhodi ezempilo esihlahla ukubuyela emuva eminyakeni emi-5 kuya kweyishumi.

Ngemva kokuba isitshalo esinokhuni sinamaqabunga aso aphelele, senza kokubili imiqumbe yemifino nezimbali ngonyaka olandelayo.Ngaphakathi kwehlumela ngalinye lezitshalo kunethiphu le-inchoate, kuyilapho izingxenye zokuzala ziseququbeni lezimbali (okungenzeka ukuthi, izihlahla zinemiqumbe eyimfihlo yemifino, kodwa azikho ezinye zezimbali ezisele uma kwenzeka umonakalo weqhwa entwasahlobo).Phezulu kwegatsha ngalinye, isitshalo esinokhuni senza ihlumela elikhulu kune-avareji, umholi wesikhathi esizayo wesizinda saso samaqabunga.Lapho ihlumela elibulalayo liqala ukukhula entwasahlobo, lishiya amagxolo amaningi ahamba azungeze igatsha.

Ungabheka phansi igatsha elibheke kuso isiqu somzali, futhi ngokuvamile uthole okungenani izibazi ezinhlanu zamaqhubu, ngezinye izikhathi zibe mbalwa, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezulu.Ukufunda izibuko noma ilensi yesandla kuzosiza, ngoba izibazi ezindala azihluke kakhulu.Isikhala esiphakathi kwesibazi ngasinye sibizwa ngokuthi i-node, futhi simelela ukukhula okuvela onyakeni othile.Isebenza njengombusi wabatshali bezihlahla namahlathi, futhi ingaba ngeyakho nawe.

Ngokuqinisekile lokhu kuyahlukahluka ngezinhlobo, kodwa umuntu angalindela ukubona amasentimitha amane kuya kwayisithupha okukhula okusha unyaka ngamunye ukuze igatsha lithole ukukhanya kwelanga okwanele.Kodwa uma uvakashela ikhampasi yasekolishi noma wehla ngomgwaqo wasesigodini ophithizelayo, uzothola izihlahla ezinengxenye nje ye-intshi phakathi kwezibazi ze-terminal bud.Kungase kube okulungile ukucabangela lezo zimo zokugcina izihlahla.

Lolu lwazi luzokusiza ukuthi wenze izinqumo ezinhle mayelana nokuphatha izihlahla zakho ze-landscape, i-sugar bush, noma i-woodlot.Uma ubona ukuntula okuqhubekayo kokukhula okuhle, uzophatha leso sihlahla noma ume ngendlela ehlukile.Mhlawumbe ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi kulungile.Uma ufuna ukuthena isihlahla esinjalo, susa okuncane kakhulu, okungadluli amaphesenti amahlanu ezinto ezinamaqabunga.Uma uzibuza ukuthi amahlathi aqoqa kanjani amasampula egatsha kusuka ku-

Enye imethrikhi ewusizo lapho uhlola izihlahla ezincane into ebizwa ngokuthi i-trunk flare.Hlola isisekelo sanoma yisiphi isihlahla.Uma kukhona ukuvuleka okusobala, kufanele kube njalo.Kodwa uma isiqu sifana nensika yocingo enhlabathini, ukubola kwalesi sihlahla akukwazi ukusebenza, uma kunjalo.Kwesinye isikhathi isihlahla esincane siphila isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze sikhule izimpande ezintsha (ezizayo) lapho singathola khona umoya-mpilo, kodwa ngokuvamile ngeke sichume ngendlela ebesingakhula ngayo.

Kuzoba nokwenzeka futhi ukuthuthukisa izimpande zokubhinca, isimo esifana ncamashi nalokho okuzwakalayo.Lezi yizimpande ezaqala ukukhula ngendlela eyindilinga ngoba i-burlap yayinzima kakhulu ukungena onyakeni wokuqala noma emibili.Njengoba isiqu esikhulayo sifinyelela kulendandatho yokufa, impande ebhincayo efana nenhlwathi iklinya isiqu.Lokhu kwenzeka lapho izihlahla zineminyaka engu-25-35 ubudala.Ibha eseceleni: khumula njalo i-burlap uma isihlahla sesingenile emgodini.

Umuntu angabona umsebenzi wezandla wokubopha izimpande emigwaqweni emikhulu ye-NYS phakathi maphakathi no-August namaphakathi no-September.Izihlahla ezitshalwe nge-DOT zaleso sigaba seminyaka engu-25-35 ziqala ukushintsha umbala ngaphambi kwezihlahla ezizungezile zohlobo olufanayo.Uma usubukele lesi sigameko, uzobona lo mphumela nomaphi lapho uya khona ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekuqaleni kwekwindla.

Isizathu sokuthi izihlahla eziklinyiwe noma ezigulayo amacembe aqala ukushefa ahlobene ne-balance sheet.Uma isihlahla siboshelwa izimpande eziboshiwe, imboni yaso kashukela ayisebenzi kahle kunezinye izinhlobo zaso.Izihlahla ezinjalo zifika lapho kuqala khona izihlahla eziqinile, futhi ngenxa yalokho ziba nombala kuqala.

Manje usunamathuluzi ambalwa okuhlola impilo yesihlahla.Ngethemba ukuthi bangakusiza ukuthi ugcine izihlahla ezimbalwa zingabi yitheminali ngaphambi kwesikhathi sazo.

Njalo ngoNovemba, izibukeli zezinkanyezi zijabulela ukubuka i-Leonid meteor shower (kulo nyaka zingama-17 kanye ne-18), ebonakala ifana ne-voyeuristic, kodwa ngayinye eyakhe.Abazingeli bathanda kakhulu uNovemba, futhi abantu abaningi bagcina i-Thanksgiving kuleyo nyanga.Futhi yisikhathi esihle sokutshala izihlahla eziningi.

Kulungile ukutshala isihlahla enkulisa enezimpande zaso (kungaba yibhola-ne-burlap noma isitsha esikhule) cishe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi umhlabathi ungaqandisiwe.Kodwa ukumba nokuhambisa isihlahla ngenkathi yokukhula kufana nokuhlinzwa ngaphandle kokubulala izinzwa.Kungenziwa, kodwa umphumela awuhlali muhle kangako.

Nokho, lapho amaqabunga esecishiwe, izihlahla zinganyakaziswa ngokuphumelelayo ngenxa yokuthi zithule, igama lesiFulentshi elisho “ukulala ujule kangangokuthi awuvuki ngisho noma othile ekumbe ngezimpande.”Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izihlahla ezincane ziyalulama ekutshalweni kabusha kangcono kunezihlahla ezinkulu, futhi ngokuvamile zizogcina zingasenzi kahle.Futhi ukuhambisa isihlahla esincane kulula emhlane wakho.

Uma uyomba isihlahla ehlathini noma onqenqemeni lwensimu, khumbula ukuthi kufanele uthole imvume kumnikazi.Futhi ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukumba ubanzi kunokujula.Ngisho nama-oki nama-walnuts anezimpande ezinkulu, ukuthola izimpande ezinhle zangemuva kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuthola yonke i-taproot.Ukukhombisa leli qiniso, imbobo yokutshala efanelekile kufanele ibe yisoso futhi okungenani iphindwe kabili ububanzi njengebhola lempande, kodwa ingajuli.

Ukwengeza ama-gobs we-organic matter ekugcwalisweni okungemuva cishe kudala emuva ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho abantu ngezinye izikhathi babebamba i-arborist, uma umuntu esebenza, bese beyiphonsa emgodini wokutshala.Ngokunokwenzeka ekuphenduleni lokhu, abalimi abaningi namuhla batusa i-organic matter encane noma engekho eyengeziwe emhlabathini wendabuko onokuvunda okuhle.(Ithiphu: izitshalo ezimila endaweni zizokhombisa ukuthi umhlabathi muhle kangakanani.)

Ezimeni lapho inhlabathi impofu kakhulu, njengobumba oluhlangene, esihlabathini esihlanzekile noma emigwaqweni, kufanele kwenziwe imbobo yokutshala ebanzi ngokuphindwe kabili.Ungashintsha kuze kufike kokukodwa kokuthathu komhlabathi ombiwe ufake izinto eziphilayo kanye/noma ezinye izichibiyelo.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inhlabathi inhle noma impofu kangakanani, akukho manyolo othengiswayo okufanele asetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokutshala.

Izimpande zizoqhubeka zikhula inqobo nje uma inhlabathi ingaqandisiwe, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukugcina ukufakelwa kwekwindla ukuze kumiswe.Ukuzifaka esigxotsheni noma ukungazifaki esigxotsheni kuvame ukuba ngumbuzo wokugcina.Uma ingaphezulu lilikhulu kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nebhola lempande elingase liphephezele, gxoba kancane, usebenzisa indwangu noma izingcezu zamashubhu angaphakathi ebhayisikili azungeze isiqu.Susa izigxobo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba ukunyakaza kukhuthaza isiqu esinamandla.Isendlalelo se-mulch esingama-intshi amabili phezu kwembobo yokutshala (donsela isimboza semboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla kude nesiqu) siqedela umsebenzi.

NgoMgqibelo mhla zi-2 kuNovemba 2019, isifunda sase-St. Lawrence County Soil and Water Conservation District sihlele umhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi wokutshala izihlahla ngokubambisana neDolobha lase-Ogdensburg.Umcimbi uzoba kusukela ngo-9 ekuseni kuze kube semini eDubisky Centre, ku-100 Riverside Ave. e-Ogdensburg.Kumahhala, kodwa ukubhaliswa kwangaphambili kuyacelwa.Vele ushayele (315) 386-3582 ukuze ubhalise noma uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe.

U-Paul Hetzler ube yi-ISA-Certified Arborist kusukela ngo-1996, futhi uyilungu le-Society of American Foresters kanye ne-Canadian Institute of Forestry.

Iminduze, edabuka emhlabeni wonke ezindaweni ezipholile zenyakatho nenkabazwe, beziyizimpawu zamasiko ezibalulekile ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka.Kuya ngokuthi umi kuphi emhlabeni, zingamela ukuthobeka, ubumsulwa, ubulili obungalawuleki, ukuhlukana kwe-Québec, ingcebo, noma ingadi echumayo, ukusho izinto ezimbalwa nje ezingenzeka.

Imbali kukhulunywa ngayo eTestamenteni Elisha, njengakuMathewu 6:26 : “Bheka iminduze yasendle: ayikhandleki, ayiphothi;nokho ngithi kini: USolomoni ebukhazikhazini bakhe bonke wayengavunule njengenye yazo.”Umyalezo engiwuqondayo ngowokuthi umuntu angachithi amandla ekhathazeke ngokuthi uzozigqoka kanjani ngoba neminduze yasendle ivunule kahle.

Ngeshwa, inyakatho ye-New York State inezinambuzane ezintsha ezigxile ekudubuleni iminduze.Ibhungane le-lily leaf (LLB) liwumdabu obomvu ovuthayo wase-Asia naseYurophu onesifiso esinamandla sokudla iminduze yeqiniso, lezo ezisohlotsheni lwe-Lilium, kanye nezihlobo zazo ama-fritillaries (i-LLB ayidli iminduze).Okokuqala etholwe e-NY State ngo-1999 ngabalimi ababili be-Cornell Master Gardeners e-Clinton County, ibhungane leqabunga lomnduze selisakazeke kancane kancane kulo lonke elase-NY State eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, okuthukuthelise abathandi bezimbali.

I-LLB yabantu abadala isukela ku-6 kuye ku-9 mm (1/4 kuya ku-3/8 yeyintshi) ubude, futhi inezimpondo ezigqamile.Abadala, abadlula ubusika emhlabathini, baqala ukudla ngokushesha lapho iminduze iqala ukuvela.Zikhwelana, zizalele amaqanda futhi zife ekuqaleni kwesizini, kodwa izibungu zazo ziyavela ngokushesha ukuze zidale umonakalo omkhulu.Cishe ku-12 mm noma uhhafu we-intshi uma usayizi ogcwele, izibungu ze-LLB zingaba phuzi noma zibe osawolintshi, kodwa ngeke ukwazi ngoba zigcoba amandle azo kuwo wonke ukuze zigweme izilwane ezidla ezinye.Kuyisu elisebenza kahle kubalimi, futhi ngandlela-thile ezinyonini.Kamuva ngenkathi, izibungu zihluma futhi zivele njengamabhungane, aphinde alandele iminduze empofu.Sekubi kakhulu kangangokuthi abanye abalimi baye bayeka ukutshala iminduze.

Kodwa e-St. Lawrence County, abalimi abambalwa beminduze baye balwa ngokuphumelelayo futhi banqoba.Ngo-2015, uDkt. Paul Siskind, Isazi Somculo ngokuqeqeshwa kanye ne-Cornell Master Naturalist, wayefuna ukuthola isifutho esingcono kakhulu se-organic ukuze alawule lesi zinambuzane.Wamangala, uSiskind ethola ukuthi kube nocwaningo oluncane olwenziwe ku-LLB, futhi lungekho nhlobo esihlokweni sakhe athakaselayo.Wakha ucwaningo oluqhathanisa ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo evamile yezinto eziphilayo, waphinde waqopha izinombolo ezihlobene ze-LLB ezitholakala ezinhlotsheni ezine ezihlukene zeminduze ukuze abone ukuthi yiziphi ezazikhethwa yi-LLB.

Indaba emfushane ukuthi umkhiqizo obizwa ngokuthi i-Spinosad, owenziwe ngezinhlanganisela ezikhiqizwa amagciwane athile, unikeze ukulawula okuhle kwamabhungane amaqabunga e-lily.Yize ingenabo ubuthi obuncane kunezinye izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi, hlala ulandela iziqondiso zelebula.Amafutha e-neem, asuselwa esihlahleni sasezindaweni ezishisayo, afakwe ohlwini njengasebenza ngempumelelo ekulweni nezibungu ze-LLB, kodwa uDkt.Uphinde waphawula ukuthi i-LLB ikhetha kakhulu iminduze yohlobo lwase-Asia njenge-'Orange County,' neminduze ye-Trumpet efana 'neNdlovukazi yase-Afrika' endaweni yesibili.Izinhlobo zaseMpumalanga zazinambitheka kancane, futhi amabhungane amaqabunga e-lily abonisa intshisekelo encane eziphambanweni ze-Oriental x Trumpet ezifana ne-'Conca d'Or.'

Ukukhetha ngesandla, nakuba kungajabulisi, kunganikeza nokulawula okuhle kwe-LLB, futhi kuyindlela eshibhe nephephe kunazo zonke kuze kube manje.UGuy Drake waseHeuvelton, ongumkhiqizi wezimbali ezingapheli kanye nezihlahlana, ukholelwa ukuthi ufuna ukushaya i-LLB, kufanele nje “ulungise ingadi,” ngamazwi akhe.UGuy, ongatholakala eMakethe Yabalimi baseCanton kabili ngeviki, wangitshela ukuthi ibhungane elibomvu ngokubomvu lalimaza ukukhetha kwakhe iminduze lapho liqala ukubonakala endaweni yalo eminyakeni embalwa edlule.Ngonyaka olandelayo waqala ngokukhuthala ukuhlola amaqanda e-LLB, izibungu kanye nabantu abadala njalo ekuseni.Kusukela lapho, akasenalo nhlobo ibhungane.

Imfihlo, echaza, iwukukhetha ngesandla ekuseni kakhulu.Isizathu sokuthi kubalulekile ukuthi usheshe uphume ngoba amabhungane amadala anendlela yokuzivikela eyingqayizivele.Ngokushesha nje lapho usondela, ziwisa isitshalo, zihlale phansi zibheke phansi, futhi zilale.Nakuba ebomvu phezulu, ngaphansi abomvu, okwenza acishe angakwazi ukutholakala.Kodwa lapho kupholile ekuseni, uthi azinyakazi, futhi zingashanelwa kalula emanzini anensipho noma zigaywe.

Esikhathini eside, izilawuli zebhayoloji zingagcina isibalo sabantu be-LLB siphansi kangangokuthi ziyeke ukuba usongo eminduze.Ngo-2017, uhlelo lwe-NYS Integrated Pest Management (NYS IPM) e-Cornell's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, ngokubambisana ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension, lwakhipha izinhlobo ezintathu zeminyovu emincane yezinambuzane ePutnam nase-Albany Counties, kanye naseLong Island.Abacwaningi abavela ku-NYS IPM bathi kuzoba inqubo ehamba kancane, kodwa banethemba lokuthi ukulawulwa kwe-LLB yemvelo kuzokwenzeka emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

Okwamanje, kuzodingeka sisize iminduze ukuba igcine izingubo zayo ezinhle zingadliwa amabhungane amaqabunga omnduze.Phakamisani ingadi, wonke umuntu!

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Silinde isikhathi eside ukuthi ihlobo lifike kulo nyaka, ngakho-ke akulungile ukuthi amanye ama-crabapples aqhakaza aphenduke abephuzi abe nsundu futhi avele acime amaqabunga awo.I-Mountain-ash, i-serviceberry, ne-hawthorn nazo zithinteka yi-disorder efanayo.Lapha nalaphaya ama-maple ambalwa nezinye izinhlobo nazo ziwisa amaqabunga angahleliwe, ingxenye enkulu yawo asaluhlaza, ngokuvamile aneziqephu ezimnyama noma ezinsundu.Lesi simo sakamuva sinemvelaphi ehlukile, kodwa zombili zisekelwe esimweni sezulu sasentwasahlobo esinerekhodi-elimanzi sango-2019.

Igciwane elivamile elibizwa ngokuthi i-apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) lithinta izihlahla zama-apula, kodwa amanye amalungu ambalwa omndeni wama-rose, okuhlanganisa nama-crabapples aqhakazayo.I-Venturia inaequalis isikhunta esidlula ubusika emaqabunga awile ezihlahla ezinegciwane ngaphambili;izinhlamvu zayo zikhishwa emaqabunga amadala ukuze ziqale umjikelezo omusha wokutheleleka ngomthelela wezimvula zasentwasahlobo.Ngokusobala imvula eningi isho inani elikhulu lezinhlamvu ezisemoyeni kanye nesimo esibi kakhulu sesifo.

Izimpawu zotwayi lwama-apula amachashaza amancane ansundu noma aluhlaza okotshani emaqabunga kanye nezithelo.Enkathini eyomile kungase kube khona ukulimala okuncane, kodwa eminyakeni emanzi ngokuvamile kuholela ekubulaweni kwamahlamvu amaningi.Kwesinye isikhathi zikhombisa okusawolintshi noma okuphuzi ngaphambi kokuwa, nakuba amaqabunga afile angase ahlale emagatsheni isizini yonke.Utwayi lwama-apula aluvamile ukubulala izihlahla, kodwa luzenza buthaka.Emasimini ama-apula okuhweba kungaholela esithelweni esinamabala esijwayele ukuqhekeka.

Enye yezindlela ezilula zokusiza ukunciphisa utwayi lwama-apula ukuqoqa nokubhubhisa amaqabunga awile ekwindla ngayinye.Ama-fungicides anganciphisa izimpawu uma esetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo lapho amahlumela esanda kuvulwa.Omunye wemikhiqizo engcono kakhulu i-potassium bicarbonate, i-organic compound.Kodwa-ke, uma unenkalankala eqhakaza kalula, iyohlala iyimpi ekhuphukayo, eba yimbi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nale nkinga ukufaka isimila esimelana nezifo.Namuhla kunama-crabapples amahle angaphezu kwama-20 aqinile amelana notwayi lwama-apula.Uhlu oluphelele lungatholakala ku-http://www.hort.cornell.edu/uhi/outreach/recurbtree/pdfs/~recurbtrees.pdf

I-anthracnose yigama elijwayelekile leqembu lesikhunta esihlobene esithelela amaqabunga ezitshalo eziningi ezinamaqabunga nezihlahla zokhuni oluqinile.Ama-pathogens akhethekile, ngakho-ke i-walnut anthracnose ibangelwa into ehlukile kune-maple anthracnose, nakuba izimpawu zifana.Bheka izilonda ezinsundu noma ezimnyama, ngokuvamile eziyi-angular, futhi ziboshwe yimithambo yamaqabunga.Njengokhwekhwe lwe-apula, i-anthracnose incike kakhulu esimweni sezulu, inzima kakhulu eminyakeni emanzi kunokoma.Ayivamisile ukubulala izihlahla, kodwa izenza buthaka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Okunye ukufana ukuthi lesi sifo sidlula ebusika emaqabunga angenwe ngonyaka odlule.

Kunzima ukulawula i-anthracnose ngoba izinhlamvu zingakwazi ukudlula ubusika egatsheni nasezicubu zegatsha futhi.Nakuba ukufakwa kwesikhunta kungase kusize, izihlahla zomthunzi zivame ukuba zinkulu kakhulu ukuba umninikhaya angakwazi ukufinyelela kuwo wonke amahlamvu, futhi kubiza kakhulu ukuba nezihlahla ezinkulu zifuthwe ngeloli le-boom.Amaqabunga athintekile kufanele aqoqwe futhi abhujiswe.Ngaphezu kwalokho, thatha izinyathelo zokwandisa ukujikeleza komoya kanye nokungena kokukhanya kwelanga eduze kwezihlahla ezithintekile.Kungase kudingeke ukuba unciphise izihlahla ezitshalwe eduze kakhulu.

Nakuba zombili lezi zinkinga sezinamakhulu eminyaka zikhona, isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje siye sazenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuzilawula kunangaphambili.Nakuba kunemifino ekwazi ukumelana ne-anthracnose, ngokwazi kwami azikho izihlahla ezikwazi ukumelana nemithi ngaphandle kukamango ne-dogwood, ngakho-ke ibanga elikhulayo lokutshala kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle kubalulekile manje.Kodwa indlela yokuqala yokuvimbela ama-crabby crabapples ukutshala izinhlobo ezimelana nezifo kuphela ezizojabula ngisho nalapho isimo sezulu sisibi.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Omunye wemibala egqamile yamaqabunga ekwindla uvela emthonjeni othobekile.Nakuba abantu abaningi beyibheka njengokhula, futhi abanye baze bacabange ukuthi iyingozi, i-staghorn sumac evamile isiphatha ngombala ogqamile, obomvu-owolintshi we-neon-orange ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka.Idumela layo njengenkathazo linesisekelo esiqinile, njengoba lingasabalala ngezimpande zalo emasimini nasemadlelweni, kodwa i-sumac ayiyona ingozi.

Lapho ngiseyingane, ubaba wangibonisa i-poison ivy futhi wangixwayisa nge-poison sumac (ngesizathu esithile, i-oki enobuthi ayizange isike).Njengoba nje u-“Marco” ehlala ehamba no-“Polo,” “ushevu” walandelwa yi-“ivy” noma “sumac,” okungenani engqondweni yami.Njengoba sengihole ekuhambeni kwemvelo okungenakubalwa, ngiyazi ukuthi abanye abantu abaningi nabo bakhule belinganisa i-sumac nobuthi.I-Staghorn sumac ayiphephile nje kuphela ukuthintwa, inambitha kakhulu.

Qaphela, i-sumac enobuthi ikhona.Ukuthi nje bambalwa kakhulu abantu abake bayibone.Uma wenza kanjalo, njengoba ngenza, uzojula emaqakaleni (okungenani) emanzini.I-Poison sumac isitshalo esinesibopho sendawo emanzi, esidinga inhlabathi egcwele, futhi evame ukugcwala izikhukhula.I-poison sumac iyinto eyixhaphozi, futhi ngaphandle kokuthi inamaqabunga ayingxube futhi iyisihlahla, ayifani neze ne-sumac esiyibona nsuku zonke.

I-Poison sumac inezixha zamajikijolo axegayo aphenduka abe mhlophe lapho esevuthiwe, futhi awele phansi.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-sumac “enhle” inamaqoqo aqinile amajikijolo abomvu aphakanyiswe ngokuziqhenya njengethoshi lika-Lady Liberty.I-Poison sumac inamaqabunga acwebezelayo, amagatsha acwebezelayo abushelelezi, futhi amaqabunga ayo aphenduka aphuzi ekwindla.Ngokuphambene, i-staghorn sumac inamagatsha afiphele.Amaqabunga awo anombala ophuzi aphenduka abomvu ngokugqamile ekwindla.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-sumac "enhle", futhi zonke zinamajikijolo abomvu afanayo abekwe phezulu.Izinto ezenza ama-apula abe yi-malic acid, futhi amajikijolo e-sumac alayishwa nalokhu kunambitheka okumnandi okuncibilika emanzini.Ukwenza "sumac-ade" okudingayo kuphela ibhakede lepulasitiki eligcwele ama-sumac berry bunches (ungawakhethi ngawodwana), bese uwagcwalisa ngamanzi abandayo.Gubha amajikijolo imizuzu embalwa bese uhlunga ngendwangu ehlanzekile.Lokhu kukushiya nesiphuzo esimuncu kakhulu esipinki, ongakwazi ukusinambitheka ukuze ukunambitha.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-malic acid ayincibiliki emanzini, amajikijolo e-sumac alahlekelwa okuthile (kodwa hhayi konke) kokunambitheka kwawo entwasahlobo.Ngokuzayo lapho “ifulegi” elibomvu eligqamile le-sumac likubamba iso, cabanga ukuma ukuze uqoqe amajikijolo ukuze wenze isiphuzo esiqabulayo.Futhi ngokushesha kuba ngcono.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Izimpawu zonyaka zigcwele ukuthi ikwindla isiseduze.Izingwejejeje ezimpunga zibuthelela ukudla kwazo kwasebusika ngomkhuhlane, amabhasi ezikole aphuzi aphume ebusika, futhi okuphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi imihlambi yezinyoni ezimnyama iprakthiza izindlela zayo zokuzivocavoca zasemoyeni.Cishe kukhona uhlobo oluthile lwama-Olympics ezinyoni endaweni yazo yasebusika.

Abaholi be-Scout, othisha, nabasebenzi basenkulisa ngokungangabazeki bahlabeke umxhwele ngokuthi amahansi aseCanada ayakwazi ukuhlela izindiza ezilandela umholi ezimise okwe-V ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukuphikiswa okuphawulekayo, ukuklwebhana, noma ukubusa.Ngayo yonke inhlonipho efanele ngamahansi afudukayo (nalawo anikwe umsebenzi wokuhlela amaqembu amancane), umhlambi wezinyoni ezimnyama ezingamashumi ezinkulungwane eziphendukayo futhi ezihamba ngamasondo ndawonye uheha kakhulu.Nakuba ama-grackle, ama-cowbirds kanye nenkanyezi ehlaselayo kufakwe esigabeni se-blackbird, inyoni emnyama yomdabu yakithi enamaphiko abomvu (Agelaius phoeniceus) engivame ukuyibona enyakatho yeNew York State.

Uma sicabangela ukuthi izinyoni ezimnyama ezinamaphiko abomvu ziyizinhlobo zezinyoni eziningi eNyakatho Melika, kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi ukufuduka kwazo kuvame ukusibona?Phela imihlambi yabo mikhulu kakhulu ngokwezibalo kuneyamahansi.Eqinisweni, uRichard A. Dolbeer we-USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services eDenver uthi umhlambi owodwa ungase ube nezinyoni ezingaphezu kwesigidi.

Ukufuduka kwamahansi e-Canada akulula ukukugeja.Ngisho noma imihlambi yabo emise okwe-V ingakudonseli amehlo, ukuhayiza kwayo kuzokwazisa ukuthi kunjani, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso.Kodwa izinyoni ezimnyama zincane futhi zifuduka ebusuku, futhi azinawo amapayipi anawo, futhi amazwi awo awafiki kude.Futhi kuyavunywa ukuthi ababaningi enyakatho ye-NY State njengoba bephezulu eMidwest.

Zonke izinyoni ezimnyama, okuhlanganisa namaphiko abomvu, zingama-omnivores.Zidla izinambuzane eziwuhlupho ezifana nezibungu zommbila, kanye nembewu yokhula, amaqiniso okufanele sizithande.Ngeshwa ngezinye izikhathi badla okusanhlamvu, okuba nomphumela ophambene.Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi azivamile ukubangela umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni.

Kanye nama-robins, angenye yezimpawu zokuqala zentwasahlobo.Ngokuvamile ngiyawezwa ngaphambi kokuba ngiwabone;ubizo lwabesilisa lwe-“oak-a-chee” luwumculo ezindlebeni zami ngezindlela ezingaphezu kweyodwa.Futhi amapheshana amaphiko abomvu nokuphuzi, noma ama-epaulets, amaduna anemibala egqamile emithonjeni ye-sepia-neqhwa ebonakala maphakathi no-March.

Amaphiko abomvu avame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile emaxhaphozini.Ngikhumbula sihamba ngesikebhe nendodakazi yami encane phakathi kwamakati, silunguza ezidlekeni zezinyoni ezibomvu ezibomvu kuyilapho abantu abadala bendiza phezulu, bephikisa kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi betshuza eduze kwamakhanda ethu.Amaxhaphozi avikela amaphiko abomvu ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye njengezimpungushe nama-raccoon, kanti ezinsikazi, ezinsundu ngamabala, zihlangana kahle.Oklebe, nezikhova ngokwezinga elincane, bathwala kanzima izinyoni ezimnyama kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlala kuphi, noma kunjalo.

Ekwindla, izinyoni ezimnyama zibuthana ndawonye ngaphambi kokuba zithuthele ezindaweni eziseningizimu ye-US.Kulapho-ke bekhombisa khona imidlalo yabo yezinyoni.Mhlawumbe uke washayela imihlambi emikhulu yezinyoni ezimnyama futhi wamangala ngendlela ezikwazi ngayo ukushintsha indlela ngokushesha.

Ngolunye usuku ekuseni kulekwindla inani elikhulu lamaphiko abomvu lahlala ebalazweni elikhulu likashukela egcekeni lami.Ngawabuka ngokumangala njengoba egeleza ephuma kuleso sihlahla futhi azithela aphindele kwenye imephu enkulu eseduze.Baphinda lokhu kusebenza kwe- "avian hourglass" izikhathi eziningana.

Sekuyisikhathi eside abacwaningi bedidekile ngokuhamba komhlambi okuhambisanayo.Eminyakeni yamuva nje benze inqubekelaphambili ethile ngenxa yezithombe ezinesivinini esikhulu, ama-algorithms kanye nokumodela kwekhompyutha.Opopayi bama-movie basebenzise lawa ma-algorithms ukuze babonise ukunyakaza kwezinhlanzi nomhlambi wezilwane.

Ngokusobala, inyoni ngayinye ilandelela omakhelwane bayo abaseduze abayisithupha - abasekho, abancane, futhi ixhumanisa ukunyakaza kwayo nabo.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziphenduka noma zitshuza kangaki, zigcina ibanga elifanayo phakathi kwazo nezinyoni eziyisithupha eziseduze kakhulu.

Kodwa ngempela izinyoni ziwagcina kanjani amabanga phakathi komhlambi, noma zazi ukuthi kufanele zishintshe nini indlela?Ngokusho kukaClaudio Carere, isazi sezinyoni saseNtaliyane esasihileleke ngokujulile ekutadisheni ukuziphatha komhlambi wezinkanyezi eRoma, “Indlela okusebenza ngayo ngqo, akekho owaziyo.”Ngithanda umcwaningi othembekile.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Njengoba ama-anglers amaningi azi, izihlahla kanye ne-trout kuhlobene eduze.Hhayi-ke ngomqondo womndeni.Futhi akufani nendlela utamatisi nenhlanzi okwashada ngayo kafushane ocwaningweni lwango-1996 e-Oakland, eCalifornia-based DNA Plant Technology emzamweni wokuthola utamatisi okwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa (noma mhlawumbe inhlanzi enoshukela).Ukube bekungesithekile izihlahla, izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zasemanzini abandayo bezingeke ziphile emifudlaneni eminingi ezihlala kuyo manje.

Amahlathi asinikeza “izinkonzo ze-ecosystem” eziningi.Nakuba igama lizwakala sengathi ungashayela Amasevisi E-Ecosystem lapho ukhempa futhi u-oda iwayini elilethwa etendeni lakho, lezi zinsizakalo, noma izipho, zisukela kokuphakeme (ubuhle bobuhle) kuya kokuvamile (inani ledola lezokuvakasha).

Zihlanganisa nezinto ezibalulekile njengokukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo, nokususwa kwezinhlayiya ezihamba emoyeni.Enye isevisi inciphisa umthelela wezenzakalo zesiphepho esinamandla.Isembozo sehlathi eliminyene siyadambisa (ngokungathi) amandla imvula eshaya phansi, okuholela emanzini amancane agelezayo phezu komhlaba kanye nokungena emanzini angaphansi.Futhi, umthunzi we-canopy wenza i-snowpack yasebusika incibilike kancane, inciphisa ingozi yezikhukhula ezansi nomfula.

Inhlabathi yasehlathini iyakwazi ukumunca nokuhlunga amanzi emvula ngoba izimpande zezihlahla zibamba ungqimba lwe-duff endaweni.Izimpande zisiza futhi ukuzinzisa amabhange okusakaza.

Ukunciphisa ukugeleza komhlabathi kuvimbela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi futhi kuvimbele inzika emanzini, kodwa izinzuzo zidlulela ngalé kwalokho.Lapho imvula eningi kanye nokuncibilika kweqhwa kugcina kungamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, esikhundleni sokugeleza emanzini angaphezulu, kuholela emazingeni okushisa abandayo emifudlana.I-canopy eminyene isiza futhi ukugcina amanzi epholile ngesikhathi sobude bawo.

Lokhu kwenza izinhlanzi zijabule ngoba zikwazi ukuphefumula kalula.Ngendlela yokuchaza, noma ubani ovule isiphuzo se-carbonated uyazi ukuthi amagesi azoncibilika oketshezini.Ibhodlela le-seltzer elicishe libe yiqhwa lingavulwa ngokuphepha ngoba amanzi abandayo abamba igesi encibilikile kangcono kakhulu.Beka ibhodlela elifanayo kudeshibhodi elangeni ihora, noma kunjalo, futhi lizofafaza yonke indawo lapho uqhekeza phezulu, ngoba igesi ijahile ukuphuma esixazululweni.

Umgomo ofanayo uyasebenza ku-oxygen encibilikile emifudlaneni.Abantu kanye nezinye izinhlobo zasemhlabeni banokunethezeka kokuzulazula endaweni enomoya-mpilo: cishe u-21% womkhathi woMhlaba wenziwa ngale molekyuli ebalulekile.I-Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) ithi abatakuli kumele bagqoke amathuluzi okuphefumula azimele uma isiza sikala ngaphansi kuka-19.5%.Abanye abantu bathola i-woozy ku-19% O2 futhi ukufa kwenzeka cishe ku-6% komoyampilo.

Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu okungaba khona kwe-oxygen encibilikisiwe (DO) emanzini yizingxenye ezingu-14.6 ngesigidi ngasinye ezingeni lokushisa elingu-0.1 C noma 32.2 F. Ukubeka lokhu ngombono, okungcono kakhulu inhlanzi engathembela kukho ngu-0.00146% komoyampilo emanzini amabi-abanda.Ngokuvamile, i-trout namanye ama-salmonid adinga i-DO encane engu-9 kuya ku-10 ppm, kodwa angaphila ngaphansi kuka-7 ppm emanzini abandayo kuno-10 C (50 F).Amaqanda e-trout ayashesha nakakhulu, kuba uma i-DO yehla ngaphansi kuka-9 ppm ngisho nasemanzini abandayo.

Amahlathi enza okungaphezu nje kokugcina inzika ingangeni, nokubanda, imifudlana nemifula.Banikela ngokhuni, olubaluleke kakhulu emifuleni yamanzi enempilo kunokuzwakala.Eqinisweni, kwezinye izindawo lapho amahlathi aye wonakaliswa khona noma agawulwa, abanikazi bezindawo bayakhokhelwa ukuze bafake izingodo emifudlaneni ukuze kuthuthukiswe indawo yokuhlala.Izihlahla eziwile zivame ukuvala umzila wamanzi futhi zishintshe indlela yawo, okungase kucindezele izinto eziphilayo okwesikhashana kanye nendawo.Kodwa ingxenye enkulu yezitho neziqu ezigcina sezisemifudlaneni zisiza ekuhlinzekeni indawo yokuhlala izinhlanzi, kanye nezinto ezizidlayo.Isivimbeli selogi esiyingxenye noma esiphelele sisebenza njenge-pool-digger, sidala izindawo ezijulile, ezibandayo.Isiza ukugeza amatshe, okwenza kube lula ukufana ne-stonefly, i-mayfly kanye nama-caddisfly nymphs (ama-juveniles).

Noma ubani ophethe amahektare ambalwa noma ngaphezulu omhlaba onehlathi angasiza ekulondolozeni noma ekuthuthukiseni impilo yawo ngokuthola uhlelo lokuphatha ihlathi.Lokhu kungenziwa ngokuqasha isazi samahlathi esizimele, noma ngoMnyango Wokongiwa Kwemvelo wesifunda saseNew York (NYSDEC).

Ukuvunwa kwezingodo kungase kuhambisane ngokuphelele nempilo yehlathi, inqobo nje uma kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nohlelo lwakho lokuphatha, futhi kwenganyelwe uchwepheshe wamahlathi.Eqinisweni, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukuvunwa kwezingodo okusimeme kungcono ezinhlanzini, kungenisa imali eningi kumnikazi womhlaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Ngaso sonke lesi sikhathi, lawo mahlathi aphethwe kahle ayakwazi ukugcina lezo zinsizakalo ezibalulekile ze-ecosystem esithembele kuzo.Susa ukulethwa kwewayini eseceleni kwetende kunjalo.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Enye yezimpawu zokunciphisa imfucuza nokusebenza kahle kwamandla isiqubulo esithi “Nciphisa, Sebenzisa Kabusha, Kabusha”, esibonisa ukuhleleka kokuthandwa ukongiwa kwezinsiza: Kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa izinto ezimbalwa kwasekuqaleni, kodwa uma usuzitholile ungase uzithole. futhi uwasebenzise kabusha.Ekugcineni, nokho, kungcono ukuthi zigaywe kabusha kunokuba zifakwe endaweni yokulahla udoti.

Nokho, akuyona yonke imikhiqizo ewela ngobunono kulesi sigaba saphezulu.Njengoba liyindilinga, isondo lemoto kufanele libe iphosta-ingane yombono wokuthi lokho okuzayo kufanele kuzungeze izikhathi eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka.Enye inkinga iwukuthi amakhasimende alangazelela kakhulu ukuphinda asebenzise amathayi ezimoto namaloli alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-300 amaMelika awalahla unyaka ngamunye omiyane.Futhi iqiniso lokuthi ukwakhiwa okuqinile, okuqinile yikho okuchaza isondo elihle lenza ukuligaya kabusha kube inselele ekhethekile.

Ekuqaleni, kwaqashelwa ukuthi isondo elilahliwe kwakuyipulazi lomiyane.Ngakho-ke ezinsukwini zakudala kwakuyinto evamile ukunikeza isondo elifile ithuna elingashoni futhi ulibize kahle ngokwanele.Kodwa ngokwesilinganiso, isondo eligqitshiwe liwu-75% wesikhala somoya, ngakho-ke uma lingashoni kakhulu liba lilungele abashadikazi abancane begundane noma indlovukazi yejakhethi ephuzi efuna ikhaya elihle lokuqala.

Lapho amathayi ethunyelwa ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, enye inkinga yayiwukuthi ayengakwazi ukugqitshwa, ngakho-ke kwamosha indawo enkulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho kwavela ukuthi bavuka ekufeni, bagcwala i-methane futhi benyakaza indlela yabo ukuya phezulu.

Ngo-2004, uMnyango Wezokongiwa Kwemvelo waseNew York State (NYSDEC) waqoqa uhlu lwezindawo ezilahlwa amathayi ezweni lonke, wembula iziza ezingama-95 ngesamba esikhulu samasondo ayizigidi ezingama-29.Kusukela lapho, amasayithi amaningi atholiwe, kodwa inani lamathayi liyancipha kancane kancane ngenxa yengxenye yokuchitshiyelwa koMthetho Wokongiwa Kwemvelo ka-2003 obizwa nge-Waste Tire Management and Recycling Act.Lona nguMthetho odinga ukuthi amagaraji akukhokhise imali yokulahla amathayi ngendlela efanele.

Ngaphambi kuka-1990, cishe amaphesenti angama-25 kuphela amathayi alahliwe ayephinde asetshenziswe, kodwa kulezi zinsuku inani likhuphuke cishe ku-80%, elingaphansi kwezinga lama-95% elitholakala eYurophu, kodwa kusengcono kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwengxenye yamathayi ethu agaywe kabusha asetshenziswa njengophethiloli, ikakhulukazi izimboni ezifana nezishisi zikasimende nezigayo zensimbi.Amathayi abuye ahlakazeke noma agaywe, futhi irabha ewumphumela ye-crumb yengezwa ku-asphalt noma ukhonkolo wokwakhiwa komgwaqo, okunikeza izimfanelo zokuqina nokumunca ukushaqeka.Ngezizathu ezifanayo, irabha echotshoziwe ixutshwa nenhlabathi ngaphansi kwezinkundla zezemidlalo, futhi isetshenziswa ezinkundleni zokudlala ngaphansi kokujikijelwa kanye nezakhiwo zokudlala ukusiza ukuwa komcamelo.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-rubber yomhlabathi iye yathengiswa njengendlela yokukhetha i-mulch yabakhi bendawo nabaninikhaya.Lokhu kubonakale njengokuphela kokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwamathayi agaywe kabusha, kodwa abanye abacwaningi bayakungabaza ukuhlakanipha kwe-mulch yenjoloba.Ngokusho kukaDkt Linda Chalker-Scott, uProfesa Ohlangene ePuyallup Research and Extension Centre eWashington State University, ubuthi benjoloba buyinkinga yangempela, ikakhulukazi uma isetshenziswa eduze nezitshalo zemifino.

Kwelinye lamaphepha akhe ashicilelwe, uDkt. Chalker-Scott uthe “Ingxenye yobuthi be-leachate yerabha ibangelwa okuqukethwe kwayo ngamaminerali: i-aluminium, i-cadmium, i-chromium, ithusi, insimbi, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-molybdenum, i-selenium, isulfure. , kanye ne-zinc…irabha iqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-zinc - cishe u-2% wesisindo samathayi.Inqwaba yezinhlobo zezitshalo…kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi iqongelela amazinga e-zinc aphezulu ngokungavamile ngezinye izikhathi aze afe.”

Leli phepha liphawula ukuthi ngaphezu kwezinsimbi, amakhemikhali emvelo “aphikelela kakhulu endaweni ezungezile futhi anobuthi kakhulu ezintweni eziphila emanzini” aphuma enjolobeni ehlihliziwe.UChalker-Scott uphetha ngokuthi:

"Kusobala kakhulu ezincwadini zesayensi ukuthi irabha akufanele isetshenziswe njengesichibiyelo sendawo noma umbozo wezitshalo.Akungabazeki ukuthi izinto ezinobuthi ziphuma kunjoloba njengoba yonakala, ingcolisa umhlabathi, izitshalo zemvelo, kanye nezinhlelo zasemanzini ezihlobene.Nakuba ukugaywa kabusha kwamathayi angcolile kuwudaba olubalulekile okufanele kubhekwane nalo, akusona isixazululo ukumane uhambise inkinga endaweni yethu kanye namanzi angaphezulu.”

Lapho ngibuzwa ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo olungcono kakhulu lwemboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla, ngokuvamile ngincoma “mahhala.”Isemboza semboza ngabo izithombo zepulasitiki singaba usizo ukunqanda ukhula oluqinile, futhi isembozo esidala se-bunker-silo sivame ukuba mahhala uma wazi umlimi wobisi endaweni yangakini.Kodwa lapho irabha ihlangana khona nomgwaqo, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, izinto zemvelo, ezisekelwe ezitshalweni zingcono ngomulch.Zisiza ukonga amanzi futhi zicindezele ukhula, futhi zithuthukise ukwakheka kwenhlabathi futhi zithuthukise umphakathi we-mycorrhizal (isikhunta esizuzisayo).Zisebenza futhi njengomanyolo okhipha kancane.Izingcezu zokhuni ezibolile, umquba ovuthiwe, noma utshani obolile bungase butholwe ngenani elincane noma lingakhokhi lutho.Uma nje ungasebenzisi ukulawula ukhula otshanini bakho, izinqamu zotshani zingasetshenziswa ngokusesilinganisweni (ziphezulu kakhulu ku-nitrogen).

Ukugaywa kabusha kuhle, kodwa gcina amathayi engadini.Ungasiza ekunciphiseni inani lamasondo afile emhlabeni ngokushintshanisa njalo amathayi emoto yakho futhi uwagcine evuthelwe umoya ngendlela efanele, nangokwenza imoto yakho iqondane njengoba kutuswa encwadini yomnikazi.I-NYSDEC inolwazi olwengeziwe ngamathayi alahlwayo kokuthi https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8792.html

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Manje njengoba isimo sezulu sesifudumala, singalijabulela iqhwa kancane.Phakathi kwezinye izinto, iqhwa lizithuthukisa kakhulu iziphuzo zasehlobo, futhi ikhabe elineqhwa lingcono kakhulu kunelifudumele.Futhi kule ngxenye yomhlaba, iqhwa lisinikeza nezimfunda zezimbali zasendle eziyingqayizivele.Emaphethelweni osebeni lomfula eningizimu ye-Adirondacks, izimbali ezingavamile zohlobo lwe-Arctic seziqhakaza manje ezincekwini ezintekenteke zezindawo ezinotshani ezilungiswa ngokucophelela unyaka ngamunye ngenxa yokukhuhla iqhwa namanzi ancibilikayo.

Ezaziwa ngokuthi izimfunda zeqhwa, lezi zindawo zokuhlala zimbalwa futhi ziqhelelene kakhulu phakathi komhlaba.Atholakala cishe eduze kwemithombo yemifula esukela endaweni enezintaba;eNew York State lokhu kuhlanganisa i-St. Regis, i-Sacandaga, ne-Hudson Rivers.Kulezi zindawo, iqhwa linqwabelana ngasosebeni lifike ekujuleni okungamamitha amathathu kuya kwamahlanu njalo ebusika.Ngokusobala, iqhwa elinjalo lizocindezela umphakathi wezitshalo ogwini lolwandle.Iqhwa nalo lithatha isikhathi eside ukuncibilika, okuholela enkathini encishisiwe enenhlabathi ebanda ngendlela engavamile kubahlali basezindaweni zeqhwa.

Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, kanye neqiniso lokuthi ukucwiliswa kwamanzi kubulala izimpande zezinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla phakathi nezinsuku ezingaba yishumi, izihlahla zomdabu azikwazi ukumila ezimfundeni zeqhwa.Izinhlobo zekhava yaphansi eziphila futhi ezichuma lapho zijwayelana nezinkathi zonyaka ezimfushane kakhulu.Ngokwe-SUNY College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry's New York Natural Heritage Programme, izitshalo eziyishumi nantathu eziyivelakancane zitholakala ezifundeni zeqhwa zaseNew York, nakuba zingenzeki zonke kuzo zonke izindawo.

I-cherry encane (i-Prunus pumila var. depressa), i-New England violet (Viola novae-angliae), i-auricled twayblade (Neottia auriculata), ne-spurred gentian (Halenia deflexa) ziphakathi kwezitshalo isivakashi esikwazi ukuzibona.Ngokwami, ngingathanda ukubona kancane into ebizwa nge- many-headed sedge (Carex sychnocephala), kodwa kuphela uma ihambisana nethimba lochwepheshe be-karate.Ngaphezu kwalezi zitshalo ze-boreal, ezinye izimbali zasendle zomdabu ezifana ne-cinquefoil ende (i-Drymocallis arguta), i-bastard toadflax (i-Comandra umbellata), kanye ne-thimbleweed (i-Anemone virginiana) ngokuvamile inezela ekwandeni kwezimbali zasehlobo endaweni eyiqhwa.

Izinqubo ezibangela ukwakheka kwezimfunda zeqhwa aziqondwa ngokuphelele.Kwakuvame ukucatshangwa ukuthi iqhwa eline-slushy elibizwa ngokuthi i-frazil lalinomthwalo wemfanelo wokugenca osebeni lomfula, kodwa ukubekwa kweqhwa eliyi-frazil alinawo udlame noma anamandla.I-Frazil yakheka lapho isiyaluyalu singenisa umoya obandayo kakhulu - ngokuvamile ongaphansi kuka-16 F (-9 C) - emanzini acishe abe yiqhwa.Lokhu kubangela amakristalu eqhwa amise okwenduku avame ukuhlangana abe yizigaxa ezixegayo.Lapho zintanta phezulu zibukeka njengezigaxa zeqhwa.

Isici esingajwayelekile se-frazil uma iqhathaniswa neqhwa eliqinile ukuthi ingamuncwa ngaphansi kweqhwa elimboze umfula bese "ilenga" edwaleni, e-snag noma kwesinye isici.Lokhu kungakha “idamu elilengayo” emanzini ngaphansi kweqhwa elingakhuphula kakhulu izinga lamanzi emahoreni ambalwa.

Iqhwa le-Frazil yaziwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthi lakheka emifuleni eminingi nemifudlana enosayizi omuhle e-NYS, kodwa linqwabelana kuphela ukuze liguqule indawo yokuhlala ezindaweni ezimbalwa.Ukuma kosebe lomfula, izinga lokushintsha kokuphakama, nobukhulu kanye nemvelo yendawo yayo yamanzi cishe nakho kunomthelela ekusungulweni kwezimfunda zeqhwa.

Isakhamuzi saseNorth Creek kanye nesazi semvelo impilo yonke u-Evelyn Greene uchithe amahora amaningi ebuka izimfunda zeqhwa, ikakhulukazi ebusika.Wangisikisela ukuthi ukukhuculula amanzi, amandla okuthi ngemva kwakho konke aqophe imihosha enjengeGrand Canyon, yiwo abangela lezi zimfunda zeqhwa.Uthi ngezinye izikhathi iqhwa liyaduduleka ngasemfuleni, kodwa lokhu akwenzeki.Uveza ukuthi ukuba ngaphansi kwamanzi agobhozayo isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga ngonyaka kukhipha cishe yonke initrogen etholakala enhlabathini eyiqhwa.Njengoba umphakathi wezitshalo ungowokuvamile enhlabathini emincane, engenamsoco, ene-asidi ezindaweni eziphakeme, lokho ngingakubiza ngokuthi isiqinisekiso.UGreene uphinde aphawule ukuthi izimo zokuphuma eqhweni zishintshile emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, nokuncibilika okuningi okubalulekile phakathi nobusika kuvamile.

Isibonelo esihle se-Adirondack Park ice meadow singatholakala nge-Warren County's Hudson River Recreation Area ku-Golf Course Road, cishe amakhilomitha angu-1.4 (2.25 km) enyakatho ye-NYSDEC's Region 5 Warrensburg Suboffice.Ukusuka endaweni yokupaka izimoto endaweni yokungcebeleka ungakwazi ukuphuma uye ezimfundeni zeqhwa emizuzwini embalwa.I-New York Natural Heritage Programme ibala “ukunyathelwa phansi kwezivakashi” njengosongo ezimfundeni zeqhwa, ngakho-ke sicela uhlale emikhondweni ephawuliwe, futhi lapho usogwini, unganyatheli kunoma yiziphi izimila.Ezinye izimfunda zeqhwa zingatholakala eSilver Lake Wilderness nase-Hudson Gorge Primitive Areas e-Hamilton County.

Esifundeni esinobusika obude, kungaqabula ukujabulela izintaba zeqhwa, noma okungenani imiphumela yakho, ngemikhono emifushane.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Lapho ngisemusha, indodana yami yaba nesisho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi esokuqala noma ebolekiwe angazi (isisho, okungukuthi), esasihamba ngokuthi “Zonke izinto zilinganiselwe.Ikakhulukazi ukulinganisela.”Kubukeka sengathi uMama weMvelo wakufaka enhliziyweni lokho, futhi wakhipha imvula emaphakathi kanye nokuncibilika kweqhwa kule ntwasahlobo.Uma bekungeyena, mhlawumbe bekuyi-Climate Uncle Climate Change.Kunoma ikuphi, umphumela wezikhukhula ube odabukisayo ukuwubona.

Nakuba ngizwela ngempela usizi lwalabo bantu abathintwe amanzi aqopha umlando, njengesazi sezihlahla angikwazi ukungacabangi nangezihlahla ezihluphekayo.

Amanzi ezikhukhula athinta izihlahla ngezindlela eziningi, enye yazo kungaba umthelela wangempela, njengalapho izinto ezifakwe emanzini agelezayo ziklwebha eziqwini zezihlahla.Lolo hlobo lokulimala lusobala, futhi aluvamile futhi alubi kakhulu.Okulimaza ngempela izihlahla ukushoda komoyampilo enhlabathini egcwele amanzi.

Izimbotshana zomhlabathi yizo ezivumela umoya-mpilo ukuthi ufinyelele kancane ezimpandeni zesihlahla.Lesi yisizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi izimpande zesihlahla zingashoni kakhulu: 90% phezulu ngamasentimitha angu-25 (amayintshi angu-10) kanye nama-98% phezulu ngo-46 cm (18 in).Kungakho futhi ukwengeza ukugcwaliswa ukuphakamisa ibanga phezu kwendawo yempande yesihlahla kubangela ingcindezi, futhi ngokuvamile kuholela ekwehleni kwesihlahla kusukela eminyakeni engu-2-5 kamuva.Zimbalwa kakhulu izinhlobo zezihlahla ezijwayela izimo ezinomoya ophansi kakhulu.

Abaningi bethu babone izithombe ze-semi-tropical baldcypress ikhula ngenjabulo emaxhaphozini.I-Baldcypress inezakhiwo eziguquguqukayo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-pneumatophores ezizenza zikwazi ukuhambisa umoya ezimpandeni zazo ukuze zingacindezeli.Kodwa izihlahla zethu azinakho ukujwayela okunjalo, futhi azikwazi ukubamba umoya isikhathi eside.

Ubukhulu bomonakalo wezimpande owenziwe yizikhukhula buncike ezintweni eziningi, njengesikhathi sonyaka.Ngenkathi yokuthula, inhlabathi ipholile, futhi izinga lokuphefumula kwezimpande liphansi kakhulu.Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimpande zingayeka umoya-mpilo isikhathi eside.Ubukhulu bomonakalo wezikhukhula nakho kuncike empilweni yesihlahla ngaphambi komcimbi.

Uhlobo lomhlabathi lwenza umehluko.Uma indawo inesihlabathi, izokhipha amanzi ngokushesha uma amanzi esebohlile, uma kuqhathaniswa nomhlabathi osindayo.Isihlabathi futhi ngokwemvelo sivumela umoya-mpilo ungene kalula.Izihlahla ezisemhlabeni wobumba noma udaka zizocindezelwa kakhulu.

Ubude besikhathi izimpande zingaphansi kwamanzi bubalulekile futhi.Izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu zingase zingabangeli ukulimala okungadingekile, kodwa uma kuqhubeka isonto noma ngaphezulu, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zizolimala kakhulu.Ngokwengxenye, ukubekezelela izikhukhula kuncike ezakhini zofuzo - ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zingasinda ekukhukhuleni kangcono kunezinye.

Ezimeni zeviki noma ngaphezulu kwezikhukhula, izihlahla ezifana ne-maple ebomvu (i-Acer rubrum) ne-maple esiliva (A. saccharinum) zihamba kangcono kune-sugar maple (A. saccharum), isibonelo.I-River birch (Betula nigra) izohlupheka ngaphansi kwe-paper birch (B. papyrifera).I-Pin oak (Quercus palustris) ingakwazi ukuphatha izimo ezigcwele kangcono kune-oki ebomvu (Q. rubra).I-Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) ingesinye isihlahla esingabamba amanzi aso.I-tupelo emnyama, ebizwa nangokuthi i-black or sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) ilungile ngezimpande ezicwiliswe ngamanzi amasonto ambalwa.Iminyezane (i-Salix spp.), i-American larch (Larix laricina), i-balsam fir (i-Abies balsamea), kanye ne-northern catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) ezinye izihlahla ezikwazi ukumelana nezikhukhula.

Izihlahla ezikwazi ukumelana namanzi aphezulu zihlanganisa i-American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata), chokeberry (Aronia spp.), highbush cranberry (Vburnum trilobum), kanye nezinhlobo zomdabu ze-shrub-dogwood (Cornus spp.).

Kodwa-ke, ama-hickories (Carya spp.), isikhonyane esimnyama (Robinia pseudoacacia), i-linden (i-Tilia spp.), i-walnut emnyama (i-Juglans nigra), i-estern redbud (i-Cercis canadensis), i-Colorado spruce (i-Picea pungens), kanye nazo zonke izihlahla zezithelo , kungenzeka ukuthi alimale lapho ezungezwe amanzi isonto lonke.

Izimpawu zokucindezelwa kwezikhukhula zifaka amaqabunga e-chlorotic, ama-wilting, undersize, noma agoqekayo, umqhele ogqamile, umbala wokuwa wangaphambi kwesikhathi (uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye zezinhlobo zawo), kanye ne-branch-tip dieback.Kuye ngazo zonke izici okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, izimpawu zingase zenzeke ngenkathi yokuqala, noma zingase zithathe iminyaka eminingana ukubonakala.

Emuva kokuba izinto zome kancane, abantu abaningi abathintwe yisikhukhula salo nyaka ngokuqondakalayo bazoba matasatasa ngezinto ezicindezela kakhulu.Lapho kufika isikhathi sokucabanga ngezihlahla, enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu umuntu angazisiza ngayo iwukugwema ukubangela ukulimala okwengeziwe.Leli yiphuzu elibalulekile.Ungapaki, ungashayeli, noma izinto zesiteji ngaphakathi kwendawo yezimpande, ephindwe kabili ubude begatsha.Ngemva kokucwiliswa emanzini, indawo yempande yesihlahla iba sengozini ngisho nasekusebenzeni okuncane, okuthi ezimweni ezinjalo kucekele phansi ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kanye nokucindezeleka kwesihlahla okuhlanganisiwe.

Ungaqasha i-ISA Certified Arborist ukuthi ihlole isihlahla, futhi ikwazi nokufaka umoya endaweni yempande ngokuqhekeka kwenhlabathi yomoya, ukumboza izihlahla okuqondile, noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha.Ukuze uthole i-Arborist Eqinisekisiwe eduze nawe, vakashela ku-https://www.treesaregood.org/findanarborist/findanarborist

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.Ube yi-ISA Certified Arborist kusukela ngo-1996, futhi uyilungu le-ISA-Ontario, i-Canadian Society of Environmental Biologists, i-Canadian Institute of Forestry, kanye ne-Society of American Foresters.

Akuvamile ukuthi umuntu ezwe ngezindaba ezinhle.Ngingathanda ukuhlangana nombiko ngesihlahla semali esisha esihlaselayo ebese silungele ukusabalala esifundeni.Kuyavunywa ukuthi izokhiqiza ngemali yangaphandle, kodwa singenza ukuthula nalesi simo, ngiyacabanga.

Ukuhlasela kwesihlahla semali akunakwenzeka, kodwa ezinye izindawo maduze zizogcwala izinambuzane ezihlelelwe ukudla izimpukane ezimnyama, omiyane nezimpukane zezinyamazane.Ojekamanzi nama-damselflies, izinambuzane ezidla inyama ngokohlelo lwe-Odonata, zaqala kudala eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-300.Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezinambuzane zinenzuzo ngoba zidla inqwaba yama-nasties.Ezinhlotsheni ezilinganiselwa ku-6,000 ze-Odonata eziseMhlabeni, ezingaba ngu-200 zihlonzwe engxenyeni yethu yomhlaba.Ngike ngatshelwa ukuthi kuyinhlanhla uma umuntu efika kuwe, kodwa inhlanhla kungenzeka ukuthi ayesabisa izinambuzane ezilumayo.

Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo ngivame ukuthola okungenani ucingo olulodwa olubuza ukuthi ngabe yi-NY State, Cornell, noma iziphathimandla zeFederal ezilahle wonke ojekamanzi eNyakatho Yezwe.Ojekamanzi nama-damselflies anomjikelezo wempilo ongajwayelekile okwenza kubonakale sengathi kukhona owawakhulula ngobuningi.

Amadlozi namadrako azalela amaqanda awo emanzini noma ezitshalweni eduze komkhawulo wemifudlana, imifula noma amachibi.Izingane ezincane, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-nymphs, zifana nenunu futhi zifana kancane nabazali bazo.Ungathola umuzwa wokuthi ama-chopper abo abukeka kanjani uma ubuka i-movie ethi Alien.Uma ukhuliswa, ungabona imihlathi eyinhloko kadrako nama-damselflies evulekile ukuze kuvele umzuzwana futhi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ngisho nengxenye yesithathu, yamapalps afana nomhlathi ahingiwe.Ukuphela kwemininingwane engekho nguSigourney Weaver.

Ojekamanzi, izimpukane ezinamandla, zingaba zinkulu kangangokuthi zingabukeka njengenyoni ekuqaleni.Lapho ziphumule zigcina amaphiko azo elule, futhi ulayini wazo ogibele ogodweni ufana nezindiza ezimile endleleni yamatekisi.Amaphiko amabili angaphambili kajekamanzi made kunendluzelekazi yawo, okungenye yezindlela zokuwahlukanisa nama-damselflies.

Ama-Damselflies azacile kakhulu kunamadragoni, futhi ngendlela efana neyentombazane, asonga amaphiko awo ngokuhambisana nemizimba yawo ngenkathi ephumule.Futhi nakuba odrako abaningi benemibalabala, izintombi ziyawadlula “ngezigqoko” ezicwebezelayo.Ama-Damselflies ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi izinaliti ze-darning, futhi ngisho nezincwadi zesayensi zibala amagama angama-damselfly njengokuthi “umdansi oguquguqukayo” nezinye izihloko ezichazayo.

Izimpungushe nama-dragon nymphs zichitha phakathi konyaka owodwa nemithathu zingaphansi kwamanzi lapho zibhuquza khona izibungu ezithambile ezinjenge-grub zezimpukane nezimpukane zamahhashi ezicashe odakeni.Ziphinde zidle izibungu ze-skeeter eduze nendawo, zikhula zibe zinkulu unyaka ngamunye.Kuye ngezinhlobo, i-dragonfly nymph ingaba yinde njengobubanzi besandla sakho.Ama-Nymphs awabundi, kodwa lapho esekhule ngokugcwele ayokhasa emanzini, agxilise “izinzipho” zawo noma izinzipho ze-tarsal ogodweni oluphathwayo noma esikhumulweni semikhumbi, futhi avule isikhumba sawo phakathi nendawo emhlane wawo.

Idlula noma iyiphi ifilimu ye-sci-fi, udrako onomusa noma intombazane iphuma esikhumbeni sayo se-monster-skin.Ngemva kokomisa amaphiko ayo amasha elangeni isikhashana, lemishini yokubulala indizela iyodla izinambuzane, futhi ihlangane ngohlelo olunembile noluyinkimbinkimbi.Ngenhlanhla, ojekamanzi kanye nenani labantu abangama-damselfly abekho engcupheni, nakuba sibulala inqwaba ngesikhathi sishayela ezindaweni zasemakhaya ehlobo.

Kuhlaba umxhwele ngokwanele ukuthi isibungu esikhuluphele esinemigqa, esinemigqa sizithunga sibe ulwelwesi olunegolide, luncibilike lube isobho eliluhlaza, bese luvela ngemva kwamasonto amabili njengovemvane.Nokho, ojekamanzi bashintsha ngemva kwamahora ambalwa besuka esilwaneni esihlala emanzini esinezinyosi bashintshele ekubeni i-biplane esebenza kahle kakhulu.Kufana nokuthi i-muskellunge ivule uziphu yesikhumba sayo bese iphuma njenge-osprey.

Ngenxa yokuthi kubangelwa izinga lokushisa, lokhu kulungiswa okwedlulele kwenzeka kujekamanzi ngamunye noma ohlotsheni lwe-damselfly konke ngesikhathi esisodwa.Njengoba sezineminyaka eminingana ubudala, ziphuma phakathi nosuku noma ezimbili zontanga yazo, zenze kubonakale sengathi sezishintshile ngenxa yomoya omncane.Noma behliswa njengeqembu endizeni.Ngiyazi ngokweqiniso ukuthi alikho iqembu noma isikhungo sikahulumeni esikhipha ojekamanzi.Kodwa uma noma ubani ezwa inzwabethi mayelana nezihlahla zemali ezingavamile ezidedelwa, ngicela ungibhalele inothi.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Abanye abafuduki bayaqhubeka nokushushiswa, ngisho noma bengakwazi ukulandelela izimpande zabo kubantu baseYurophu bokuqala abafika kuleli zwekazi.I-dandelion okungeyona yomdabu ayikutholi ukuhlonishwa okuyifanele njengesifiki esinenhlanhla eyabamba izwe elisha, noma njengentokozo yokupheka egcwele amavithamini, noma njengekhambi lemithi elinezinjongo eziningi.

Kuleli phuzu lokugcina, idandelion ihlonishwa kakhulu kangangokuthi yathola igama lesiLatini elithi Taraxicum officinale, elisho “ikhambi elingokomthetho lezifo.”Kunezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo ezibikiwe ze-dandelion, okuhlanganisa njengokweseka isibindi kanye nokunciphisa amatshe ezinso nesinye esinyeni, kanye nangaphandle njengendlela yokwelapha amathumba esikhumba.Angenzi sengathi ngazi konke ukusetshenziswa kwesihlahla kwezokwelapha okwedlule namanje, futhi ngincoma ngokuqinile ukuthi uthintane nodokotela wamakhambi omuhle, kanye nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo, ngaphambi kokuzama ukuzelapha.

Sekushiwo lokho, iNyuvesi yaseMaryland Medical Center inikele lonke ikhasi lewebhu ku-dandelion, ngezifundo eziningi ezibuyekezwe ngontanga ebaluliwe.Ngaphambilini ngangizwile ukuthi i-dandelion yayisetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela, futhi i-U of M Medical Center iyakuqinisekisa lokhu:

Hhayi kabi ngokhula.Ungathenga impande yedandelion eyomisiwe neqotshiwe ngobuningi noma ifomu le-capsule ezitolo eziningi zokudla kwezempilo, noma ungayithola mahhala egcekeni lakho elingemuva, inqobo nje uma ungawasebenzisi amakhemikhali otshani.

Igama elivamile le-dandelion livela kwelesiFulentshi elithi "dent de lion," noma izinyo lengonyama, elibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo eziqinile emaqabungeni awo.Amaqabunga ayahluka kakhulu ngokubukeka, noma kunjalo, futhi ngaphandle komhlwenga wawo ophuzi, akuwona wonke ama-dandelion afana ne-leonid njengelandelayo.Enye i-dandelion moniker iphinde ibe isiFulentshi: “pis en lit,” noma “manzisa umbhede,” njengoba impande eyomile ikhipha isisu kakhulu.Okuningi ngalokho kamuva.

Ukwelashwa kwangempela imiqhele ye-dandelion.Isizathu sokuthi ziqhakaze kusenesikhathi ukuthi zinezixha zezimbali ezakheke ngokugcwele ezishutheke phakathi nendawo yomqhele wempande, kuyilapho ezinye izimbali eziningi ziqhakaza ekukhuleni okusha.Ngemuva kokusika amaqabunga, thatha ummese wokumisa bese ukhipha imiqhele, engashiswa futhi ihanjiswe ngebhotela.

Uma kubhekwa zonke izici ezinhle zama-dandelion, kuyamangaza ukuthi singakanani isikhathi namagugu asetshenziswa isiko lethu ekuqedeni.Kubukeka sengathi sekusondele ekuthathekeni ngabantu abathile, abamanzisa utshani babo ngezibulala-zinambuzane ezikhethiwe.Konke lokhu kuza nezingozi zezempilo, ingasaphathwa eyokumaka amanani aphezulu.

Kulabo okungenzeka bathathe lonke uxhumano lwebhubesi kude kakhulu futhi abakwazi ukulala ebusuku uma kukhona ama-dandelion acashe emagcekeni, ngizokwabelana ngemfihlo yokuwakhipha endaweni.Ukusetha umshini wokusika ukuze usike ngamasentimitha amane ukuphakama ngeke nje kuqede ukhula oluningi, kuzosiza ekuvimbeleni izifo, futhi kuzonciphisa kakhulu isidingo somanyolo.

Ngithi asiyeke ukuzama ukubulala ibhubesi laseNyakatho Melika okuwukuphela kwalo elingekho engcupheni yokushabalala, sifunde ukulazisa nokulisebenzisa kakhulu.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Akekho ofuna ukutshelwa ukuthi unebala elimnyama, kodwa izihlahla eziningi kuleli hlobo, ikakhulukazi ama-maple, zibukeka kabi kakhulu ngenxa yokugqoka ngenxa yezimo ekuqaleni kwenkathi.“Iqabunga leqabunga” igama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza amahlamvu angase adabukeke futhi abukeke njengebhedi, ahlanekezelwe, ngezinye izikhathi abe namabala amnyama noma izindawo.Kungase kubukeke kalula sengathi isifo noma inkathazo engaqondakali ibhidliza isihlahla.

Njengoba amaqabunga esihlahla evuleka namaqabunga amancane eqala ukuvuleka, angalinyazwa yizimo ezimbalwa ezahlukene.Enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokwakheka kwamaqabunga isithwathwa sekwephuzile esibanda ngokwanele ukuqanda emaphethelweni asongwe amaqabunga, kodwa singabulali yonke into.Lapho ekugcineni ivuleka yonke indlela futhi iqina, kuba nezimbotshana noma izimbobo emigqeni lapho iqabunga laligoqwe khona.Kwesinye isikhathi iqabunga alikwazi ukuvuleka ngokugcwele, futhi lingase lihlale linenkomishi ngokwengxenye.

Esinye isimo lapho sithola izenzakalo zomoya onamandla kuyilapho amaqabunga amancane athambile esakhula.Ngokuya ngamandla omoya, lokhu kuhuzuka ngokomzimba kungabangela amaqabunga ashaywe kancane, kulawo ahlakazeke ngokuphelele.Ngokuvamile lo monakalo awukho kahle noma awufani neze nalowo obangelwa ukulimala kwesithwathwa.

Akekho odinga ukukhunjuzwa ukuthi kulo nyaka ubeke amarekhodi esikhathi sonke emvula ephelele kanye nezinsuku zemvula ezilandelanayo.Ngenxa yalokho, amaphethelo “athambile” amaqabunga amadala agcwala amanzi.Imvamisa, amahlamvu awacwiliswa ngamanzi ngenxa yengcina yemvelo engaphezulu nangaphansi kweqabunga lawo wonke amaqabunga.Kodwa imiphetho edabukile ayinawo umgoqo onjalo.Kwangena umswakama, izicubu ezisogwini zafa, futhi isikhunta esingosomathuba saqala ukubhidliza izindawo ezifile.Ukwengeza ukuhlambalaza ekulimaleni, izinambuzane ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-pear thrips kungenzeka ukuthi zenze amaqabunga awonakele (awaqondile kumapheya).

Okunye okwengeza ibala lezihlahla elingalawuleki kulo nyaka ukwanda kwembewu.Endabeni yama-maple, lawa asesimweni “sezindiza ezinophephela emhlane,” imbewu enamaphiko eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-samaras ezihlahla.Njengoba uhlanya-lumanzi njengale sizini, u-2018 womile waze wadlulela ngokwedlulele.Izitshalo ezinokhuni zinquma inani lezimbali, ngakho-ke imbewu, izokwenza kunoma iyiphi intwasahlobo ngesikhathi sehlobo eledlule.Uma izinto ziyi-peachy, izobeka inani elilinganiselwe lezimbali zezimbali zonyaka ozayo.Uma ukuphila kunzima, kuyoba mbalwa noma kungabi bikho.

Nokho, uma izimo zizimbi kangangokuthi ukuphila kwesihlahla kusengozini, sizosebenzisa amandla aso amaningi agcinwe ukuze sikhiqize izimbali eziningi kakhulu.Le mpendulo eyindida ibonakala iyindlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yokulondoloza izinhlobo zezilwane ngisho noma ibulala isihlahla esingumzali.Ubuningi bezimbewu, eziningi zazo eziphenduka zibe nsundu njengoba zoma futhi zilungiselela ukuwa, zenza amabalazwe abonakale “esesimweni sezulu” nakakhulu.

Mayelana nokubola kwamaqabunga, i-Cornell’s Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic ithi: “Nakuba kubonakala kwethusa, lokhu ngokuvamile akusilimazi isihlahla... ngaphandle kwalapho siphindaphindwa iminyaka eminingana ilandelana noma esinye isici esibi sisenza sibe buthaka isihlahla.”

Kunento okuthiwa i-anthracnose, engahlobene ne-anthrax, futhi engeyimbi njengoba izwakala.Ibangelwa inqwaba yamagciwane ahlukahlukene esikhunta, i-anthracnose iba yimbi kakhulu eminyakeni emanzi kakhulu, futhi ithinta izihlahla eziningi ezivuthuluka nezihlahla, ikakhulukazi lezo esezivele zibuthakathaka.I-anthracnose idala izindawo ezifile noma ezinecrotic eziboshwe yimithambo emikhulu, futhi ngokuvamile iholela ekwehleni kwamaqabunga ekuqaleni.Mane nje ukhuphule futhi ubhubhise amaqabunga, okuyiyona ndlela i-overwinters yesifo.

Uma kungenjalo, khululeka uma ucabanga ukuthi unesihlahla esigula kakhulu.Kunonyaka omubi nje onzima.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Amakati amabili endaweni yami abekezelele ukuhlukumezeka okusongela ukuphila njengokuwa, ukulwa, “nokuzinikela” okuyimpoqo kwezingane ezincane.Kuyamangaza izingozi abangaphila ngazo.Ngokudabukisayo, engithintana nabo emkhakheni wezokwelashwa kwezilwane bayaqhubeka nokugomela ukuthi amakati anempilo eyodwa, nokuthi yonke into yokuphila okuyisishiyagalolunye iyinganekwane yekati.

Kodwa-ke, indaba mayelana nezimpilo zamakati eziphila okungenani eziyisishiyagalolunye ayiyona intambo.Isitshalo samaxhaphozi esibophezelekile, i-cattail evamile (i-Typha latifolia) idabuka emazweni aseMelika kanye nase-Europe, e-Afrika kanye nasengxenyeni enkulu ye-Asia-ngokuyisisekelo iplanethi isusa i-Australia, zonke iziqhingi zasePacific kanye nezifunda eziningi ze-Polar.Ingatholakala ikhula ngasemaphethelweni amaxhaphozi futhi ibe emanzini afinyelela kuma-intshi angu-30 ukushona, ukusuka ezindaweni ezishisayo kuya eYukon Territory yaseCanada.

Igama laso livela ekhanda lembewu eli-brown elikhiqizayo, elifana nenja yommbila ngaphezu kakhulu komsila wekati.Kodwa ukuze kugwenywe ukuqubuka komhlaba wonke kokuhleka okungapheli, okungase kubambezele umnotho wezwe imizuzu embalwa, iBhange Lomhlaba lacindezela izazi zezitshalo ukuba ziqambe i-plant cattail esikhundleni senja yommbila.

Iqanjwe ngokufanelekile noma cha, i-cattail iyisimangaliso semvelo ngempela.Njengomuntu othanda ukudla ukudla okungaphezu kokuthathu ngosuku, kunengqondo ukuthi ngiqale ngajwayelana nama-catatails ngokusebenzisa kwawo ukupheka.Amahlumela, ngezinye izikhathi abizwa nge-Cossack asparagus, amnandi aluhlaza noma aphekiwe, kodwa khetha ukuwapheka uma ungaqiniseki ngokuhlanzeka kwamanzi.

Ama-rhizomes aminyene noma izimpande ezifana ne-tuber cishe zingama-80% ama-carbohydrates naphakathi kuka-3% no-8% wamaphrotheni, okuyiphrofayili engcono kunezinye izitshalo ezitshaliwe.Ama-rhizome angabhakwa, abiliswe noma omiswe futhi agaywe abe ufulawa.

Encwadini yakhe ethi Stalking the Wild Asparagus, u-Euell Gibbons uchaza indlela yokucubungula izimpande ngamanzi ukuze kukhishwe isitashi, engingasho ukuthi kusebenza kahle.Isitashi, esimanzi noma esiyimpuphu, sifakwa kufulawa ukuze kuthuthukiswe inani lezakhi zokudla njengamabhisikidi namakhekhe.

Engikuthanda kakhulu ama-flower spikes, okuyizindaba ezinezigaba ezimbili ezinezikhonkwane eziveza impova phezulu, kanye namakhanda abanzi esifazane noma ama-pistillate ngezansi.Imbali yesilisa iyabuna ngemva kokuchitha impova, kodwa izinsikazi ziyavuthwa zibe izinja zombila - ngisho imisila yamakati - sonke siyayibona.Womabili ama-spikes ayadliwa, kodwa kufanele aqoqwe njengoba nje ephuma emigodleni yawo engamaphepha.Bilisa futhi udle nebhotela njengoba ungenza ummbila esikhwebu.Banambitha njengenkukhu.Ukudlala.Ziyafana nommbila.

Ekwindla ungakwazi ukuqoqa imisila bese ushisa i-fluff ukuze uvune imbewu edliwayo, enothe ngowoyela.(Isivumo: ngenxa ye-Laziness Syndrome yami engaxilongwa angikakazami lokhu.)

Sekuyiminyaka, mina nendodakazi yami sihamba (hhayi igama lakhe langempela) maphakathi noJuni futhi siqoqa impova ephuzi ephuzi.Vele ubeke isikhwama sepulasitiki phezu kwekhanda lembali, unyakazise izikhathi ezimbalwa futhi usuqedile.Ihektare lama-catatails lingakhipha amathani amathathu empova, futhi ku-6-7% wamaprotheni, lokho kungufulawa omningi onomsoco.Faka esikhundleni se-cattail pollen kuze kufike kokukodwa kokune kafulawa kunoma iyiphi iresiphi.Ungasebenzisa okuningi, kodwa ulinge ngezinga elincane ngaphambi kokuthi unikeze abanye (ithiphu evela ezinganeni zami).

Kulungile, kusho ukuthini lokho, izimpilo ezinhlanu?U-Euell Gibbons ubize i-cattail ngesitolo esikhulu sexhaphozi, futhi wayengadlali.Ungathola izinkulungwane zama-athikili namaphepha ocwaningo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwama-catails.Ngobuchwepheshe lokho kungase kungasifikisi ezimpilweni eziyisishiyagalolunye okwamanje, ngakho-ke ake sisho amagama athile.

Kulo lonke uhla lwe-cattail, abantu boMdabu ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka baye beluka amaqabunga e-cataille nezihlanga zezimbali othafeni lophahla, ocansi, izigqoko zamadada, izigqoko, onodoli nezinye izinto zokudlala zezingane, uma sibala izinto ezimbalwa nje.Amahlamvu amasha nezimpande kwakugxotshwa futhi kusetshenziswe njengemithi yokwelapha amathumba.I-Cattail fluff yayisetshenziswa njenge-diaper linings, i-moccasin insulation kanye nokugqoka amanxeba.

Namuhla, amaxhaphozi e-cattail adalwe onjiniyela ukuze bahlanze amanzi angcolile, futhi abadwebi benza iphepha ngamahlamvu e-cattail.Izingane zisajabule ngokudlala ngamaqabunga, futhi ikakhulukazi imisila yamakati avuthiwe.Nazi izimpilo eziningi ze-catail.

Mhlawumbe abanye abagqugquzeli benkundla yezokuxhumana bangahola umkhankaso wokubiza lesi sitshalo esimangalisayo ngomsila wenja yommbila.Umhlaba ungasebenzisa ukuhleka okuhle okwamanje.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Uma ucabanga ngakho, izihlahla ze-landscape zinempilo enzima Zigxile endaweni eyodwa usuku nosuku, unyaka nonyaka, zihlushwa - kahle, isithukuthezi, ngiyacabanga.Bangase badinge ukubhekana nokuniselwa okuwusizo yizinja zendawo, ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngabantwana abanomdlandla, noma izinkinga ezifana nendawo elinganiselwe yezimpande, ingcindezi yesomiso, ukuncintisana okuvela kutshani obuluhlaza, ukushisa okuvela endaweni ehamba ngezinyawo nezakhiwo, ukusika usawoti emhlabathini - lolo hlobo. wento.

Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje kube nobhubhane lwezilinganiso zokuzamazama komhlaba ezisongela inhlalakahle yezihlahla zethu esizithandayo zomthunzi: izintaba-mlilo.Kunjalo, eminyakeni eyishumi kuya kwamashumi amabili edlule sibe nokugqashuka kwezimbobo zentaba-mlilo.Kubonakala sengathi ziqhuma phansi kwezihlahla ze-landscape, ikakhulukazi ezincane, futhi imiphumela ayimihle.

Izazi zokuma komhlaba kanye nezazi zezitshalo ziye zasebenza kanzima zizama ukulandisa ngalesi simo.Nokho, kuze kube yilapho ikhambi litholakala, umphakathi uyanxuswa ukuba ubheke izintaba-mlilo ezimbi endaweni yawo.Sicela uqaphele ukuqhuma okungazelelwe kokuningi eduze kwesisekelo sezihlahla.Izintaba-mlilo ze-mulch zingahluma ngobusuku obubodwa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuhweba nezikhungo.

Ukumboza ngemboza ngezihlahla esiqwini sesihlahla kungaba nemiphumela eyingozi empilweni.Okwesihlahla, ukuze kucace nje.Enye inkinga ukuthi izinambuzane ezinambuzane ziyinkukhu.Njengabacekela phansi kanye nezinqola ze-inthanethi, bayesaba ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ongcolile uma becabanga ukuthi kukhona abangababona.Cha, bathanda ukuthi kumnyama futhi kuswakeme, njengomkhathi ongaphansi kwenqwaba yezimboza zezihlahla, noma esimweni sama-troll, egumbini elingaphansi likaMama.Izilwane ezihlala ngokhuni namabhungane amagxolo ayayithanda intaba-mlilo eqhumayo ngoba ibenza bakwazi ukufinyelela mahhala esiqwini sesihlahla.

Ubani ongathandi igundane elihle?KULUNGILE, abanye bethu cishe abakwenzi.Izihlahla nazo aziwathandi amagundane.Amagundane, ama- meadow voles kanye nama-pine voles konke ajabulela ukunambitheka kwamagxolo esihlahla.Inkinga ukuthi ukudla amagxolo kuzithatha isikhathi eside, lapho zingaba sengozini yezilwane ezizingelayo.Kodwa ngaphansi kwe-volcano ye-mulch, ukudla kwasemini kuvuliwe.

Izimpande zezihlahla zidinga umoya-mpilo.Lokhu kungase kubonakale kusobala - yebo bayakwenza, futhi bathola umoya-mpilo emithanjeni yabo, akunjalo?Hhayi-ke.Izihlahla zinesimiso semithambo futhi zenza umoya-mpilo nge-photosynthesis, kodwa azinayo into efana ne-hemoglobin yokuthutha umoya-mpilo kuzo zonke izingxenye zazo.Kuvela ukuthi izimpande zithola umoya-mpilo wazo emhlabathini.Noma yini evimbela ukufinyelela endaweni izovala izimpande.Futhi izihlahla azikho kangcono ekubambeni umoya kunathi.

Enye inkinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.Ngokwezinga elikhulu, izihlahla “ziyazenzela ngokwazo.”Lokhu kusho ukuthi bayazivumelanisa futhi baphendule izinguquko endaweni yabo.Kodwa izintaba-mlilo ze-mulch ziyi-wrench emshinini.

Lapho iziqu zezihlahla zigqitshwa intaba-mlilo ye-mulch, ekhawulela umoya-mpilo ezimpandeni zazo zemvelo, izihlahla ziqala ukwenza izimpande eziguquguqukayo (i-adventitious) ukuze zinxephezele.Ama-rootlets amahle azohluma esiqwini ngokuphendula ukushaywa ama-chips enkuni.Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi i-volcano ye-mulch izobhidlika futhi inciphe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, lezo zimpande ezithambile ziyokoma futhi zife, okugcizelela isihlahla.

Ekugcineni, kunendaba yamanzi.Izihlahla ezitshalwe kabusha zingadinga amanzi engeziwe iminyaka eminingana.Umthetho unyaka owodwa wokunisela okungeziwe ngentshi ngayinye yobubanzi besiqu.Izintaba-mlilo ezifulelwe ngotshani zisebenza njengophahla lotshani, zichitha amanzi ngokuphumelelayo.Esihlahleni esivuthiwe esingeyona inkinga enkulu, kodwa isihlahla esincane singaba nazo zonke noma cishe zonke izimpande zaso ngaphansi kwaleyo ntaba yomboza, (hhayi) enhle futhi yomile.

Ukugcina isimboza semboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla ngamasentimitha amabili kuya kwamane ukuzungeza isihlahla - ubude begatsha laso buphindwe kabili kuyafaneleka - kuyazuzisa, inqobo nje uma umbozo UNGAxhumani nesiqu.Sicela usize ukuqeda izintaba-mlilo ze-mulch empilweni yakho!Ngeke uze ushise unyawo lwakho.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ngike ngizwe izikhalo ngososayensi okuthiwa badla imali yabakhokhi bentela.Izibonelo zocwaningo okuthiwa luyimfucuza zihlanganisa ukuthi amazeze eqhwa aya kanjani ocansini, nokuthi kungani intambo ithandelana kalula kangaka.E-UK, ithimba lonke lososayensi lazama ukuthola ukuthi kungani ama-corn flakes eba muncu obisini.Olunye ucwaningo oluxhaswe kahle luveze ukuthi amapuleti ayanyakaza lapho ejikijelwa endaweni yokudlela, nokuthi omiyane abathile bayalithanda iphunga likashizi we-Limburger.Eqinisweni, ingxabano iya, kwanele ukugulisa umuntu.

Uma sibheka, lezi zibonelo ezingokoqobo zizwakala zingenangqondo, ngakho kungokwemvelo ukuthi abanye abantu bangasabela ngokucasuka ngemibiko enjalo.Kodwa izinto ngokuvamile azinjalo njengoba zivela ekuqaleni.Uma sibhekisisa, lolu hlobo lwesayensi luyaziqinisekisa.

Amazeze eqhwa noma ama-springtails ama-arthropod amancane amahle ngendlela ye-Collembola.Zisebenza unyaka wonke, zibonakala kalula phezu kweqhwa ngosuku olupholile lwasebusika.Izazi zezinto eziphilayo namanje azivumi ukuthi zingahlukaniswa kanjani amazeze eqhwa, kodwa ukutadisha izidalwa ezincane kuye kwasinika indlela yokuthuthukisa ukufakelwa kwezitho zomzimba.Amazeze eqhwa enza iphrotheni ecebile nge-glycine egcina iqhwa lingakheki ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana awo ngisho nokubanda kakhulu.Izitho zokufakelwa zingagcinwa isikhathi eside uma le phrotheni ivumela ukuthi zigcinwe emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwamakhaza ngaphandle kokulimala.

Ama-molecule afana nentambo afana ne-DNA ayahlangana, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekutheni iseli lifunde ngokungalungile futhi liwaphindaphinde.Lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni eziningi, okuhlanganisa nomdlavuza.Amangqamuzana athile aguqule amakhemikhali aqamula lezi “zintambo” ezidukile.Abacwaningi, abaqale ngokutadisha izintambo zangempela kanye nezintambo, manje sebesungula izindlela zokwelapha ezilwa nomdlavuza ezisuselwe kuzinqamuli zamakhemikhali.

Ucwaningo lwango-2006 olubonisa ukuthi umiyane othwala umalaleveva unomuthi we-Limburger ekuqaleni kwahlekwa usulu.Kodwa ngokushesha, lolu lwazi lwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezithiyo zomiyane ezingxenyeni ezithile zase-Afrika, okuye kwasiza ekulweni nomalaleveva.

Isazi sefiziksi saseMelika uRichard Feynman sahlanganyela eMklomelweni kaNobel we-physics wango-1965 ngenxa yamasoso endizayo.Empeleni wathi ukubuka amapuleti esidlo sakusihlwa ejikijelwa endaweni yokudlela yasenyuvesi kwamenza waba nelukuluku lokwazi ngendlela abenyakaza ngayo.Njengoba kwenzeka, lokhu kuhlobene nokujikeleza nokugwedla kwama-electron, futhi kwasiza ukuqhubekisela phambili umkhakha we-quantum electrodynamics, nakuba ngezindlela engingakwazi ukuziqonda.

Ngokwazi kwami, ososayensi baseBrithani abazama ukuvula izimfihlo ze-mushy cereal abazange bathole noma yikuphi okuthakazelisayo, noma kunjalo.Kodwa babehlukile.Baxhaswe ngasese ngumenzi odumile wokusanhlamvu.

Ngicabanga ukuthi iphuzu liwukuthi asinayo indlela yokusho kusengaphambili ukuthi isifundo siyinto encane noma ebalulekile.Uma sibheka umlando, kungase kungabi khona into efana nesihloko esingasho lutho.

Ngakho-ke ngokuzayo lapho sizwa ngocwaningo lwethiyori ye-poker, noma ukuthi izinyoni zikwazi kanjani ukuhlonza ukuthi yimuphi umdwebi odumile owadala umdwebo othile (isenzakalo sangempela, ngendlela), noma izibalo ezingemuva kwekhethini elivuzayo, kufanele sikuvimbele ukuhleka kwethu.Ukuphila okuthuthukisiwe noma okusindiswa yilolu hlobo lwesayensi “engenangqondo” kungase kube eyethu, noma eyomuntu esimthandayo.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Akuvamile ukuthi umuntu ezwe ngezindaba ezinhle.Ngingathanda ukufunda umbiko ngesihlahla semali esihlaselayo ebesisabalele esifundeni.Kuyavunywa ukuthi izokhiqiza ngemali yangaphandle, kodwa singenza ukuthula nalesi simo, ngiyacabanga.

Ukuhlasela kwesihlahla semali akunakwenzeka, kodwa ezinye izindawo maduze zizogcwala izinambuzane ezihlelelwe ukudla izimpukane ezimnyama, omiyane nezimpukane zezinyamazane.Ojekamanzi nama-damselflies, izinambuzane ezidla inyama ngokohlelo lwe-Odonata, zaqala kudala eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-300.Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezinambuzane zinenzuzo ngokuthi zidla izimpukane eziningi ezimnyama, izimpukane zezinyamazane, omiyane nezinye izinto ezimbi.Ezinhlotsheni ezilinganiselwa ku-6,000 ze-Odonata eziseMhlabeni, ezingaba ngu-200 zihlonzwe engxenyeni yethu yomhlaba.Ngike ngatshelwa ukuthi kuyinhlanhla uma umuntu efika kuwe, kodwa inhlanhla kungenzeka ukuthi zixosha izinambuzane ezilumayo.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ngemva kobusika obude kangaka, sonke sibonga ukuthi ekugcineni intwasahlobo iye yavela, nakuba intengo yesimo sezulu esifudumele ibonakala iwukufika kwezinambuzane ezilumayo.Izixuku zomiyane zingaqeda ubumnandi kusukela kusihlwa emphemeni, kodwa umkhaza owodwa onomlenze omnyama noma wenyamazane (Ixodes scapularis) ungakhipha ukukhanya ehlobo lonke uma ukuthelela ngesifo seLyme kanye/noma esinye isifo esibi.

Muva nje eminyakeni eyishumi edlule enyakatho ye-NY State bekungejwayelekile ukuthi uthole umkhaza wenyamazane eyodwa ngemuva kosuku olude ungaphandle.Manje okumele ukwenze nje ukubeka unyawo ebhulashini ukuze uqoqe isethi yawo emilenzeni yebhulukwe.Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi imikhaza yezinyamazane ayikaze ibe lapha ngokomlando, noma ngamanani aphansi, kodwa yasuka ezifundazweni zaseMid-Atlantic emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule.Ngokungangabazeki ziyizinhlobo ezihlaselayo enyakatho ye-NYS.

Umaka omusha ebhulokhini, akungabazeki ukuthi uhlobo oluhlaselayo.Idabuka eKorea, eJapan, empumalanga yeChina, kanye nenani lezizwe zase-Pacific Island, yaziwa ngokuthi ihlathi lase-Asia noma umkhaza wezinkomo (Haemaphysalis longicornis).Ubizwa nangokuthi umkhaza onezimpondo ezinde zase-Asia, okudidayo ngoba kakade sinebhungane lase-Asia elinezimpondo ezinde.Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhaza wasehlathini awunawo ama-appendages amade anoma yiluphi uhlobo.

Eqinisweni lifushane kunoma yiziphi izici ezihlukanisayo.Njengoba uJody Gangloff-Kaufman wohlelo lwe-IPM lwaseNew York ebhala, “Kunzima ukubonwa imikhaza enezimpondo ezinde, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni ezincane.Abantu abadala bansundu nje kodwa babukeka befana nemikhaza yenja ensundu.”I-NYSPIM iphinde ithi izinsiza ze-tick-ID zingatholakala ku-: http://www.neregionalvectorcenter.com/ticks

Ihlobene eduze nomkhaza wethu esiwuthandayo, umkhaza wase-Asia wasehlathini watholwa okokuqala endle eNyakatho Melika ngo-2017 eNew Jersey, lapho kubikwa ukuthi imvu efuywayo yayigcwele ngaphezu kwenkulungwane yazo.Kusukela lapho isisabalele kwezinye izifundazwe eziyisishiyagalombili, okuhlanganisa ne-NY.Amandla abo okuzala aphezulu angenye yezici ezikhathazayo zezinhlobo.Bonke bangabesifazane abangama-parthenogenic (asexual), okusho ukuthi bakhipha amaqanda ayi-1,000 - 2,000 lilinye ngaphandle kokuzihlupha ngokuhlangana nomlingani.

I-Columbia News ibike isibonelo esihle sokuzala komkhaza omusha ngoDisemba odlule: Ngenkathi umkhaza wase-Asian bush uqinisekiswa okokuqala e-Staten Island ngo-2017, izinhlolovo zathola ukuthi ukuminyana kwawo emapaki omphakathi kwakungama-85 imitha-skwele ngayinye.Ngo-2018, amapaki afanayo ayene-1,529 ngemitha yesikwele.

Okunye okukhathazayo ukuthi ngabe iwumthombo wezifo zabantu nezilwane.Emkhakheni wasekhaya, umkhaza waziwa ngokuthi udlulisa inqwaba yezifo ezihlanganisa iLyme, imfiva enamabala, i-Erlichiosis, i-Anaplasmosis, igciwane le-Powassan, igciwane le-encephalitis elithwalwa yimikhaza, kanye nomkhuhlane omkhulu one-thrombocytopenia syndrome, efana ne-Ebola.Nakuba lokhu kusabisa, abacwaningi abakayitholi imikhaza enamagciwane eNyakatho Melika.

Ongoti abavumelani mayelana nokwenzeka komkhaza wasehlathini ekusakazeni izifo.UDkt. John Aucott, oqondisa iLyme Disease Research Center eJohns Hopkins University Medical Center, uthe akumele sikudlulise lokho ngoba umkhaza wasehlathini uthwala izifo ezimbi kakhulu endaweni yawo, abantu balapha basengozini yezifo ezifanayo.Nokho, isekela lomqondisi weCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, uDkt. Ben Beard, ucashunwe kanje kuwebhusayithi yeCDC: “Umthelela ophelele walo mkhaza empilweni yomphakathi awaziwa. .Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, umkhaza onezimpondo ezinde zase-Asia ungadlulisela izinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane avamile e-United States.Sikhathazekile ngokuthi lo mkhaza, ongabangela ukuhlasela okukhulu kwezilwane, kubantu nasendaweni ezungezile, uyasabalala e-United States.”

Njengamanje umkhaza wasehlathini ukhawulelwe e-Downstate NY, kodwa uthathwa njengeqinile futhi uzobe usendleleni yethu.Yize imikhaza ihamba amamitha ambalwa nje empilweni, igibela izinyoni ezifudukayo.Ucwaningo ngokwandisa uhla lwemikhaza yezinyamazane oluholwa u-Katie M. Clow weNyuvesi yaseGuelph e-Ontario luphethe ngokuthi baya enyakatho ngesilinganiso esimaphakathi samakhilomitha angu-46 (28.5 miles) ngonyaka, besizwa izinyoni.

Lokhu akusho ukuthi sidinga ukwethuka, noma ukhululeke ukwenza kanjalo uma uthanda.Ukugwema lo mkhaza kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo esigwema ngayo imikhaza yezinyamazane.Njengoba imikhaza "ifuna" ezihlokweni zotshani obude noma ibhulashi, ilinde ukugqama entweni elandelayo edlulayo, abaqwali kufanele banamathele emizileni ephawuliwe, futhi bangalokothi balandele imizila yezinyamazane.Sebenzisa imikhiqizo equkethe 20-30% DEET esikhumbeni esiveziwe.Izingubo, izicathulo kanye namagiya afana namatende angelashwa nge-permetrin engu-0.5%.Phatha izilwane ezifuywayo njalo ngomkhiqizo we-systemic anti-tick kanye/noma ikhola yomkhaza ukuze zingangenisi imikhaza yenyamazane ekhaya.Khuluma nodokotela wakho wezilwane mayelana nokugonyelwa izilwane ezifuywayo ngokumelene neLyme (ngokudabukisayo awukho umgomo womuntu okwamanje).

Hlola imikhaza njalo kusihlwa ngemva kokugeza.Amakhizane afana nezindawo okunzima ukuzibona njengamakhwapha, igroin, isikhumba sekhanda, imiphetho yesokisi, nengemuva lamadolo, ngakho bhekisisa kulezi zindawo.Uma uthola ukuthi umakhi unamathele kuwe, ukususwa ngokushesha kubalulekile.I-CDC incoma ukuthi uyibambe eduze nesikhumba ngangokunokwenzeka ngama-tweezers futhi uyidonsele phezulu ize idedele.Kungase kudingeke ukuthi udonse kanzima uma kade idla.Izingxenye zomlomo womkhaza ngokuvamile zihlala esikhumbeni ngemva kokususwa komkhaza;lokhu akuyona inkinga.Ungawasebenzisi amakhambi asekhaya ukuze uthole umkhaza ozowukhipha, njengoba uwuyenga ukuba ubuyele kuwe, okwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuthi ugule.

Abanikazi bezindlu bangazisiza.Iwebhusayithi ye-CDC ithi: “Ukugcina ibanga elingamafidi angu-9 phakathi kotshani nendawo yokuhlala enezihlahla kunganciphisa ubungozi bokuthinta imikhaza.Izingubo ezilashwe nge-Permethrin kanye ne-DEET, i-picaridin, noma i-IR3535 ingasetshenziswa njengezixoshi zomuntu siqu.Landela yonke imiyalelo yelebula.Xhumana nodokotela wakho wezilwane ukuze uthole izincomo eziqondene nesimo sakho kanye nezilwane.”

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Uma kubhekwa ukuthi Izwe EliseNyakatho libe mhlophe noma libe nsundu ngokuhlukile kusukela maphakathi no-November kuya esontweni lokuqala ngo-April, kungokwemvelo ukuthi silambele ukubona ukubonakala okuluhlaza kancane endaweni.Ngakho-ke akulungile kakhulu ukuthi ezinye izindawo zibe nomthunzi othile wohlaza omningi kakhulu.I-Emerald ibe ncamashi.

Ngemva caterwauling iminyaka eminingana ukuthi isibhakabhaka wayezowa, Ngiye ekugcineni waqinisekisa.Lesi yisimo esisodwa lapho ngingajabuli khona ukuthi ngilungile, nokho.Isimo se-fallen-sky ukuthi i-emerald ash borer (EAB), ibhungane lase-Asia elimise okwenhlamvu elincane elidlala umsebenzi wokupenda oluhlaza ocwebezelayo onamaphuzu avelele ethusi, selifike ngobuningi.

Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili nje ezidlule, amavolontiya ezakhamuzi athole ukuhlasela kwe-EAB okuningi okusha eduze no-Seaway kusukela eningizimu ye-St. Lawrence County eduze nomngcele we-Jefferson County ukuya empumalanga ye-Franklin County.Indawo yaseMassena inesibalo sabantu be-EAB esindayo futhi esisabalele.Ngalesi sikhathi, i-emerald ash borer itholakale kuphela emamayela ambalwa ukusuka e-Seaway.

Okokuqala ukutholwa eduze kwaseDetroit ngo-2002, i-EAB yasabalala ngokushesha kuzo zonke izifunda zase-Upper Midwest kanye ne-Great Lakes e-US, nangaphesheya kwe-Ontario eseningizimu eCanada.Ngokusobala bafika mahhala emabhokisini ezingxenye zezimoto zamaShayina ezishibhile, njengomklomelo ongafunwa we-Crackerjack.Amabhungane amadala awalimazi kangako, kodwa izingane zawo (izibungu) zidla i-cambium, izicubu eziphilayo eziphakathi kwegxolo elingaphakathi nokhuni, zezihlahla zomlotha, ziyabhinca futhi kanjalo ziyazibulala.Njengoba i-EAB ibulala umlotha weqiniso kuphela, umlotha wentaba uphephile.

Isibhakabhaka singase singawi ngokoqobo, kodwa maduze nje, insada yezihlahla zomlotha zizowela eMhlabeni.Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu nge-infestation ukuthi lapho i-EAB ibulala umlotha, izinkuni zilahlekelwa amandla ngokushesha kakhulu kunokuba isihlahla sibulawe ngenye imbangela.Ezinyangeni eziyi-12 kuya kweziyi-18, isihlahla esibulewe yi-EAB sincipha ngokuphindwe kahlanu emandleni okugunda.Izihlahla ezinjalo ziyoqedwa ngaphandle komoya noma okunye ukucasulwa, kube yingozi enkulu kunalokho esikujwayele.

Zontathu izinhlobo zomlotha wendabuko - omhlophe, oluhlaza okotshani nomnyama - zisengozini ngokulinganayo ku-EAB.Ngokudabukisayo, sizolahlekelwa yizo zonke izihlahla zethu zomlotha.Iphesenti elincane kakhulu lomlotha libonakala linezinga elithile lokumelana ne-EAB, lithatha isikhathi eside ukufa, kodwa abekho abavikelekile.Lo “mlotha ongapheli” unentshisekelo kubacwaningi bezifundo zofuzo.Uma kungenjalo, umlotha ozosinda yilawo avikelwe ngama-systemic insecticide.

Kuzakhamuzi eziphakathi kwamamayela angu-15 ukusuka e-Seaway ezifuna ukuvikela izihlahla zomlotha wezwe, isikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo manje.Ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo sokwelapha izihlahla zakho, kubalulekile ukuthi u-Certified Arborist azihlole.Ezinye izihlahla zizoba nezinkinga ezifihlekile ezingase zilinganisele ukuphila kwazo, futhi kufanele zisuswe.Umlotha ozwakalayo, onempilo kuphela okufanele welashwe, futhi indlela engcono kakhulu yokunquma ukuthi ukuvakasha kwe-Arborist Eqinisekisiwe.Thola eyodwa eduze nawe ku-isa-arbor.com

Amakhemikhali asebenza kahle kakhulu atholakala kuphela kwabafaka izibulala-zinambuzane abanelayisensi.Eminye imikhiqizo mihle iminyaka eminingana;zijova esiqwini noma zifuthwe esiqwini esingezansi.Ukuphela kwe-pesticide etholakalayo kubanikazi bezindlu yi-drench yenhlabathi ye-imidacloprid, okufanele isetshenziswe entwasahlobo.Nokho, uma isihlahla siseduze nomthombo wamanzi, noma uma ikhaya lisemthonjeni, le ndlela kufanele igwenywe.Ungakwazi ukusesha umfakisicelo onelayisensi ngezwe ku-dec.ny.gov/nyspad/find?

Yakhiwa ngo-2016, i-St. Lawrence County EAB Task Force iyiqembu lamavolontiya elihlanganisa abalimi bamahlathi, abagawuli bezihlahla, izikhulu ezingeni lesiFundazwe, iDolobha neDolobhana, othisha, abasebenzi bezinsiza, nezakhamuzi ezithintekayo.Uma ungathanda ukuthi ummeleli ovela ku-EAB Task Force akhulume neqembu lakho, iklabhu noma inhlangano, sicela uthinte u-John Tenbusch kokuthi [i-imeyili ivikelwe]

Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe nge-emerald ash borer, bheka i-emeraldashborer.info noma uthinte ihhovisi langakini le-Cornell Cooperative Extension.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Cishe amaphesenti angamashumi amane nambili amaprotheni, anomsoco kakhulu, futhi ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba athathwa njengokwelapha.Esifundeni sethu kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu ezihlukene zokunambitheka kwezihlahla zotshani, okuyizingane zamabhungane.Lezo zibungu ezimhlophe ezimise okwe-C zingaba amabhungane amancane aseJapane, i-chafer yaseYurophu, i-rose chafer, ibhungane laseMpumalanga, noma ibhungane lasengadini lase-Asia.Angikaze ngiwadle ama-grubs, kodwa ngitshelwa ukuthi angcono kakhulu uma ephekwe, ukuthi isoso eshisayo iyasiza, kodwa ukuthi isikhathi sibalulekile.

Uma ukubulala, kunokuba udle, ama-lawn grubs kuwumgomo wakho, isikhathi empeleni siyikho konke.Ukukhetha ngokuvamile kuyinto enhle, kodwa uhlobo ngalunye lwe-grub killer eshalofini lunesithako esisebenzayo esihlukile.Ezinye zidinga ukugqoka ngaphambi kwamaphakathi noMeyi, kanti ezinye zisebenza kuphela lapho zisakazwa ngoJuni noJulayi.Ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo we-grub-control ngesikhathi esingalungile kuwukumosha okuphelele kwemali nomzamo, futhi kuye ngamakhemikhali asetshenzisiwe, kungase kufake izingane, izilwane ezifuywayo kanye nezilwane zasendle engozini.

Ngaphambi kokuba ngikhiphe le nkinga, ngifuna ukusho izinto ezimbalwa mayelana nezinsimbi zotshani (uhlobo lwe-non-Whitman), okungama-solar panel enza ukudla ngelanga.Kuhle ukucabanga ngakho ngaleyo ndlela.Uma lelo solar panel lilincanyana ngoba silokhu silishefa lize libe yinub, sonke isitshalo siyalamba futhi asikwazi ukwakha isimiso sezimpande esiqinile, ukulwa nezifo, noma ukuncintisana nokhula.Utshani obuvelayo obungashoni, obunezimpande ezibuthakathaka busengozini enkulu yokulimala kwe-grub.

Ngiyazibuza ukuthi umlutha wethu wokuvala ukugunda ubangelwa yini imifino yegalufu ecwebezelayo.Ngokusho kwe-golfcourseindustry.com, ngo-2015 kubiza u-$4.25–$6.00 ngonyawo lwesikwele ukuze kuhlangatshezwane namazinga e-USGA ezimo zenhlabathi ukuze kwakhiwe okuluhlaza.Amakinati lawo - izindleko zonyaka zokulondoloza zihamba emashumini ezinkulungwane ngokuluhlaza ngakunye.Izifundo zegalofu zingasikwa zibe mfushane ngenxa yokuthi utshani butholakala ekudleni okuqinile kwemali.

Utshani bethu abukwazi ukufana nolwabo, kodwa uma sivumela utshani obanele ngokwanele “ama-solar panel,” buzobukeka bungcono, bube nezifo ezimbalwa, budinga umanyolo omncane, bubize kancane, futhi buvikeleke ngokuyisisekelo.Ngiyabona ukuthi kuningi okumele ngikuthembise lokhu, kodwa setha umshini wokugunda ama-intshi amane ukuphakama, futhi uwunike unyaka.Eminye imikhuba efana nama-mower blades kanye nokushiya iziqeshana otshanini nazo zizosiza.O, futhi kulula ku-lime.Utshani obuningi buba ne-pH yenhlabathi ephezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokufakwa kwe-lime okuphindaphindiwe.

Buyela esihlokweni sethu esimnandi.Ukulawula ama-grubs kusebenza kahle kakhulu uma emancane, phakathi no-August ngasekupheleni.Ama-grubs anosayizi ogcwele afuduka phezulu eduze nendawo entwasahlobo ukuze azondle kancane, bese ayaphuphuma.Ukwelashwa "kwamahora angama-24" okusetshenziswa entwasahlobo kuqala kusuka ku-20% kuya ku-55% okusebenzayo kulawa ma-grubs avuthiwe, ngokusho kwe-Michigan State Extension.Imikhiqizo ebizwa ngokuthi “amahora angu-24” inobuthi obuphezulu, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukuze kugcinwe izilwane ezifuywayo nezingane zingekho ezindaweni ezilashwayo.

"Imikhiqizo yokuvimbela equkethe i-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam noma i-clothianidin izonciphisa ngokuqhubekayo amaphesenti angu-75-100 we-grubs uma isetshenziswe ngoJuni noma ngoJulayi futhi iniselwa nge-intshi engu-0.5-1 yokuchelela ngokushesha ngemva kokufaka isicelo," ukucaphuna kuwebhusayithi ye-Michigan State.Lawa ma-neonicotinoid awanabo ubuthi obuncane ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, kodwa angalimaza i-pollinator, ngakho-ke ungaphathi izindawo eziseduze nezitshalo eziqhakazayo.Iwindi labo lokufaka izicelo lisukela ngoJuni kuya kuJulayi.

Naphezu kwegama layo elide, i-chlorantraniliprole ibhekwa njengengenabuthi ezilwaneni nasezinyosini.Ukubamba ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi eside ukusebenza, ngakho-ke imikhiqizo equkethe lesi sithako esisebenzayo kufanele isetshenziswe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi kungakapheli ukuphela kukaJuni.

I-Milky-spore yisifo esimangalisayo, ngaphandle uma uyi-grub.Ngeshwa, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inhlabathi esenyakatho ye-NYS ayifudumele ngokwanele isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze le biocontrol engenabuthi isebenze.Kodwa-ke, ama-nematode anenzuzo, okuyizinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi ezincane ezihlasela izinhlobo eziningi ze-grub, ayasebenza kakhulu.Futhi aphephile futhi awakhombi ezinye izinto eziphilayo.I-nematode ezuzisayo ibuthakathaka, futhi kufanele isetshenziswe ngemva nje kokufika.Anga-odwa ku-inthanethi, noma abuze esikhungweni sakho sengadi sendawo.

Ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo esekwe ku-chlorantraniliprole, ukusebenzisa amakhemikhali e-grub entwasahlobo kuwukusebenzisa kabi imali.Into engcono kakhulu ongayenza ukutshala kabusha izindawo ezingenalutho manje, futhi ukugunda phezulu ukuze utshani bube nezimpande eziqinile.Noma ungaxuba inhlama, ushise i-deep fryer bese udla isidlo sakusihlwa otshanini.Ungakhohlwa isoso elishisayo.

UMUZI Wokuzihlangula wesibulala-zinambuzane: Kwenziwe yonke imizamo ukuze kuhlinzekwe izincomo ezilungile, eziphelele nezibuyekeziwe zezibulala-zinambuzane.Noma kunjalo, izinguquko emithethweni yezibulala-zinambuzane zenzeka kaningi futhi amaphutha abantu asengenzeka.Lezi zincomo azithathi indawo yokulebula kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Sicela ufunde ilebula ngaphambi kokufaka noma yisiphi isibulala-zinambuzane bese ulandela iziqondiso ngqo.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Cishe zonke izazi-mlando ziyavuma ukuthi uMarie Antoinette cishe akakaze aqambe inkulumo ethi “Mabadle ikhekhe,” isisho esesivele sisesikweni elidumile ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe.Lesi sisho saqanjwa abaphikisi bakhe ukuze aqinise isithunzi sakhe njengesicukuthwane esingenaluzwela nesizidlayo.Wayezobonakala enomusa kakhulu ukube wayethe “Mabadle iziqu zezihlahla.”

Kusukela emaphandleni akude kuya ezindaweni zokudlela zasemadolobheni ezinezinkanyezi ezinhlanu, abantu emhlabeni wonke badla zonke izinhlobo zezidlo ezidliwayo ezinokhuni oluseke lwasetshenziswa.Nakuba ngokuvamile kungeyona indlela evezwa ngayo kumenyu.Amakhowe anjenge-inky cap, i-oyster ne-shiitake anesifiso esinamandla sokudla ukhuni, into edliwa yizinto eziphilayo ezimbalwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukuyigaya.Noma ubani oke wazama ukudla ezingodweni angakufakazela lokho.

Ukhuni lwenziwa ngokuyinhloko nge-cellulose kanye namanani ahlukahlukene e-lignin.Le nhlanganisela yakamuva iwukwenza i-cellulose ukuthi iyini insimbi yokuqinisa ukhonkolo.Incane kakhulu kodwa inika amandla amakhulu nokuqina.Ngisho namagciwane angochwepheshe adla izinkuni emathunjini omuhlwa awakwazi ukugaya i-lignin.I-coterie ekhethekile kuphela yesikhunta enalawo mandla amakhulu.

Kunamaqembu amathathu ayisisekelo esikhunta esibola izinkuni: ukubola okuthambile, ukubola okunsundu kanye nokubola okumhlophe.Ngokwesayensi lawa ma-coteries awahlobene eduze nakuba enezibongo ezifanayo.Ngokusobala ngesikhunta, “ukubola” kufana “noSmith” wethu kulokho.

Isikhunta esibola okuthambile sivame kakhulu, sidala ukubola kwezinhlobonhlobo zezigxobo zikatamatisi nezigxobo zocingo.Ezokhuni, okungenani.Ukubola okunsundu akuvamile.Esikhathini esithile noma okunye mhlawumbe uke wayibona imisebenzi yezandla zayo.Lesi sikhunta siphumela ephethinini eyi-blocky, ephendula ukhuni lube izitini ezincane, ezinsundu.Nakuba ukubola okunsundu kudinga umswakama ukwenza umsebenzi wako ongcolile, ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi ukubola okomile ngoba kuyashesha ukoma futhi kuvame ukubonakala kuleso simo.Kokubili isikhunta esibola okuthambile kanye ne-brown-rot kudla kuphela i-cellulose, idla i-lignin njengengane egwema ubhontshisi we-Lima phakathi kokudla okumnandi epuletini layo.

Isikhunta esibola okumhlophe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, siyingxenye ye-clean-plate club, egaya zonke izingxenye zokhuni.Lesi sigaba sesikhunta singabangela ukubola okukhulu ezihlahleni zokhuni oluqinile, nakuba izinhlobo ezimbalwa zihlasela ama-conifers.Amahlathi ayayizonda, kodwa ama-foodies ayayithanda.Yiqembu elisinika i-Armillaria mellea, igciwane eliyingozi nelibhubhisayo elikhiqiza amakhowe amnandi oju.

Amakhowe eShiitake kanye ne-oyster ayisikhunta esibola okumhlophe, nakuba engama-saprophyte, afana nama-scavengers njengamanqe e-turkey, hhayi amagciwane afana nezilwane ezizingelayo.Ngakho akudingeki sizizwe sinecala ngokuwadla.Ngokwesifunda, ukulima kwe-shiitake, um, sekukhule kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.Iwumthombo wemali engenayo eyengeziwe yabalimi futhi ingumthombo wokuzijabulisa nokudla okuhle kunoma ubani ofuna ukuyizama.

AmaShiitake akhetha i-oki, i-beech, i-maple ne-ironwood, ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi ngalolo hlelo.Ukuze kutshalwe i-shiitake, kudingeka amabhawodi (izingodo) ezenziwe ngenye yalezi zingodo.Amabhulothi ngokuvamile angaba amafidi amane ubude futhi asukela kumayintshi amathathu kuya kwayisishiyagalombili ububanzi.Izingodo ezinjalo zizothwala amakhowe cishe unyaka owodwa ngamasentimitha angu-diameter.Kubhojwa uchungechunge lwemigodi ezingodweni, futhi lezi zigcwaliswa “ngembewu” yamakhowe ebizwa ngokuthi i-spawn.

Kusukela ngo-September 2015, i-NY State ibone “amakhowe e-woodland aphethwe ngenkuthalo” njengesilimo sasepulazini esifanelekile—futhi esibalulekile.Lokhu kuvumela abalimi ukuthi baqoke umhlaba abawusebenzisela ukutshala amakhowe njengezolimo, okubenza bafanelekele ikhefu lentela.Sibonga uSenator Patty Ritchie ngokusiza lokhu kwenzeke.Kodwa-ke, umthetho ka-2015 awudluleli kumakhowe avunwe endle.

I-Cornell University ibambe iqhaza ekugqugquzeleni ukufuywa kwamakhowe njengomthombo wemali engenayo kubahlali basemaphandleni.Ocwaningweni lweminyaka emi-3 olwasongwa ngo-2012, u-Cornell kanye nezikhungo ezisebenzisana naye zocwaningo banqume ukuthi abalimi bangenza inzuzo eminyakeni emi-2 kuphela.Bathole ukuthi ipulazi leshiitake elinamalogi angu-500 lingase lizuze u-$9,000 ngonyaka.

U-Steve Gabriel, uchwepheshe wokulima amakhowe ka-Cornell, uveza ukuthi ukufuya amakhowe atshalwe ezingodweni kuyasimama futhi kuhambisana nemvelo, ngaphezu kokuba umthombo osebenzayo wemali engenayo.Ungathola ulwazi oluthe xaxa kuwebhusayithi uSolwazi Gabriel ophethe: www.cornellmushrooms.org

Ngenhlanhla, i-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County futhi isingethe umhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi we-shiitake wesifunda kulo nyaka e-Extension Learning Farm e-Canton.Ababambiqhaza bangakhetha osukwini olulodwa kwezimbili: NgoMgqibelo Ephreli 6, noma uMgqibelo Ephreli 13, 2019 kusukela ngo-9:00 AM kuya ku-1:00 PM.

Umhlanganyeli ngamunye uzogoduka nelogi lakhe lamakhowe e-shiitake ngemva kokulilungisa nokulijova.Ugodo luzoqhubeka nokuthela amakhowe iminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemi-4.Ukubhalisa ku-inthanethi ngokusebenzisa iwebhusayithi ye-CCE: www.st.lawrence.cornell.edu.Ungase futhi ushayele ihhovisi ku-(315) 379-9192.Usayizi wekilasi unomkhawulo, ngakho bhalisa kusenesikhathi.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Njengoba izinsuku ziba zinde futhi amazinga okushisa enyuka, kuvamile ukuthola izinambuzane ezimbalwa zibhuquza endlini, zifuna indlela yokuphumela ngaphandle.Izimbungulu ze-boxelder ezibomvu nezimnyama, amabhungane ase-Asian awolintshi, kanye nezimbungulu zembewu ye-conifer yasentshonalanga ezimpunga, ezihamba kancane zingabanye babagxeki abangase bafune indawo yokukhosela evikelekile, engaqashiswanga ekwindla bese bekhohlwa lapho kuphuma khona. bafika entwasahlobo.Ngenhlanhla, lezi azinangozi futhi azinangqondo, futhi azizaleli endlini noma zibe yingozi empilweni.

Isimo sezulu esifudumele singakhipha nezintuthwane zombazi emsebenzini wokhuni.Lezi ziwuphawu lokuthi umuntu udinga umbazi, noma cishe umphahla, ngoba izintuthwane ezibazisayo zidinga ukhuni olumanzi, olulimele ukuze luqale ukwakha isidleke.Nakuba zingenzi monakalo ezakhiweni ngendlela umuhlwa ozenza ngayo, akekho ofuna zibe ngaphansi kwezinyawo.Ngeshwa ezinye izinambuzane ezingamukeleki kangako zisebenza unyaka wonke, isibonelo amaphela nezimbungulu.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingobani, izinambuzane zasendlini zingasenza sikhase izindonga ngokushesha.

Nokho, kubalulekile ukukhulisa inkinga ngaphambi kokusabela.Kungokwemvelo ukufuna imiphumela esheshayo, kodwa ukwehluleka okudabukisayo kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “impi yokulwa nezidakamizwa” kufanele kusixwayise ngokuthi ukushaya nje izimpawu kusishiya sikhathele futhi siphuka, futhi kushiya inkinga ifana noma ibe yimbi kakhulu kunakuqala.Amaqhinga “Okwethuka nokwesaba” azohlala engenamandla ngaphandle uma sishintsha indawo edale lesi simo.Amanye amathuluzi adume kakhulu okulawula izinambuzane, isibonelo ama-fogger akhishwa ngokuphelele ekhaya (ama-TRF) noma “amabhomu ezinambuzane,” afakazelwe angenamsebenzi walutho, kuyilapho izindlela ezithobekile njengezithiyo eziqondiwe zisebenza kahle kakhulu.

Uhlelo lokuqala lwebhizinisi ukuhlonza izinambuzane.Ama-centipedes, ama-millipedes, izimpukane ze-cluster, nama-daddy-longlegs abahlali basekhaya abangamukelekile ngokulinganayo, kodwa adinga izilawuli ezihluke kakhulu.Ihhovisi lakho lasendaweni le-Cornell Cooperative Extension lingakusiza ukuthi ukhombe inkathazo uma ubathumelela izithombe ezimbalwa ezicacile nge-imeyili.Isinyathelo esilandelayo siwukubuza umhlaseli ukuthi lenzani endlini yakho.Ingxenye yenqubo kamazisi ifunda ukuthi le nto iziphilisa ngani, kungani isendaweni yakho, nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi yafika kanjani lapho.

Izimbungulu ze-Boxelder, isibonelo, zihlala ku-maple sap, kanye ne-overwinter njengabantu abadala ngaphansi kwegxolo lesihlahla noma, ngeshwa, i-vinyl noma i-wood siding.Entwasahlobo abafuni lutho ngaphandle kokushiya indawo yakho ukuze bathole i-boxelder noma ezinye izinhlobo ze-maple abazokhwelana nazo futhi zizalele amaqanda.Alikho inani lesibulala-zinambuzane sasekhaya elizohlinzeka ngokulawula kwazo njengoba ziphuma emanzini lapho zicashe khona phakathi namasonto ambalwa.Izibulala-zinambuzane ziwubuthi bezinzwa, futhi ngisho nenani elincane liye lathinteka ekwandiseni i-ADHD, ukucindezeleka, nokunye ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo.Le mikhiqizo kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela uma kunengqondo ukwenza kanjalo.

Isixazululo sezimbungulu ze-boxelder, ama-lady-beetles ase-Asia, izimpukane ze-cluster nezinye izimbungulu ezifuna indawo yokukhosela akunabukhazikhazi futhi akunabuthi, futhi ngenxa yaleso sizathu kuvame ukuchithwa.Ukutshala imali esimweni se-caulk enhle, amathini ambalwa okufaka isifutho, futhi mhlawumbe isikrini esisha singaselapha izifo eziningi ezinjalo iminyaka ngesikhathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhaya amaningi azolulama abiza ubusika bokuqala ekongeni uphethiloli.

Ama-Millipedes, izintuthwane zombazi kanye nezimbungulu zingena ezindlini zilandela umswakama.Bazobuya bephindelela ngaphandle uma izinkinga zamanzi zilungiswa.Ukwelapha izintuthwane ezibaziyo ngesibulala-zinambuzane esibanzi kungase kunikeze ukwaneliseka kokubona inqwaba yezintuthwane ezifile ngosuku olulandelayo, kodwa imboni yezintuthwane (okungukuthi indlovukazi) izokhipha izingane isizini yonke, okudinga ukusetshenziswa okuningi.Isiyelo esingenabuthi futhi esishibhile esenziwe ngempushana ye-boric acid kanye namanzi ashukela azosula indlovukazi, kodwa kuthatha amaviki ambalwa.Kudingeka sikhethe phakathi kokushaqeka nokwethuka okungenamsebenzi, nempumelelo ethule.

Esihlokweni esashicilelwe ngoJanuwari 28, 2019 ephephabhukwini i-BMC Public Health, abacwaningi baseNorth Carolina State University bathola ukuthi isibalo samaphela aseJalimane ezindlini ezingama-30 asizange sishintshe ngemuva kwenyanga “yokuqhuma kwamabhomu” okuphindaphindwayo okukhishwe ngokuphelele.Kodwa izinga lezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi kulezo zindawo zokuhlala lenyuke ngokwesilinganiso izikhathi ezingu-603 zesisekelo.Nokho, ezindlini lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona ukudla kwejeli, inani lamaphela lehla ngamaphesenti angama-90, futhi izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni yokuhlala zehla.Umbhali oholayo u-Zachary C. DeVries uthi “Izingozi ezinkulu zokuchayeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlobene nama-TRF kuhlanganiswe nokungasebenzi kwawo ekulawuleni ukuhlasela kwamaphela aseJalimane kwenza kungabaza ukusetshenziswa kwawo emakethe.”

Ukubhula inkungu noma ukuqhumisa amabhomu zonke izinambuzane esizibona endlini kungase kube nokukhanga kwe-cathartic, kodwa kuwumsebenzi oyingozi futhi obizayo ongeke ulungise lokho okusiphazamisayo.Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngokulawulwa kwezinambuzane okunengqondo, vakashela iwebhusayithi ye-NYS Integrated Pest Management kokuthi https://nysipm.cornell.edu/whats-bugging-you/ noma uthinte ihhovisi langakini le-Cornell Cooperative Extension.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Izilwane ezifuywayo ezinosayizi we-pint zazisebenza, kudala.Umzingeli osebenzisa impisi ukuze akhiphe inyamazane angaletha ubhekeni ekhaya omncane kunalowo osebenzise i-terrier ngezinkonzo zokulandelela.Ngokunokwenzeka, izinja ezincane ezizingelayo ezikhwelana nama-dust-mops yikho okudale i-Shih Tzus nezinye izinja ezincane ezithambile, okudabukisayo ukuthi azisafunwa kakhulu manje njengoba ama-Roomba angakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi ofanayo ngemali ephansi.Eminyakeni ethile emuva kwakunohlanya lwe-“teacup mini-pig”, kodwa sazilahla lapho sekungamaphuphu avamile ayezokhula ngokushesha ngaphandle kwezinkomishi zetiye, amabhakede, nobhavu.Manje kubonakala sengathi ukunikezwa kwe-imogee enamehlo enyamazane kuyasaphazwa ezinjeni ze-teacup, ezingadingi lutho ngaphandle kwesivikeli sephaketheni njengendlwana, amagremu ambalwa okudla ngonyaka, kanye nempahla mboleko yesibili yokukhokhela izindleko zezilwane.

Naphezu kokulahlwa komhlaba wonke, abazenzisi abacebile ngowoyela nabanye abafushane ngempilo basaqhuba isidingo sezinja ezincane njengezesekeli zemfashini.Njengoba u-Wendy Higgins, uMqondisi Wezokuxhumana we-EU ku-Humane Society International ephawula, “Akuyona imvelo ukuthi izinja zibe zincane kangaka, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile zihlushwa amathambo abuthaka ngisho nokwehluleka kwezitho zomzimba.Uma unendaba nezinja, into embi kakhulu ongayenza ukuthenga umdlwane wenkomishi yetiye.”Kodwa uma intshisekelo kuzilwane ezifuywayo ezihamba kancane iqhubeka ngokushesha, ngiyazi eyodwa engabeka umkhawulo onciphayo.Halala, izilwane ezifuywayo ze-teacup - ama-water-bears, aziwa nangokuthi ama-moss piglets, afana nezilwane ezifuywayo zethisipuni.

Lezi zilwane ezincane, ezinesilinganiso esingu-0.3 kuya ku-0.9 mm kuphela (noma ngamagama angewona amethrikhi, ezimbi-ezincane kuya kwezincane ngokusangana) ubude, zivame ukubizwa ngegama lazo le-Phylum i-Tardigrade, okusho ukunyathela okunensayo.Ukuthi bancane akusho ukuthi banesimilo nobuhle.Ubuso babo obucacile, obugcwele, imizimba engaqondakali kanye nokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi kwenza amabhere asemanzini abukeke njengokusungulwa kwe-psychedelic counterculture yama-1960s (izihloko ziphakamise ukuthi zizoba sekhaya e-Alice e-Wonderland) kuneqembu elihlukahlukene, lomhlaba wonke lezilwane ezicishe zibhujiswe. .

Amabhere amanzi anamapheya amane emilenze eqinile, ngayinye inqamula ngezinzipho ezi-4 kuya kweziyisi-8.Imizimba yazo ingaba sobala, imhlophe, ibomvu, i-orange, iphuzi, iluhlaza okotshani, insomi, noma emnyama.Ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-1,100, i-Tardigrades idla ubulembu, ulele, ulwelwe, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile, yodwa.Ezikhathini eziningi, lapho kuthiwa into ephilayo isakazwa “emhlabeni wonke,” lokho kufushane ngokuthi “banzi.”Akunjalo ngalaba abagxekayo.Ngaphezu kokuba “amanye amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo,” atholakala ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle, izintaba-mlilo zodaka ezishisa kakhulu, izingwadule ezome kakhulu nakuwo wonke amaqhwa nezinguzunga zeqhwa.

Ama-moss piglets/amabhere amanzi aqinile nxazonke, mhlawumbe kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye indlela yokuphila.Izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo eziningi ziye zaphawula ukuthi i-Tardigrades ingasinda kokunye ukuqothulwa okukhulu okufana nomlando okubangelwa imithelela emikhulu ye-meteor.Kodwa ukuze ube i-extremophile yangempela, isilwane kufanele senze kangcono ezimweni ezinzima kunezijwayelekile.Nakuba amabhere angakwazi ukuphila cishe noma yini, akhetha izinto ezifanayo ezithandwa abantu abaningi: umoya owanele, amanzi, ukudla nezimo ezipholile.

“Lapho isimo siba nzima, abanzima bayahamba,” engangihlale ngicabanga ukuthi kusho indawo ethulile.Lapho ukuphila kuba yinselele kubhere lamanzi, lakha isimo se-cryptobiotic esaziwa ngokuthi i-tun, ekhipha cishe wonke amanzi kumangqamuzana alo futhi esikhundleni salo sifake ushukela okuthiwa i-trehalose.Iphinde ikhiqize amaprotheni akhethekile okucindezela umonakalo ukuze avikele emonakalweni we-DNA.Aqine kangakanani amachwane e-moss kulesi simo?I-Tuns.

Nakuba ama-X-ray angaba ngu-500 ayengabulala umuntu, amaradi angu-570 000 awazange abangele ukufa noma ukulimala kwe-DNA kulezi zinto.I-Tardigrades iboniswe ukuthi iphila iminyaka engu-20-30 efomini layo le-cryptobiotic, nokho ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa ye-hydration, yaqhubeka isebenza ngokujwayelekile.Ngizobheja abanye baze balucoshe uchungechunge lwengxoxo yabo yokugcina.

Ngokombiko we-Smithsonian, babekezelela ukubanda kuze kufike ku -200C (-328F), eduze noziro ngokuphelele.Futhi anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi umuntu angawapheka kanjani amabhere amanzi, ngoba nawo aphila ku-149C (300F), okuwuhhavini oshisayo.Ama-Tardigrade angakwazi ukumelana nokucindezela komkhathi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-1,200, kanye ne-vacuum ephelele yesikhala - ngo-2007, amanye ayiswa emzileni ophansi woMhlaba emkhathini we-Foton-M3 izinsuku ezingu-10.

Amasu e-cryptobiotic wamabhere wamanzi avumele odokotela ukuthi benze imithi yokugoma eyomile esekelwe ku-trehalose esikhundleni samanzi.Lezi azikho ngaphansi kokonakala, inzuzo kubantu abasezifundeni lapho isiqandisi silinganiselwe.

Ngokungeziwe ku-engeli yonya lwezilwane, enye inselelo kubunikazi bezinja ze-teacup kufanele kube ukunambitheka kwetiye, ngingaqagela.Ngenhlanhla, ama-tardigrade azalwa eqeqeshwe ngephepha.Isikhathi ngasinye lapho ibhere lamanzi likhula kancane, kufanele likhiphe isikhumba salo noma i-molt, inqubo engase iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-12 noma ngaphezulu njengoba ikhula.Izingcweti zokusebenza kahle, zilinda kuze kube yilapho sezidinga ukuxubha ngaphambi kokuphuma emanzini, bese zishiya imigqa yamapellets amancane ekleliswe ngaphakathi kwesikhumba esidala.Lokhu kuzokwenza kube lula ukuthi abanikazi bazo bazithathele lapho behambisa izimali zabo epaki elithwala amanzi, uma kwenzeka kwenzeka into enjalo.Ubude bempilo buhluka ngezinhlobo zezilwane kusukela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kuye eminyakeni embalwa, kungabalwa isikhathi esichithwe kupopayi obumisiwe.

Amabhere amanzi angaqoqwa cishe kunoma iyiphi i-substrate, ikakhulukazi leyo eswakeme njenge-moss, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, futhi ibukwe ngelensi yesandla noma i-low-power dissecting scope.Ngenxa yokuthi amabhere wamanzi mancane kakhulu ukuthi angasebenza njengama-cufflink, lezi zinhlayiya ezincane ngokwemvelo zingase zingagculisi labo abafuna izesekeli zemfashini ephilayo.Sicela usize ukukhuthaza ubunikazi bezilwane ezifuywayo—gwema izilwane ezifuywayo ze-teacup, futhi uthole i-tardigrade!

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Amagagasi e-monster-surfing umzimba e-Australia;ukwehla ngeqhwa ophahleni e-Alaska usebenzisa amabhodi athuthukisiwe;ukugigiyela ekubeni yizinqwaba ngamabomu ezansi kwamagquma aphakeme—uhlu lwemidlalo engagadiwe intsha engangena kulo lushaya imihlathi.Lokho akusaphathwa ukugida nokudlala amahhashi okuyingozi, kanye nemidlalo engcolile efana nebhola likanobhutshuzwayo echibini.Eqinisweni, bayizilwane ezinjalo.

Sekuyisikhathi eside izazi zezinto eziphilayo zicabanga ukuthi kungani izilwane eziningi kangaka zazivelela ukuze zidlale, ngezinye izikhathi zibe sengozini yazo.Futhi ngokwezinga elithile, basazibuza.Ukudlala kwezingane ezimfene ezinjengabantu kanye nezimfene kubhalwe kahle, nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo njengezinja namakati nazo zidlala ngokusobala, kodwa kuvela inqwaba emangazayo yezilwane ezibamba iqhaza emidlalweni engenangqondo.

Ebhalela i-sciencenews.org ngo-February 2015, u-Sarah Zielinski ucaphuna ucwaningo olujabulisayo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo oluvela eNyuvesi yaseTennessee e-Knoxville olushicilelwe ngaleyo nyanga.Abacwaningi u-Vladimir Dinets kanye no-Gordon Burghardt bachaza ukudlala kwezilwane njenganoma yimuphi umsebenzi ozenzakalelayo onokunyakaza okuyihaba (okuvame ukuphindaphinda), oqalwa izilwane ezinempilo endaweni engenawo ukucindezeleka.Bachaza ufudu lwe-Nile oluthunjiwe lwegobolondo elithambile “elingaconsisa” ibhola lomnqakiswano liye emuva naphambili ngaphesheya kwechibi endaweni ebiyelwe kulo.

Abacwaningi ngokusobala babone izingwenya zasendle zi-surfing Down Under, futhi baphawula ukuthi abathunjiwe bazimisele ngokudlala ngamathoyizi epulasitiki emhlabeni nasemanzini.Kangangokuthi ama-zoo manje ahlinzeka 'ama-gators awo nezingwenya izinto ezihlukahlukene abangazijabulisa ngazo.Noma yini esusa ingqondo yengwenya ekulume izivakashi cishe kuwumqondo omuhle impela.U-Zielinski ubuye akhulume ngososayensi wezinto eziphilayo wase-University of Lethbridge, e-Alberta, owabona izingwane zikhafula amanzi amahora amaningi zilandelana ezintweni ezintantayo ukuze zibahambise eduze ne-aquarium yazo.

Futhi ukubeka ngamafuphi uJason Goldman we-BBC embikweni wakhe we-BBC kaJanuwari 2013, "Ama-Gulls afuna ukuzijabulisa."Ukhuluma ngocwaningo olwenziwa eKolishi likaWilliam noMary eWilliamsburg, VA olwaqopha ama-gulls asemancane adlala “i-drop-catch” ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngezinsuku ezinomoya lapho umdlalo onjalo wawunzima kakhulu.

Amagwababa angumdlalo wesikhathi esihle futhi.UGoldman ugqamisa umsebenzi owenziwe izazi zebhayoloji zaseNyuvesi yaseVermont, ezithi “kuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba” ukubona amagwababa e-Alaska naseNorthwest Territory yaseCanada elokhu eshelela ophahleni lwendlu, ebambe amagatsha ngezinzipho njengamapulangwe eqhwa.Ukucaphuna abacwaningi, "Asiboni umsebenzi osobala wokusiza [igwababa] ukuziphatha ngokushelela."

Kodwa umdlalo kufanele ube nenjongo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, noma izilwane bezingeke zikwenze.Kubonakala kunjalo, kodwa hhayi ngendlela esasike sacabanga ngayo.Kunamadokhumentari emvelo angapheli ku-inthanethi abonisa izilwane ezizingelayo ezizingelayo, okuthiwa zizenze abazingeli abangcono, noma ukulwa nokudlala, ebesicabanga ukuthi kuthuthukisa amakhono azo okulwela ngempela.Izimbuzi nezinsephe zazibhampa ukuze zithuthukise amathuba azo okubaleka, sake sasho.Ngesizathu esithile konke lokhu kwakusobala kangangokuthi akekho owayezihlupha ngocwaningo lwangempela amashumi eminyaka.

Esihlokweni sakhe esibhalwe kahle nesihlekisayo sangoMeyi 2011 ku-Scientific American, isazi sebhayoloji u-Lynda Sharpe ubhala ngezindlovu eziqoshwa zislayida, ziphindaphinda, zehla egqumeni elinotshani zingena kontanga yazo ezansi, futhi uyabuza: iphi incazelo yokuguquguquka yalokho?Wachitha iminyaka emihlanu ecwaninga ngama- meerkats, inyamazane ehlala ogwadule, eKalahari.Umsebenzi wakhe wathola ukuthi lawo mabhola anoboya amancane ayedlala kakhulu awazange enze abalwi abangcono, noma ahehe abangane bomshado ngokushesha.Ngokufanayo, ukudlala ngokubambisana kwe-meerkat akuzange kunciphise ulaka noma kuthuthukise ukuhlangana komphakathi.“Nakho-ke.Iminyaka emihlanu futhi azikho izimpendulo.Angikwazi ukukutshela ukuthi kungani ama-meerkats edlala,” kubhala yena.

Uphinde aveze ukuthi ucwaningo oseludlule isikhathi eside lukhombisile ukuthi ukuzingela ama-coyote akubikezeli impumelelo yangempela yokuzingela, futhi okufanayo kumakati afuywayo.Kodwa, uphetha ngokuthi, “Ukudlala KUYAsiza!”Abantu abadlala kakhulu benza abazali abangcono, bakhulisa izingane ezincane kakhulu ngodoti ngamunye.Futhi ukudlala kuyadingeka ukuze ufunde.Amagundane, okubikwa ukuthi angenye yezinhlobo ezidlala kakhulu, afunda ngokushesha lapho evunyelwe ukuzijabulisa nokudlala ngendlela evamile.Uma igundane linikezwa indawo yokuhlala ehlukahlukene enazo zonke izinhlobo zokukhuthazwa kwengqondo, kodwa lincishwa ukudlala nolunye uhlobo lwalo, ubuchopho balo buhluleka ukukhula.

Umcwaningi uMax Kerney, ebhala ku-Newsweek ngoJuni 2017, uthi “Ucwaningo lwezingwejeje, amahhashi asendle namabhere ansundu kuqinisekisile ukuthi isikhathi esisichitha izilwane zidlala zisencane sibonakala sinomthelela obalulekile ekuphileni kwazo isikhathi eside nempumelelo yazo yokuzala. .Ukuthi umdlalo uwufeza kanjani lo mphumela akubonakali.”Kodwa ukudlala kudlula lokho.Ukudlala okwengeziwe kusho ubuchopho obukhulu.

Iqembu likaKerney lathola “ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwenani elidlalwa izilwane kanye nobukhulu besistimu yazo ye-cortico-cerebellar,” ehilelekile ekufundeni.Ubuye acaphune izifundo zangaphambili “ezithole ubudlelwano phakathi kokudlala [kwezilwane ezifuywayo] kanye nosayizi we...neocortex, cerebellum, amygdala, hypothalamus kanye ne-striatum.”Voilà: wonke umsebenzi futhi akukho ukudlala kwenza uJack abe yisilima.

Kusho ukuthini konke lokhu ngezingane zethu, lezo zinkawu ezincane esizithanda kangaka?Kunengcaphuno engiyithandayo, nakuba ngingamtholi umbhali wayo, ethi (kakhulu noma ngaphansi) “Ukuqonda isayensi yerokhethi kufana nomdlalo wezingane uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqonda umdlalo wezingane.”Umdlalo wezingane ubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni okufanele kangangokuthi I-UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ifundeka kanje (ku-Article 31) “Izingane zinelungelo lokuphumula nokudlala, kanye nokuhlanganyela emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yamasiko, yobuciko kanye neminye yokuzijabulisa. ”Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi zonke izizwe emhlabeni ngaphandle kweSomalia ne-United States ziwuvumile lo mhlangano.

Eposini lebhulogi le-Psychology Today langomhla zingama-7 kuJulayi, 2011, uMarc Bekoff, uprofesa ophuma ku-evolutionary biology e-University of Colorado, uthi “Kunezizathu eziningi izingane ezidinga ukudlala.Izingane kufanele zivunyelwe ukuba zingcole futhi zifunde ukuzifaka engozini...Njengoba isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uWilliam Crain esho, kudingeka sivumele izingane zibuyise ubuntwana bazo.”

Ngivuma ngenhliziyo yonke.Kudingeka sivumele izingane zidlale ngokukhululekile emhlabeni wangempela, emvelweni.Mhlawumbe hhayi ukusefa umzimba ngezingwenya noma ukuhamba eqhweni ngamagwababa ophahleni lwezindlu, kodwa okuthile okuhambisana naleyo migqa.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ngokuvamile, ngiyazithanda izihlahla, ngisho nalezo okumelwe ngizikhonze ngikude, njengesihlahla sothando, esibizwa nangokuthi ukhokho, ukhokho iTheobroma, okutholakala kuso ushokoledi.Akuwona nje ushokoledi ohlotshaniswa nezothando, ikakhulukazi ngoSuku Lwezithandani, ungase usisize sizizwe sithandeka kakhulu ngenxa yamanye amakhemikhali akhiqizwa yisihlahla.

Indabuko eMelika Ephakathi, isihlahla sikakhokho sikhula cishe phakathi kwamadigri angamashumi amabili latitude nhlangothi zombili zenkabazwe-ngamanye amazwi, lapho iningi lethu lifisa ukuthi ngabe siphakathi noFebhuwari.Imbewu kakhokho iye yagaywa futhi yenziwa isiphuzo esaziwa ngegama lawo loMdabu waseMelika (cishe isiNahuatl), ushokoledi, cishe iminyaka engaba ngu-4 000.

Ukhokho isihlahla esincane, esingamafidi angu-15-20 ubude, esinembewu yembewu ephakathi kuka-6 no-12 amayintshi ubude.Ipakishwe cishe kubhontshisi kakhokho angama-30 kuya kwangama-40 ku-pod ngayinye i-sweet gooey pulp, nayo ngokomlando yayidliwa.Ngemuva kokuvuna, ubhontshisi kakhokho udlula inqubo yokuvutshelwa ngaphambi komiswa bese ugaywa ube yimpushana.

Ngaphambi kokuxhumana nabantu baseYurophu, ushokoledi wawuyisiphuzo esinamagwebu, esibabayo esivame ukuxutshwa nopelepele nombila.AmaMayan nama-Aztec ayiphuzela ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokwelapha—okungaphezulu kwalokho kamuva.Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1500, umJesuit waseSpain owayeye eMexico wachaza ushokoledi ngokuthi “Unyanyeka kubantu abangajwayelene nawo, unodoti noma igwebu elingathandeki kakhulu [ukulinambitha].”Kuyaqondakala-ke ukuthi ekuqaleni bekuhamba kancane ukusuka e-Europe.

Ushokoledi waduma kakhulu, nokho, ngemuva kokuqamba okusha okufana nokwengeza ushukela nokuyeka umbila.Esinye isizathu sokwenyuka kwesidingo se-meteoric ukuthi abantu baqaphele ukuthi sinemiphumela emihle.Enye yazo ifana neyetiye noma ikhofi.Ayikho i-caffeine eningi kushokoledi, kodwa inezingxenye ezaziwayo ezingaba ngu-400, futhi eziningi zalezi zinhlanganisela ziphezulu.

Okuyinhloko kuzo i-theobromine, engenayo i-bromine-go figure.Kuyikhemikhali ehlobene ne-caffeine, futhi igama layo kuthiwa lisuselwa kwelesiGreki elisho “ukudla konkulunkulu.”Ngisho noma abantu bebazi ukuthi lihunyushwa ngokuseduze ngokuthi "ukunuka konkulunkulu," akunakwenzeka ukuthi lokho bekuzobeka i-damper ekuthengisweni kukashokoledi.

Kulezi zinsuku, ushokoledi ubhekwa njenge-antioxidant enamandla, kodwa kuyo yonke iminyaka uye waba nedumela lokuba i-aphrodisiac.Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuchaza isiko lokunikeza isithandwa sikashokoledi ngoSuku Lwezithandani, imigubho, neminye imicimbi.Ushokoledi ungase ungahlali uvumelana namandla awo angamahemuhemu, kodwa esinye isikhuthazi esikuwo, i-phenylethylamine (PEA), singalandisa ngesithunzi sawo.

Ihlobene eduze ne-amphetamine, i-PEA isiza ukukhululwa kwe-dopamine, ikhemikhali “yokuzizwa ujabule” esikhungweni semivuzo sobuchopho.Kuvela ukuthi uma uthandana, ingqondo yakho isuke idonsa i-dopamine.Ngaphezu kwalokho, okungenani izinhlanganisela ezintathu kushokoledi zilingisa imiphumela yensangu.Zibophezela kuma-receptors afanayo ebuchosheni bethu njenge-tetrahydrocannabanol noma i-THC, isithako esisebenzayo ebhodweni, ekhulula i-dopamine eningi kanye ne-serotonin, enye ikhemikhali yobuchopho ehambisana nenjabulo.

Ungathuki ngalezi zindaba—le miphumela yokuthuthukisa i-dopamine mincane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nalokho okungenziwa izidakamizwa zemithi, futhi KULUNGILE ngokuphelele ukuhamba ngemuva kwesondo ngemva kwenkomishi ye-cocoa eshisayo.Ukufaka ushokoledi akukaze kukhinyabeze amandla ami okusebenzisa imishini esindayo, okungenani hhayi ngendlela ukuntula kwami ukuqeqeshwa nolwazi olunayo.

Iningi labantu lingavuma ukuthi oshokoledi abayona indawo yothando, kodwa imiphumela yabo yamakhemikhali emvelo ingase ibe kungani ezothando kanye noshokoledi kuhlangene kangaka.Hhayi-ke, lokho kanye nokumaketha, ngicabanga.

Izinja azikwazi ukwenza i-theobromine kahle kakhulu, futhi ngisho nenani elincane likashokoledi, ikakhulukazi elimnyama, lingaba ubuthi kuzo.Lesi esinye sezizathu zokuthi akufanele uthole inja yakho ibhokisi likashokoledi ngoSuku Lwezithandani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyithanda kangakanani.Futhi uma ucabanga ukuthi i-spayed noma i-neutered, i-pooch yakho ayikwazanga ukuzuza kunoma yimiphi eminye imiphumela engaba khona kashokoledi.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Uma uthanda i-Godfather: Part II, noma i-Rocky II, noma ifilimu yesibili ye-Lord of the Rings, ngeke uwuthande Umcimbi We-Carrington: Ingxenye II.Eqinisweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi ifilimu oyithanda kakhulu, uzozonda isitolimende sesibili se-Carrington Event, ngoba uma i-sequel ibonakala, akekho ozokwazi ukubuka amamuvi izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi mhlawumbe neminyaka.

Ngokungafani ne-Poseidon Adventure, i-Jurassic Park, namanye amafilimu enhlekelele, i-Carrington Event, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Solar Flare ka-1859, yayingokoqobo, futhi iphindaphindwa njalo, kamuva nje ngo-2012. Ngenhlanhla, uMhlaba uvamise ukugeja lokhu kuqhuma imisebe, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuphela ngendaba yamahora.Akunakugwenywa ukuthi iplanethi yethu izobhekana nesinye isivunguvungu selanga esilingana no-1859 emashumini eminyaka azayo, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukubheka isakhiwo sokuqala.

Kusukela ngo-August 28, 1859, izazi zezinkanyezi zaphawula amaqoqo e-sunspot, futhi ngosuku olulandelayo izibani ezisenyakatho neziseningizimu (i-aurora borealis ne-aurora australis, ngokulandelana) zabonakala ezindaweni eziseduze ne-Equator.Khona-ke ngo-September 1, isazi sezinkanyezi saseBrithani uRichard C. Carrington sabhala “ukuqubuka kokukhanya okumhlophe” emini ngalolo suku.Ngemva kwamahora angu-17 nje, ukukhishwa kwe-solar coronal mass noma i-CME kwahlasela i-Earth magnetosphere futhi kwaholela esiphephweni se-geomagnetic esidlulele emhlabeni wonke esiqhubeke ngoSepthemba wesibili.

Kubikwa ukuthi izinhlelo zocingo eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu zafakwa ugesi, okwenza izigxobo zocingo kanye neziteshi zokwamukela zivutha.Idlanzana labasebenzi liphinde labhekana nokushaqeka ngenxa yemishini.Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isiphepho selanga esingaka namuhla singalimaza amagridi kagesi emhlabeni wonke kangangokuthi ukulungiswa kungathatha izinyanga okungenani, futhi mhlawumbe neminyaka.Isiphepho selanga sango-2012 samandla afanayo sageja Umhlaba ngezinsuku eziyi-9 kuphela.Ngo-2013, u-Lloyd's wase-London wabala ukuthi “i-sequel” ka-2012 yasithinta, yayizodala umonakalo ongama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.6 e-US kuphela.

Kunzima ukucabanga ngokuzumayo ukuphila ngaphandle komakhalekhukhwini, i-inthanethi nogesi.Ingasaphathwa iqiniso lokuthi Bitcoin yayizohwamuka.Kulandela ukuphuthelwa kuka-2012, i-NASA ikhiphe isitatimende sokuthi bekunethuba elingu-12% lokuthi sizobona esinye isivunguvungu esinjalo ngo-2022.

Izinhlayiya ezishajwa njalo ziphuma elangeni—ama-x-reyi, imisebe ye-gamma, ukukhanya kwe-UV, ukukhanya okubonakalayo, nezinye izinhlobo zemisebe—ngesivinini esisuka ku-300 kuya ku-800 km/s.Uma kubhekwa ukuthi iLanga liyisigidi samadigri Celsius ebusweni balo, umuntu angacabanga ukuthi lezi zinhlayiya zixoshwa ukushisa.Empeleni, amandla ayinhloko awumphumela wezindawo kazibuthe.Lokhu kufuduka kwezinhlayiya kubizwa ngokuthi umoya welanga.Izifunda ezihlukene elangeni zikhipha izinhlayiya zejubane elihlukile nokwakheka, futhi ngezikhawu ezihlukahlukene, ukuze umoya uguquguquke.Kuhlale kunomoya ohelezayo, futhi njalo kuba nesiphepho.Akekho owaziyo ukuthi yini ebangela iziphepho zelanga, kodwa izazi zezinkanyezi zingakwazi “ukubona” lapho zipheka.

Zonke izinkanyezi zikhiqiza izindawo ezisebenza kakhulu kazibuthe njalo.Akwaziwa ukuthi empeleni abangela ukuvutha nama-CME, kodwa ama-sunspots ngokuvamile avela ngaphambi nje kwemicimbi enjalo.Ama-flare nama-CME "awukushunguza" komoya welanga ovela ezindaweni eziseduze nama-sunspots, futhi imisebe ewuphonsa emkhathini yaziwa ngokuthi i-plasma.Uma izazi zezinkanyezi zibona izindawo ezinkulu zelanga, zigcina iso ukuze zibone izinto ezizokwenzeka kamuva.Uma i-CME eqinile iqhuma, i-plasma yayo enamandla amakhulu ngokuvamile ifinyelela kithi phakathi namahora angu-24-48, lapho isabela khona nomkhathi womhlaba wangaphandle (magnetosphere) ukukhiqiza isiphepho se-geomagnetic.

Ama-solar flare angenzeka nsuku zonke phakathi nengxenye enamandla kakhulu yomjikelezo weminyaka engu-11 yomsebenzi welanga.Nokho, phakathi nenkathi engasebenzi kahle, ama-flare angase avele njalo ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa.Akuwona wonke ama-flare abonisa ukukhishwa kwe-coronal mass, kodwa ahlotshaniswa kakhulu.Uma ngiziqonda kangcono izigigaba zelanga, ngingahle ngibe nomsebenzi omangalisayo ku-astrophysics noma okuthize.Ngemva kokuchitha ingxenye engcono yosuku ngidabula umbiko ogcwele amafomula angaqondakali achaza ama-flares nama-CME, ngihlangane nalo mbhalo wombhali wawo: “...izindlela ezihilelekile azikaqondwa kahle.”Ukube waqala ngalokho, ngabe angizange ngizame kanzima.

Singakwazi ukubonga izinkanyezi zethu ezinenhlanhla sinomongo oncibilikisiwe ocebile ngensimbi.Noma okungenani ukuthi iplanethi yethu iyakwenza.Lo mnyombo udala inkambu kazibuthe ezungeze uMhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbe imisebe ebulalayo futhi isisindise ekubeni i-toast yedolobha.Njengoba ukusakazwa kwemisebe kugoba emhlabeni njengamanzi azungeze idwala, izinhlayiya ezishajiwe “zithululelwa” ngasezimpondweni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu, okuholela kuma-aurora.

Iziphepho ze-geomagnetic azigcini nje ngokufaka imibukiso ye-psychedelic.Njengoba kushiwo, bayakwazi ukukhubaza amasistimu kagesi, futhi bangalimaza noma bacekele phansi amasathelayithi.Ezimweni eziningi, amasathelayithi angasuswa endaweni eyingozi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.NgoMashi 1989, isiphepho esincanyana ngokuqhathaniswa ne-geomagnetic savala igridi yamandla esezingeni eliphezulu ye-Hydro-Québec emizuzwaneni nje ishayise uMhlaba, sadala ukunqamuka okwashiya amakhasimende ayizigidi eziyisi-6 ebumnyameni.Ukudluliswa komsakazo nomakhalekhukhwini nakho kuphazamisekile, futhi i-aurora borealis yabonakala kude eningizimu njengaseTexas.

Ngenhlanhla, ungaya ku-noaa.gov ukuze uhlole isibikezelo sezulu sesikhala, futhi ubhalisele izaziso uma uthanda.Isibikezelo sezulu sasemkhathini se-NOAA singanikeza kuphela izexwayiso mayelana nokuthi i-solar plasma izofika nini eMhlabeni ngosuku noma ezimbili kusengaphambili.Nakuba ama-flare ngokwawo engenakubikezelwa, i-NOAA ingakutshela lapho kubukwa ama-sunspots, ama-flare, nama-CME.Imibiko yesimo sezulu yasemkhathini ingakwazisa uma i-aurora ilindelwe (futhi mhlawumbe uzodinga i-heater yesikhala) ngobusuku obuthile.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, ungase ucabange ukutshala imali kumshini wokubhala, i-abacus, i-twine enhle, namathini ambalwa.Futhi ngiphakamisa ukuthi wonke umuntu aqale ukufihla imali yakhe yedijithali ngaphansi komatilasi wabo.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ebangeni lesishiyagalolunye ngangikwikhorasi izinyanga ezimbalwa kwaze kwaba yilapho umfundisi enginika u-“A” unyaka wonke uma ngishiya ikilasi lakhe.Indaba yangempela.Ungacabanga ukuthi umfana othanda umculo kodwa ongakwazi ukucula angakujabulela okungenani ukucula, kodwa lokho kuncike.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuhumza kungabangela ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukuqwasha, futhi kwezinye izimo, izipoki.Futhi kuyiqiniso—yize ngishiye imininingwane embalwa lapho.

Ukuhubela iculo ngoba ungawazi (noma awukwazi ukucula) amagama awanangozi, ngaphandle uma mhlawumbe awapheli futhi acasula osebenza nabo.Kepha izinqubo eziningi zezimboni ezifana nezithando zomlilo eziqhumayo, imibhoshongo yokupholisa, nama-compressor amakhulu namaphampu e-vacuum zingakhipha imvamisa ephansi noma ama-infrasound hums akwazi ukuhamba amashumi amamayela.Ngenxa yokuthi ama-hum abangelwa abantu anobude obungajwayelekile obungamaza—kwezinye izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhilomitha—i-hum ingahamba kalula ezintabeni nasezakhiwo.

Imvelo ingakhiqiza lezi zinhlobo zamagagasi omsindo phakathi nemicimbi efana nama-avalanche, ukuzamazama komhlaba, nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.Umoya wesivinini esithile kanye nendlela ovunguza ngayo emhosheni ungenza i-infrasound.Futhi izilwane ezithile, ikakhulukazi imikhomo nezindlovu, zixhumana amabanga amade ngale ndlela.Ngenhlanhla, ama-hums emvelo ayadlula futhi awaphazamisi kangako kunalawo asuka kumishini.

I-infrasound inomsindo ohlanganisa amagagasi angaphansi kwemijikelezo engu-20 ngomzuzwana noma i-Hertz (Hz), okungenzeka futhi ibe iyunithi evamile yokukhokha yokuqashisa imoto, ngicabanga ukuthi.Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe u-2% kuya ku-3% wabantu abangakwazi ukuzwa umsindo kuleli zinga.Iningi labantu liyakwazi ukuzwa ku-20 kuya ku-20,000 Hz.Ngaphezulu kwalokho kune-ultrasound, njengohlobo lwamagagasi asetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwezokwelapha.

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi i-infrasound ingahlasela amakhaya ethu ngo-24-7, enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ukuthi sivame ukuyizwa ngaphezu kokuyizwa.Ngokwencazelo, umsindo uchungechunge lwamaza okucindezela okwenza izinguquko ezicashile kumfutho womoya esigungwini sethu sendlebe.I-eardrum iyandindizela ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwengcindezi, ubuchopho bese buwuhumusha njengomsindo.Indaba iwukuthi, amagagasi ashintsha umfutho womoya azodlidliza i-eardrum yethu ngisho noma ukunyakaza kuhamba kancane kakhulu ukuba kubonakale njengomsindo.Yingakho i-infrasound ingabangela isiyezi, i-vertigo, isicanucanu, nokuphazamiseka kokulala.

Kodwa i-eardrum yethu akuyona ukuphela kwengxenye yethu edlidliza iye kumagagasi omsindo we-low-frequency.Zonke izitho zomuntu zinokulokho okubizwa ngokuthi “i-mechanical resonant frequency,” okuwubude begagasi obuzokwenza ukuthi izicubu zinyakaze zodwa.Ukuhlolwa kwabantu kwathola ukuthi imiphumela yenhliziyo ivela ku-17 Hz;izihloko zabika imizwa yokwesaba, inhlekelele ezayo, nokukhathazeka.Futhi ocwaningweni lwango-1976, i-NASA yanquma ukuthi inhlamvu yeso lomuntu izwakala ku-wavelength ye-18 Hertz.

Yilapho izipoki zingena khona. Noma okungenani ingxoxo yalokho.Ku-1998, umcwaningi waseBrithani ogama lakhe linguVic Tandy washicilela iphepha elibizwa ngokuthi "Izipoki Emshinini" ku-Journal of the Society for Psychical Research.Ngesinye isikhathi waqala ukuzizwa enovalo, futhi ngemva kwalokho ebona impunga, izithonjana ezinjenge-blob, ngenkathi esebenza yedwa kulebhu yakhe yemishini yezokwelapha.Ngolunye usuku wabophela ucwecwe lothango e-vise elebhu ukuze asebenze kulo, futhi ucwecwe lwaqala ukuvevezela ngamandla.Uthole ukuthi i-vent fan esanda kufakwa ibidlidliza ngo-18.98 Hz ngqo.Lapho icishiwe, i-foil yayeka ukudlidliza, futhi wazizwa engcono futhi wayeka ukubona izinto embonweni wakhe oseceleni.Kusukela lapho, ukuhlola okuphindaphindiwe kuye kwakhiqiza iziphazamiso ezibukwayo ezifanayo.

Elinye lamacala aziwa kakhulu e-infrasound emvelweni yileli elibizwa nge- “Windsor Hum” esifundeni sase-Windsor, e-Ontario, uhulumeni waseCanada alilandele endaweni yase-US Steel esiqhingini esisemfuleni iDetroit.Le mvamisa ephansi, i-35-Hertz hum kuthiwa inomsindo kakhulu kunangaphambili kusukela yaqala kabusha ngasekupheleni kuka-2017 ngemuva kwekhefu elifushane.Selokhu kwaqala le ndumezulu ngo-2011, sekunemibiko yokuthi ezinye izakhamuzi zihamba zibalekela imiphumela elimazayo, ehlanganisa ukuqwasha nokucanuzela kwenhliziyo.Ngo-2012, izakhamuzi zasedolobheni ezingaphezu kuka-20,000 zajoyina i-teleconference bukhoma zikhala ngalesi simo.Ngokudabukisayo, i-US Steel iye yachitha yonke imizamo yeziphathimandla zaseCanada yokuhlangana nazo ukuze zizame ukulungisa inkinga.

Ngokwazi ukubangela inani elikhulu kangaka labantu ukuba lihlupheke kangangokuthi ukulangazelela inzuzo yomuntu siqu ngokwezimali kuyicala elibi kakhulu.Ngokungafani necala lobugebengu bempi nokuqothulwa kohlanga, umqondo weCrimes Against Humanity akudingeki uxhunywe nezingxabano, nakuba incazelo yawo ihluka ngokwamazwe.I-UN yaqala inqubo yokuyihlanganisa ngo-2014. Omunye umthetho wamanje usichaza ngokuthi noma yiziphi “…izenzo ezingenabuntu ngamabomu ezibangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu, noma ukulimala okubi emzimbeni noma empilweni yengqondo noma yomzimba.”Akekho umuntu noma inhlangano okufanele ivunyelwe ukubamba inhlalakahle yabantu.

Enyakatho ye-NY State, ngiye ngabona umsindo ofanayo phakathi neminyaka eyi-15 noma ngaphezulu edlule.Yize ihluka ngokuqina kwayo, ngiyizwe ikhala ngokulinganayo ukusuka eGouverneur kuya eCanton kuya eMassena.Umgwaqo wami awunawo isevisi kagesi, ngakho-ke anginazo izinto zasendlini ezingase ziwubangele.Okuphawuleka kakhulu ebusuku, kwesinye isikhathi kuyavaleka.Ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba 2018 yaqala futhi ngemva kwekhefu, futhi inamandla ikakhulukazi okwamanje.

Zizwe ukhululekile ukwabelana ngolwazi lwakho ne-infrasound hum kokuthi [i-imeyili ivikelwe].Uma ubona ukuthi into enjalo inomthelela omubi empilweni yakho, ngiyakukhuthaza ukuthi uthinte izikhulu ozikhethile.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ngonyaka odlule umakhelwane wami, otshala futhi athengise amakhowe—asemthethweni—ukuze aziphilise, wasikisela ukuba ngenze isihloko ngesikhunta sikaKhisimusi esingalandisa ngezinye zezici zemilingo zalelo siko lamaholide.Ekuqaleni ngawuchitha umqondo wakhe, ngicabanga ukuthi mhlawumbe wayedle isitoko esibi ngalolo suku, kodwa kusukela lapho ngiye ngathola ubufakazi obuncane obusekela umbono wakhe.

Isatshalaliswa eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu, nase-Asia isuka ezindaweni ezipholile iye enyakatho ekude, i-Amanita muscaria iyikhowe elimila phakathi kwezihlahla zikaphayini, i-birch kanye ne-oki.Eqinisweni iwuxhaxha lwezimpande zalezo zihlahla, isebenzisa isilinganiso esincane sikashukela ezimpandeni zazo kodwa ikhulisa kakhulu ikhono lezihlahla lokumunca imisoco namanzi.Ayikwazi ukukhula ngaphandle kwendawo yehlathi.

Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-fly agaric noma i-fly amanita ngenxa yokuthi iye yasetshenziswa ukubulala izimpukane, i-A. muscaria iyikhowe elikhulu, elihle elibomvu (kwesinye isikhathi eliphuzi).Ikepisi layo elibuswayo, eliba isicaba njengoba likhula, linamachashaza amakhulu amhlophe, okulenza libe ngelinye lamaselele aziwa kakhulu noma amakhowe amile akhululekile emhlabeni.Ikhowe elikhulu elinamachashazi e-polka lika-Alice e-Wonderland, izincwadi zokufaka imibala, kanye nesithombe sengadi.Ngisho namakepisi ama-gnomes avame ukupendwa ukuze abukeke njengekhowe le-agaric fly.

I-Amanita muscaria nayo inezici ezithinta ingqondo, futhi isidliwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka ngamaLaplander akhathele ubusika njengendlela yokukhetha;nge-shaman yaseSiberia kanye nabanye odokotela ezenzweni zokuphulukisa;kanye nezinyamazane zasendle—asazi kahle.Kungenzeka ukundiza, kodwa okwengeziwe ngalokho kamuva.Impela maningi ama-akhawunti ezilwane eziphila “edakiwe” ngemva kokuphequlula leyo 'shroom.

Uma igama elithi Amanita likhala insimbi, kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-death-cap, mhlawumbe ikhowe eliyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni, liyisihlobo esiseduze, i-Amanita phalloides.I-Death-cap idabuka e-Europe nase-Asia, kodwa yethulwe ngephutha nezihlahla ezingenisiwe ezindaweni ezimbalwa eNyakatho Melika.Ngokungafani necala lesikhunta esiningi, ubuthi bayo abunqandeki ngenxa yokushisa, futhi isigamu sekepisi sanele ukubhubhisa isibindi nezinso zomuntu omdala, okwenza okuwukuphela "kwekhambi" ukufakelwa kwesitho.

Ngaphezu kokusebenza kwengqondo, i-fly fly agaric yethu nayo inobuthi, nakuba buncane kakhulu.Futhi kubonakala sengathi ingahunyushwa ngokuthi “iphephe kakhudlwana” (imibiko ithi ingase ibangele ukuhlanza) ngokushisa okuncane noma ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.Ngokusobala, ukushisa okukhulu kakhulu kuthatha konke okujabulisayo ku-fly agaric, njengoba sekusetshenziswe njengekhowe lokupheka uma selibilisiwe futhi amanzi okuqala alahlwa.Kubikwa ukuthi eSiberia nakwezinye izifunda u-A. muscaria wafakwa esitokisini futhi walengiswa eduze nomlilo.Ngale ndlela ukushisa okuphakathi kuzowenza (amakhowe, hhayi amasokisi) aphephe ukusetshenziswa ngokwemikhosi noma ngenye indlela.

Izitokwe ezigcwele amakhowe abomvu namhlophe alenga kushimula ngokucophelela azwakala ajwayelekile.Futhi yebo, u-Father Christmas angase agqoke ingubo ebomvu nemhlophe futhi angase noma angazizungeza ngama-elves amafushane, ama-squat, amakhowe-esque, kodwa nganginokungabaza nganoma yikuphi ukuxhumana kwesikhunta namasiko amaholide asebusika.Kodwa-ke, ukusesha okulula kwesithombe sewebhu "komhlobiso wamakhowe kaKhisimusi" kuvele i-bazillion (kahle, 30,800,000) izithombe ze-Amanita muscaria zokuhlobisa isihlahla futhi kwangenza ikholwa.

Kusiking sikaCheech Marin no-Tommy Chong sika-1971 sikaSanta neSalukazi Sakhe, uCheech uchaza uSanta Claus, “insizwa enemihlathi enoboya,” kumngane wakhe.Isileyi esindizayo sikaSanta, ngokusho kukaCheech, sigqugquzelwa “uthuli lwemilingo,” “okuncane okwenyamazane, okuncane kukaSanta, okukaSanta okuncane, okukaSanta…” Mhlawumbe ngaphezu kwalokho ababekuthanda. ukubhema, zazi futhi nge-fly agaric.

Ngentshisekelo yezempilo yomphakathi, ngifuna ukuxwayisa ngokuzama lesi sikhunta.Okokuqala, izinkomba zibonisa ukuthi amakhowe e-agaric ayimpukane akhiwa entwasahlobo nasehlobo angaba namandla aphindwe ka-10 kunalawo aqoqwe ekwindla.Futhi ukuthi ukubala kabi kungase kukushiye ugula isonto lonke noma ngaphezulu.Futhi cha, angizange ngizame i-A. muscaria futhi anginazo izinhlelo zokwenza kanjalo.

Angisona isazi, kodwa ngikuthola kuthakazelisa ukuthi ukucupha kwezwe kaKhisimusi wethu wesimanje kunokuxhumana namasiko asebusika asendulo eSiberia.I-Amanita muscaria ingase isize ekuchazeni ukujabula okungezona kwemvelo kukaSanta, ukundiza kwakhe okumangalisayo, ingasaphathwa eyokukhethwa kwemibala yesudi yakhe, kanye nezigidi zemihlobiso yamakhowe kaKhisimusi ixhumeke ngokusobala.

Iseluleko sami kungaba ukugwema isikhunta esinobuthi kanye nobuthi bokudayisa, futhi ngihlose injabulo yakudala engaqhutshwa izinto zohlobo olulodwa noma olunye.I-reindeer, yebo, izozenzela izinqumo zayo.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ngaphandle uma ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo ngempela kuphuma esandleni, isisho esidala mayelana nemali engakhuli ezihlahleni siyohlala sinembile.Ngicabanga ukuthi uma ukuhwebelana kuke kwaba yinjwayelo, nokho, abalimi bezithelo namantongomane bazogcwala imali etshalwe ezihlahleni.Ukuthola amanani okushintshana kungase kubangele ikhanda, ngiyacabanga.Uphayini wethu omhlophe osempumalanga, i-Pinus strobus, awuthathwa njengesihlahla esithela izitshalo futhi awubonakali uhluma ukheshi, okungenani kule ndawo, kodwa uthele izithelo zenani elikhulu esintwini ngokufanayo.

Izihlahla ezinde kunazo zonke kulolu hlangothi lwe-Rockies, amaphayini amhlophe afika kumamitha angu-230 aqoshwa abagawuli bokuqala.Umpetha wamanje wase-US ume kumafidi angu-188, futhi ku-Adirondacks sinezihlahla zikaphayini ezimhlophe ezikhula kudala ezingaphezu kwamafidi angu-150.Mayelana nokuhlonza, uphayini omhlophe wenza kube lula, kube ukuphela kukaphayini womdabu waseMpumalanga othwala izinaliti ngezinqwaba ezinhlanu, eyodwa kuhlamvu ngalunye EMHLOPHE.Ukuze kucace, izinhlamvu azibhalwanga ezinalitini, zisho nje.

Nakuba mude futhi uhlaba umxhwele, eminyakeni embalwa edlule uphayini omhlophe uguliswa futhi ugawulwa amagciwane angabonakali.Ezibizwa nge-Canavirgella needlecast kanye ne-Mycosphaerella brown spot, lezi sikhunta ezimbili sezineminyaka zikhona, kodwa azikaze zibe yinkinga ngaphambili.Izimpawu zokutheleleka izinaliti eziphenduka zibe phuzi ngokuphelele bese ziwa phakathi nonyaka noma ngaphezulu.Izazi eziningi zezinto eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi izimo zethu zesimo sezulu ezishintshile eNyakatho-mpumalanga, ikakhulukazi izikhathi ezinde ezinganqamuki zesimo sezulu esimanzi, ziyimbangela yalolu shintsho ekuziphatheni.Phakathi neminyaka emanzi, isomiso sango-2012, 2016, 2018 sibangele umswakama ophansi kakhulu wenhlabathi, senza izihlahla zibe buthaka ukuze zingenwe kalula yizifo nezinambuzane.

Uphayini omhlophe ukhiqiza ama-cones akhangayo, ama-intshi ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalolunye ubude, anezikali ezinesihloko se-resin, alungele ukuqala umlilo kanye nokwengeza kumagoda ezimbali neminye imihlobiso yamaholide (angase afune ukugcina lawo kude namalangabi avulekile).Lolu hlobo lwaziwa ngamapulangwe alo abanzi kakhulu futhi acacile, anombala okhanyayo asetshenziselwa ukubeka phansi, amapulangwe kanye nokushelela kanye namalungu esakhiwo.I-New England yakhiwe ngophayini omhlophe, futhi kwezinye izindlu ezindala, amapulangwe okuqala kaphayini anobubanzi obuhlukile asengatholakala.Njengoba izinkuni zayo zihlaba umxhwele, isipho esiyigugu kakhulu sikaphayini omhlophe asibonakali.Futhi ngethemba elingenakuhlukaniswa.

Phakathi kweminyaka eyinkulungwane namakhulu ayishumi nambili edlule lapha enyakatho-mpumalanga, izifunda ezinhlanu zomdabu zanquma ukuthi zichithe amandla amaningi ziphikisana nemingcele nezinsiza.Ngosizo lomholi onombono, bakha uhlelo lwenhlangano yokubusa ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga phakathi kwezifundazwe, kushiye izwe ngalinye lizimele ngenye indlela.

Iphayini emhlophe, enezinaliti zayo ezinhlanu ezihlanganiswe esisekelweni, yasiza ukukhuthaza isakhiwo esisha sombuso.Kuhlala kuwuphawu olufanele lwale Confederacy, i-Iroquois, noma i-Haudenosaune njengoba bezibiza kanjalo.Isihlahla sasifanekiselwa ukhozi olunempandla, imicibisholo emihlanu egaywe ngezinzipho ukuze ifanekisele amandla ngobunye, ehlezi phezulu.

I-Confederacy ihlanganisa amakhosi akhethiwe angamashumi amahlanu ahlala ezinhlakeni ezimbili zomthetho, nenhloko yezwe eyodwa ekhethiwe.Ngokomlando, abesifazane kuphela ababengavota.Abesifazane nabo babenamandla okugxeka abaholi abangenzi ngendlela ezuzisa umphakathi, futhi babengachitha noma yimuphi umthetho ababewuthatha ngamawala noma abantu abangaboni ngaso linye.Zonke izinduna bekulindeleke ukuthi zikwazi ukusho ngekhanda umthethosisekelo we-Iroquois, umsebenzi osasenziwa nanamuhla kwezinye izindawo zokulondoloza imvelo, futhi kuthatha izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye ezigcwele ukuwuqeda.

UBenjamin Franklin noJames Monroe babhala kabanzi mayelana ne-Iroquois confederacy, futhi uFranklin ikakhulukazi wanxusa amakoloni ayishumi nantathu ukuba amukele inyunyana efanayo.Lapho i-Continental Congress ihlangana ukuze ibhale uMthethosisekelo, abaholi bakwa-Iroquois baba khona, ngokumenywa, isikhathi eside njengabacebisi.

Phakathi kwamafulegi okuqala e-Revolutionary kwakukhona uchungechunge lwe-Pine Tree Flags, futhi uphayini omhlophe uhlala efulegini lesifunda sase-Vermont.Ukhozi, nakuba lususiwe ku-pine perch, luhlezi luhlala phezu kwemali yase-US, inyanda yemicibisholo eyishumi nantathu emaziphoni alo.Ngicabanga ukuthi ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, imali yethu yamila esihlahleni.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ngisho noSanta Claus ngokwakhe akakwazi ukunikeza isifiso sikaKhisimusi omhlophe—uwuhlamvu lwemali oluphonsa ukuthi leli holide lizombozwa yiqhwa noma libe luhlaza kulo nyaka.Indawo enohlaza ayiyona into ekahle yethu kaKhisimusi, kodwa singakwazi ukugcina ama-greenbacks amaningi eNyakatho Yezwe, futhi sigcine izihlahla zethu zikaKhisimusi nokunye ukuphimisela kukusha nokuluhlaza isikhathi eside, lapho sithenga izihlahla zendawo kanye nezimbali.

Akukhona nje ukuthi izihlahla zikaKhisimusi ziyinsiza evuselelekayo, zithuthukisa umnotho wendawo.Ngisho noma ungenaso isikhathi sokuzisika epulazini lezihlahla, zenzele umusa kulo nyaka futhi uthenge isihlahla semvelo kumthengisi wendawo.Angakusiza ukuthi ukhethe uhlobo olungcono kakhulu oluthandayo, futhi akwazise ukuthi lusha kangakanani.Ezinye izihlahla ezitolo ezinkulu zisikwa amasonto, uma kungenjalo izinyanga, ngaphambi kokuba zibonakale ezitolo.

Kunesizathu esengeziwe sokuthenga indawo ngo-2018: Umnyango Wezolimo Nezimakethe wakwa-NYS umemezele ukuvalelwa kwezihlahla zikaKhisimusi ezingaphandle kwesifunda ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala kwezinambuzane ezintsha ezibhubhisayo.I-spotted lanternfly (SLF) iyinkathazo enkulu yezinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla, kanye namagilebhisi nezinye izitshalo ezihlukahlukene, kodwa ithanda ikakhulukazi ama-maple ashukela.Okokuqala ukutholwa ePennsylvania ngo-2014, lesi siphazamisi sase-Asia esibulala izihlahla selokhu sasakazekela eNew Jersey, eDelaware naseVirginia.Abesifazane be-SLF babekela amaqanda abo acashile cishe kunoma yini, kwathi ngonyaka ka-2017, kwatholakala uquqaba lwamaqanda ezihlahleni zikaKhisimusi ezitshalwe eNew Jersey, nokwadala ukuvalelwa.

Kuwo wonke amakha akhumbulekayo enkathi yamaholide, akukho lutho oluvusa umoya walo njengephunga likaphayini osikiwe omusha, isihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi, umqhele noma umqhele.Nakuba iningi lemikhaya yaseMelika lapho kugujwa khona uKhisimusi selishintshele ezihlahleni zokwenziwa, imikhaya engaba izigidi eziyishumi isaletha isihlahla sangempela ekhaya.

Lonke uhlobo lwe-conifer lunenhlanganisela yalo yama-terpenol anephunga elimnandi nama-ester abangela amakha awo “e-pine woods”.Abanye abantu bakhetha iphunga elimnandi lohlobo oluthile lwesihlahla, okungenzeka ukuthi babenalo beseyingane.Isihlahla sikaKhisimusi semvelo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-potpourri enkulu yeholide.Ayikho ilebhu yamakhemikhali engenza isihlahla sepulasitiki sihogele njengophayini omusha, i-fir noma ispruce.

Imvelaphi yesihlahla sikaKhisimusi ayicacile, kodwa izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza, amagoda ezimbali, namagatsha kwakusetshenziswa abantu abaningi basendulo, kuhlanganise nabaseGibhithe, ukuze bafanekisele ukuphila okuphakade.EJalimane lekhulu leshumi nesithupha, uMartin Luther ngokusobala wasiza ekuvutheleni (ngokomfanekiso) isiko lesihlahla sikaKhisimusi sasendlini ngokuletha isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza endlini yakhe futhi asihlobise ngamakhandlela.Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, izihlahla zikaKhisimusi zazihlale zilethwa ezindlini zingama-24 kuZibandlela, futhi zingasuswa kwaze kwaba ngemva komkhosi wamaKrestu we-Epiphany mhla ziyisi-6 kuMasingana.

Ngokuqondene nezintandokazi zezixuku, amafir—uDouglas, ibhalsamu, neFraser—athandwa kakhulu, izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza ezinephunga elimnandi.I-Grand ne-concolor fir iphunga elihle kakhulu.Uma igcinwe emanzini, amafirs wonke anokugcina inaliti enhle kakhulu.Amaphayini nawo agcina izinaliti zawo kahle.Nakuba uphayini wethu womdabu omhlophe unephunga elimnandi kune-Scots (hhayi i-Scotch; okaSanta) uphayini, lo wakamuva udlula kude owokuqala, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi ama-Scots aqinile angakwazi ukuthwala imihlobiso eminingi ngaphandle kokuba amagatsha awo axege.Akukhona nje ukuthi ama-spruces anamagatsha aqinile, avame ukuba nesimo se-pyramidal esiqinile.Ama-spruces angase angabi nephunga elimnandi njengamafir noma amaphayini, kodwa ayizinketho ezinhle kulabo abathanda izihlahla zezinaliti ezimfushane.

Uhambo olungcwele lwaminyaka yonke lokukhetha isihlahla sangempela ndawonye beluye lwemindeni eminingi, okwami kuhlanganisa, isiko leholide elithandwayo, isikhathi sokuhlangana.Uyazi, i-thermos yesiko likashokoledi oshisayo;umkhuba wezingane ezilahlekelwa okungenani yizimbuzane, kanye nokuxabana okuhlonishwa isikhathi—ngisho ingxoxo—mayelana nokuthi yisiphi isihlahla okufanele sisikwe.Iphunga elihle, nezinkumbulo ezinhle.

Ukuze uthole iphunga elimnandi nokugcinwa kwezinaliti, sika "ikhukhi" elilodwa ukuya kwamayintshi angu-2 kusukela esisekelweni ngaphambi kokubeka isihlahla sakho endaweni yokumisa, bese ugcwalisa ichibi njalo ezinsukwini ezimbili.Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ethi yelula impilo yenaliti ayisebenzi ngempela, ngakho yonga imali yakho.Amalambu e-LED awazimisi izinaliti njengoba kwenza isitayela esidala, futhi kulula nakubhili yakho kagesi.

Vakashela ku-www.christmastreesny.org/SearchFarm.php ukuze uthole ipulazi lezihlahla eliseduze, futhi imininingwane yokuvalelwa ingatholakala kokuthi www.agriculture.ny.gov/AD/release.asp?ReleaseID=3821 Ulwazi nge-lanternfly enamabala lufakwe kokuthi https ://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/113303.html

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yimaphi amasiko akho, kwangathi umndeni wakho, abangani, nezitshalo ezihlala ziluhlaza konke kungaba namanzi amaningi, okunephunga elimnandi futhi kube umthombo wezinkumbulo ezihlala isikhathi eside kulesi sikhathi samaholide.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

I-Watertown isilungele ukuba yi-Emerald City, kodwa akuzona izindaba ezinhle lezo.UJefferson noLewis maduzane bazoba yi-Emerald Counties, kanti i-St. Lawrence County yaqala inqubo yoshintsho eminyakeni emibili edlule.Ngeshwa, lolu hlobo lwenguquko alubandakanyi iziphetho ezijabulisayo.

Lapho i-emerald ash borer (EAB) ibulala umlotha, kwenzeka okuthile okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili—isihlahla siba brittle futhi sibe yingozi ngokushesha okukhulu, ngaphezu kwanoma yini esike sayenza eNyakatho Melika ngaphambi kwalokhu.Abaholi bakamasipala, izikhulu ze-DOT, abanikazi bezindawo zezinkuni, abagawuli bemithi, abalimi kanye nabanye abaphathi bomhlaba kumele babe nolwazi oluningi ukuze bahlale bephephile futhi bagweme icala.

Kubize ngokuthi ukutheleleka noma isifo esiwubhubhane, kodwa maduze ngisho nomgwaqo omnandi kakhulu onemigqa yesihlahla kanye ne-woodlot ephethwe kahle izobukeka njengento ephuma ku-Tolkein's Fangorn Forest esongelayo ku-trilogy yakhe ye-Lord of the Rings.Izihlahla zethu zomlotha ngeke ziphindisele, kodwa zizoba yingozi ngezinye izizathu.

Ngo-Agasti 2017, amavolontiya ezakhamuzi aqeqeshwe uMnyango Wezokongiwa Kwemvelo waseNew York State (NYSDEC) athola i-emerald ash borer ogibeni lwe-EAB elokishini lase-St. .Abasebenzi bamahlathi abavela e-St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Environment Division baphinde baqinisekisa i-EAB eminingana e-Franklin County ngo-2017.

Ekuqaleni kwaleli hlobo, amavolontiya avale i-EAB kwezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho ye-NY, okuhlanganisa nomngcele oseningizimu weJefferson County.I-NYSDEC ayikakhiphi idatha yokugcina evela ohlelweni lwe-trap luka-2018, kodwa silindele ukuqinisekiswa ezindaweni eziningi.Ngokuqondakalayo, singase sikhathele ukuzwa ngaleli bhungane elibhodla ukhuni elihlaselayo nendlela eliyoziqothula ngayo izihlahla zomlotha.Phela ama-chestnut nama-elms afa futhi umhlaba awuzange uphele.Umehluko usezingeni lengozi ebekiwe.

Ngokuvamile lapho isihlahla esinempilo sibulawa izinambuzane, izifo noma isikhukhula, sima lapho iminyaka engu-5, 10 noma ngaphezulu.Uma ungaveli phakathi neminyaka engu-15, iyanyakaza, ikhulume ngokuthile mayelana nokuntula kwakho izimiso zokuziphatha, futhi ihlehla.Cabanga ngazo zonke izihlahla ezifile ezisemachibini ama- beaver ezihlala iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu njengezidleke zezindwandwe emiqhele yazo emhlophe.Ngemva kokuba isifo se-chestnut sesiqothule lezo zinhlobo, kwaba nemibiko yokuthi lezi zilwane ezifile zihlala ziqondile iminyaka engu-30 noma ngaphezulu.

Kodwa i-emerald ash borer inomphumela ongavamile ezihlahleni zomlotha ezibulalayo.Umlotha owela ku-EAB uba yingozi esikhathini esingangonyaka owodwa, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili kuphela, uqala ukugxumela ezimotweni, amaloli kanye namabhasi agcwele izingane zesikole.Lokho kuthatha kude kakhulu, kodwa abantu abaningi balimele, futhi amakhaya amaningi nezimoto ezilimele ngenxa yokuhlasela kwe-EAB.E-Ohio, ibhasi lesikole lashayiswa isihlahla somlotha esikhulu esibulewe yi-EAB, kwalimala abafundi aba-5 kanye nomshayeli, futhi ibhasi liphelele.

Akekho obonakala enencazelo eyanele yalokhu kulahlekelwa ngokushesha nangokujulile kwamandla ezinkuni, kodwa ngizodlulisela esikwaziyo.Ngokusho kwe-Davey Resource Group, igatsha le-consulting kanye nocwaningo lwe-Davey Tree, amandla e-shear okhuni lomlotha ancipha ngokuphindwe kahlanu ngemva kokuba isihlahla sihlaselwe yi-EAB.Izihlahla ziba yingozi ngokushesha kangangokuthi i-Davey Tree ngeke ivumele abagibeli bayo ukuba bangene kunoma yimuphi umlotha ogcwele obonisa ukwehla ngo-20% noma ngaphezulu.

Ngokwamazwi kaMike Chenail, i-International Society of Arboriculture Certified Arborist yasePennsylvania, “Amaqiniso amabili enza isihlahla somlotha esibulawe yi-EAB sibe yingozi kakhulu.I-EAB inqamula ukugeleza kwamanzi nezakhamzimba esihlahleni.Ukwengeza, izinambuzane eziyingozi zidala izinkulungwane zamanxeba okuphuma.Bobabili bakha uzungu lokumisa isihlahla futhi basenze sishwabane.”

Enye yezinkinga ukuthi i-sapwood, ungqimba olungaphandle lwezinkuni, loma ngokushesha kakhulu.Njengoba i-sapwood ingase ibe ngamasentimitha ambalwa nje ubukhulu, ukuba nayo yome ngokuzumayo ingase ingabonakali njengento eningi.UJerry Bond, i-Consulting Urban Forester nowayengumfundisi we-Cornell Extension Educator, wangichazela ngale ndlela: “Amaphesenti angu-90 amandla esakhiwo esihlahla ahlala engxenyeni engaphandle engamaphesenti ayishumi yesiqu.”Ngamanye amazwi, lapho i-sapwood ibuthakathaka, awekho amandla amaningi asele esihlahleni.

Kungase kube nenye futhi ingxenye esithombeni.Ama-anecdotes avela kubalimi bezihlahla kanye nabanye abasebenzi bezihlahla bakhomba ukubola okuthuthuke ngokumangalisayo kwezinye izinkuni zomlotha ezazihlaselwe isizini eyodwa kuphela.Ukuthi lokhu kusakazeke kangakanani noma kubaluleke kangakanani akwaziwa okwamanje.

Kodwa akukho kulokhu okuyiphuzu ngempela.Iphuzu liwukuthi labo abasebenza noma abachitha isikhathi esiningi ehlathini, nanoma ubani obhekele ukuphepha kwabanye kudingeka aqaphele ukuthi uma i-EAB ibulala izihlahla zomlotha, baziphatha ngendlela ehlukile.

Abanikazi be-Woodlot, Abaphathi BeDolobha Nabasesigodini, Amalungu Ebhodi Ledolobha, Abaphathi Bezomthetho Besifunda sase-NNY, abatshali bezihlahla, abalimi nabanye abafuna ukufunda indlela yokulungiselela i-EAB bayanxuswa ukuba bathamele iseshini yolwazi ye-EAB ezayo e-Adams Municipal Building, 3 South Main Street, Adams, NY ngoLwesithathu, Novemba 14, 2018 kusukela ngo-8:30 AM kuya ku-12:00 PM.Abethuli bahlanganisa abamele i-NYSDEC, i-National Grid nabanye.Iseshini imahhala, kodwa sicela uphendule i-RSVP kuMike Giocondo ehhovisi elincane le-NYSDEC Lowville kokuthi (315) 376-3521 noma [i-imeyili ivikelwe]

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ukube amaPilgrim ayazi ukuthi i-Thanksgiving izoba yini enkulu eMelika, ngokungangabazeki ngabe athatha izithombe.Ngisho nemenyu isilahlekile, nakuba umlando womlomo we-Wampanoag, kanye namarisidi ambalwa egrosa e-Pilgrim atholwe izazi zemivubukulo, asikisela ukuthi kwakukhona ummbila, ubhontshisi kanye ne-squash kanye nezinyoni namagwinya.Ngaphandle kwalokho kungase kube nama-chestnuts, ama-sunclikes (ama-artichokes "eJerusalema"), ama-cranberries kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi zasolwandle.

Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi amaPilgrim ngabe abhubha ebusika buka-1620 uma kungenjalo ngenxa yokudla okunikezwa ama-Wampanoags, izwe lawo abawabela lona.Entwasahlobo ka-1621, i-Wampanoags yanikeza ama-Pilgrim imbewu yezitshalo, kanye nesifundo (okungenzeka i-App; ngeke siqiniseke) ngokukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa kanye nokugcinwa kwezitshalo zokudla okuhlanganisa ummbila, ubhontshisi, nesikwashi.

Lokho kuwa—asazi ngisho nokuthi kwakungu-Okthoba noma uNovemba—amaPilgrim abonga ngezolimo zoMdabu waseMelika, futhi azitika ngobuhle bayo izinsuku ezintathu ziqondile.AbakwaWampanoag cishe babonga ukuthi yayingasekho imikhumbi egcwele amaPilgrim emkhathizwe ngaleso sikhathi.

Ibhali laliwukuphela kwesitshalo esitholakala eYurophu amaPilgrim akwazi ukusikhulisa ngo-1621. Ngeshwa, kwakubonakala sengathi ayengazi ukuthi singadliwa.Nokho, okuhle kwaba ukuthi kwakunobhiya obuningi esidlweni sakusihlwa sokubonga.

Nakuba ummbila, ubhontshisi kanye nesquash, “Odade Abathathu,” kwakulinywa, futhi kutshalwa abantu abaningi bomdabu emazweni aseMelika, ezinye izitshalo zendabuko zizohlobisa amatafula okubonga aseMelika kulo nyaka.Mhlawumbe uzoba nama-appetizers enkampanini ngaphambi kwesidlo sakusihlwa.Amantongomane axubile, ubani?Amantongomane ayisitshalo sesikhathi esikhulu soMdabu waseMelika.Ama-Pecans kanye nembewu ye-sunflower, futhi.Futhi wonke umuntu uthanda ama-corn chips anediphu, akunjalo?Labo pepper abashisayo (noshukela) notamatisi ku-salsa ukudla kwaboMdabu baseMelika.Uncamela idiphu elenziwe ngekotapheya?Yebo, okunye ukudla kwendabuko.Futhi okufanayo kuma-popcorn.

AmaTurkey, ayefuywe abantu bomdabu kudala ngaphambi kokuxhumana nabaseYurophu, vele adabuka eZweni Elisha.Izinhlobo zanamuhla zama-turkey zikhethelwe imizimba esindayo, kodwa ziyizinhlobo ezifanayo ncamashi nezama-turkey ethu asendle, ububanzi bazo obusuka eningizimu yeMexico ukuya eningizimu yeCanada.

Kodwa okuningi "kokulungisa" okusetshenziswe ku-Thanksgivings yanamuhla nakho kuvela eNew World.I-cranberry sauce iyisibonelo esihle (uhlobo oluhlobene lweVaccinium lwenzeka enyakatho yeYurophu, kodwa amajikijolo awo mancane kakhulu kunezinhlobo ze-cranberry ezitholakala lapha, manje ezifuywe emhlabeni jikelele).

Futhi bekungeke kube yi-Thanksgiving ngaphandle kwamazambane agayiwe ukucwilisa umhluzi.Amazambane amhlophe (“wase-Ireland”) ayisitshalo sezwe Elisha, njengoba kunjalo nobhatata.Singabonga izazi zezolimo namahlathi zaseMelika ngobhontshisi oluhlaza kanye nobhontshisi we-Lima.Ungakhohlwa u-squash—aboMdabu bakha izinhlobonhlobo eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-Hubbard ne-butternut squash, namathanga, okuyi-squash yasebusika.

Okusiletha kuphayi wethanga le-Thanksgiving oyisakhiwo sodumo—ngicabanga ukuthi cishe wonke umuntu uyabonga ngalokho kudla.Akukho okuhambisana nophayi njengo-ayisikhilimu, ongaveli Ezweni Elisha, kodwa ama-flavorings amahle kakhulu.I-Maple-walnut ingenye yezinhlobo zokuqala ze-ayisikhilimu e-New England, ama-flavour amabili endabuko ahamba ndawonye ngokudumile.Nakuba ingaveli eNyakatho-mpumalanga, i-vanilla ivela emazweni aseMelika, kanjalo noshokoledi.Uma wengeza ezinye izinto zokugcoba ezifana ne-strawberry noma i-blueberry (ngisho ne-ananas) isoso, uzobe unokudla okuningi koMdabu waseMelika kwe-dessert.

Nginifisela nonke i-Thanksgiving ejabulisayo nenempilo, egcwele umndeni nokubonga.Phakathi kokunye, singababonga aboMdabu nezitshalo zabo.Kodwa ngiyacela, ungasoli izazi zezolimo zakwa-First-Nations uma udinga ukukhulula ibhande lakho inothi elilodwa noma amabili ngemva kwalokho.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Lapho eqala ukubonakala eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili edlule, uSuperman kwathiwa “ushesha kunenhlamvu egijima ngesivinini.”Yiqiniso ezinye izinhlamvu zindiza ngokushesha kunezinye, kodwa ngo-1938, isivinini esivamile esivamile sasisukela ku-400 mph esikhethekile esingu-.38 kuya ku-580 mph nge-othomathikhi engu-.45.Ngisengcupheni yokungena ohlangothini olubi lukaSuperman, ngiyangabaza ukuthi angakwazi yini ukudlula umjikelezo wanamuhla we-AR-15 .223 ohamba ngamamayela angu-2,045 ngehora.Futhi usekhulile kakhulu manje.Eqinisweni, ngiyazibuza ukuthi ingabe une-peppy ngokwanele ukuba abambe isitshalo esinesivinini esikhulu.

Ukubheka ngokushesha ngaphandle kusiqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo azibonakali zihamba, noma uma zihamba kancane, zihamba kancane ukuze zilinganise ukuqhubeka kwazo.Okuhle, uma sicabangela indlela esisiphula ngayo ukhula, esinquma ngayo utshani, futhi sinqume amalunga ezihlahleni.Ukube izitshalo zazikwazi ukudabula ngokufuna ukuziphindiselela, akekho owayezolala kahle ebusuku.Iqiniso liwukuthi, izitshalo zivame ukuhlala zimile.Noma yimuphi umlimi angakutshela ukuthi ngisho nama-slugs angakwazi ukubamba izitshalo.Ngakho-ke kubonakala kunokhahlo ngokungafanele ukuphakamisa ukuthi iNdoda Yensimbi ihamba kancane kunalokho.

Kunomehluko phakathi kokuhamba ngokushesha nokuhambahamba.Izitshalo zingase zinezimpande, kodwa akuzona zonke ezihlezi zinganyakazi.Izingane eziningi zijabuliswa kancane lapho zihlangana ne-mimosa, noma isitshalo esizwelayo.Lapho ithintwa, iqabunga layo liyagoqa ngemizuzwana ngendlela ehlelekile, uma ingaxhamazeli.Izitshalo ze-Mimosa zifunda kokuhlangenwe nakho, noma kunjalo, futhi uma uhlohla iqabunga ngokuphindaphindiwe, ekugcineni kuthatha ikhefu ekuphenduleni amahora ambalwa.

Abantu bayo yonke iminyaka yobudala bavame ukuthakaselwa yi-Venus flytrap, isitshalo esidla inyama esivaleka ezinambuzaneni, bese sakha isikhwama esingangenisi umoya bese sincibilikisa izisulu zaso esiswini esigcwele i-asidi ye-vegi.Naphezu kwegama layo, i-flytrap idla kakhulu izintuthwane nezicabucabu, amabhungane nezintethe, kodwa izimpukane ezimbalwa kakhulu.Ngokukhalipha okusheshayo kune-mimosa, ingavala isicupho sayo ngama-millisecond angu-100.

Ingakwazi futhi ukubala.Lapho omunye wezinwele zayo ezibangela ukuthintwa, isicupho sihlala sivulekile, kodwa lapho izinwele zesibili zivuselelwa phakathi nemizuzwana engu-20, isicupho siyavala.Anelisekile ngalokho kusebenza, isitshalo se-bog edla inyama esilandelayo sibalwa kuya kwezinhlanu.Okusho ukuthi, kuthatha ezinye izimbangeli zezinwele ezinhlanu kusuka kusicabucabu esinyakazayo ngaphambi kokuthi sivale isivalo somoya kanye nokumpompa i-hydrochloric acid.Uma kwenzeka uvaleleke emihlathini yesitshalo esikhulu esidla inyama, khumbula lesi sifundo: Ungazabalazi.Hlala unganyakazi amahora angu-12, futhi imihlathi izovuleka futhi.Wamukelekile.

I-Venus flytrap itholakala ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ezishisayo eningizimu yethu, kodwa sinesitshalo esindiza kakhulu kune-flytrap.I-dogwood encane noma i-bunchberry iyimbali yasendle evamile ethanda inhlabathi epholile emanzi.Kwesinye isikhathi itholakala emaqenjini anjengomata, inamaqoqo amajikijolo abomvu ngokugqamile, nezimbali ezifaka i-NASA ehlazweni.Imbali ye-bunchberry ivuleka ngo-0.5 millisecond, kubikwa ukuthi ikhipha impova yayo izikhathi ezingu-2,000 kuya kwezingu-3,000 amandla adonsela phansi (G), okungahle kuhlinze i-astronaut, evamise ukuzwa ingekho ngaphezu kwe-3G lapho yethulwa.Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani i-bunchberry yenza lokhu, ngaphandle nje kokubukisa, ngoba impova inqwaba yezinhlobo zezinyosi zomdabu.

Kodwa i-rapid-movement pièce de resistance yombuso wezitshalo isihlahla sikamalibhele omhlophe.Njengoba idabuka eShayina, iye yasakazwa emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuthi iyadingeka ukuze kukhuliswe izikelemu zikasilika, osekuyiminyaka eyizi-4 000 edlule zikhiqiza usilika womhlaba (hhayi izikelemu ezifanayo; aziphili isikhathi eside kangako).Lapho ama-catkins esihlahla sikamalibhele eqinile futhi elungile, avuleka kuma-microseconds angu-25 noma ama-millisecond angu-0.025, aqhubekisele impova yawo cishe ku-350 mph, ngaphezu kwengxenye yejubane lomsindo.Ngokungafani nama-bunchberry, ama-mulberry afakwe impova emoyeni, futhi angase azuze esu lawo lebhomu lempova.

Nakuba lezi zenzo zihlaba umxhwele, akekho oziqonda ngempela izinqubo izitshalo ezihamba ngazo ngokushesha kangangokuthi ukuthwebula izithombe okunesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu akukwazi ukuthwebula izenzakalo ngokwanele.Esikudingayo ngumuntu oshesha ukwedlula imboni egijima ngesivinini ukuze ahlolisise lokhu.Ngiyazibuza ukuthi mhlawumbe iqhawe elikhulile lingase linxenxelwe ukwenza umsebenzi onjalo.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ngisho noma incazelo yayo enembile ingekho esihlokweni solimi lwakho, iningi labantu lithola ukukhukhuleka okujwayelekile kwalokho okushiwo igama elithi biogas—kukhona isayensi yezinto eziphilayo ehilelekile, futhi umphumela uba igesi.Umuntu angase aqagele ukuthi i-funk emoyeni ebhasini elithwele iqembu elidla i-sauerkraut ekhaya ngemva komncintiswano wangempelasonto.Abanye bangathi i-biogas iyizinyosi zenkomo, noma amagwebu anukayo eqanda elibolile agcwala phezulu lapho unyawo lwakho lucwila exhaphozini.

Lezo zonke izibonelo ze-biogas, eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-methane, i-CH4, ekugxilweni okusuka ku-50% kuya ku-60%.I-Methane ivutha kakhulu, futhi ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni segesi yemvelo ekushiseni noma ukuqhuba izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zokukhiqiza ugesi nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.Yakhiwe amagciwane ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic, iyigesi ebamba ukushisa ephindwe kamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili kune-carbon dioxide ekubambeni ukushisa emkhathini woMhlaba.Iqiniso lokuthi lingaba wusizo uma liboshiwe kodwa libe yingozi uma likhishwa yingakho sidinga ukucupha i-biogas ekhishwa yizindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu, imigodi yobulongwe, futhi ngolunye usuku, mhlawumbe nokubhodla kwenkomo.

Ngokwayo, i-methane ayinambala futhi ayinaphunga, kodwa ivame ukuzihlalela nabangane abangemnandi njenge-hydrogen sulfide, i-H2S, ebangela iphunga leqanda elibolile esilihlanganisa namafarts kanye negesi yamaxhaphozi.Akuwona wonke ama-biogas alinganayo—izinto ezikhishwa yizindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu zingcoliswe i-siloxane evela kuzinto zokugcoba nezihlanzi, futhi i-biogas ephuma umquba ingase ibe ne-nitrous oxide, i-N2O.I-Siloxane, i-nitrous oxide, namagesi e-hydrogen sulfide anobuthi lapho kugxilwe khona kakhulu, futhi konakala kakhulu.Zivamise ukuvutha ngokungenabungozi uma zisetshenziselwa ukushisa, kodwa kufanele zisuswe uma i-biogas izosetshenziselwa ukuphehla injini.

Njengoba kushiwo, i-methane yenzeka lapho izinto eziphilayo zibola ezimweni ezintula umoya-mpilo.Lokhu kwaholela ekuqhumeni okuningi kwe-biogas ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu kulo lonke elase-US naseYurophu, ikakhulukazi ngeminyaka yawo-1960 nawo-1970, nakuba uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ezinjalo eNgilandi ngeminyaka yawo-1980 lwagqugquzela imithetho eqinile kulelozwe mayelana nokuqoqwa kwe-biogas.Imvamisa yokuqhuma ezindaweni zokulahla inciphe kakhulu ezikhathini zamuva nje, kodwa kusenzeka namanje.Indawo yokulahla udoti e-Walt Disney World e-Orlando yavutha umlilo ngo-1998. Ngo-2006, Ibutho Lezempi Lase-US (elikhululekile emithethweni eminingi yezemvelo) lakhipha imizi eyishumi nambili eduze nenye yezindawo zayo zokulahla imfucumfucu ezindala e-Fort Meade, eMaryland ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu e-methane.

Noma ihlinzeka ngezinzuzo njengokukhiqizwa kukagesi, ukukhipha i-biogas yokulahla imfucumfucu kuyadingeka empilweni nokuphepha.Kodwa i-biogas nayo ikhiqizwa ngamabomu entweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-methane digester, engangicabanga ukuthi elinye igama lenkomo.Naphezu kwegama, lezi zinto azigayizi i-methane.Kunalokho basebenzisa ubulongwe bezilwane, indle kamasipala, udoti wasendlini, nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze bakhiqize i-methane, ingxenye enkulu yayo ebingadedelwa emoyeni.

Inqubo eyisisekelo yilena: i-reactor engenawo umoya igcwele umquba wezilwane noma noma yikuphi ukugcwaliswa kwakho okuthandayo, futhi ngemva kwenqubo yebhaktheriya enezingxenye ezi-4 kanye nesikhathi esithile ugcina u-slurry "ogayiwe" ongasetshenziselwa umanyolo, kanye ne-biogas.Ubuchwepheshe be-Digester bungasebenza kusukela esikalini esikhulu sezimboni kuya endaweni encane kakhulu engemuva kwendlu esebenzisa udoti wasendlini.

Cishe ku-60% we-methane, i-digester biogas inguphethiloli ongcono kune-biogas yokulahla imfucumfucu, evame ukuba ngu-50% CH4.Igesi ephuma ku-digester ingasetshenziswa ngokuqondile ukupheka noma ukufudumeza, kodwa kufanele icutshungulwe ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe kwezinye izinto.Ngaphezu kokusetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa izinjini ezivutha ngaphakathi, i-biogas “ekhuhliwe”, cishe eyi-methane emsulwa, ingajovwa kugridi yegesi yemvelo, noma icindezelwe futhi ithengiswe ezimakethe ezikude.

Kulezi zinsuku, abalimi bemfuyo bayakhuthazwa ukuthi bafake ama-methane digester njengomthombo owengeziwe wemali engenayo noma ukunciphisa izindleko zokushisisa.Izigayigayi zinciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, kanti ubulongwe obugaywe emshinini wokugaya ukudla bugcina i-nitrogen eningi kunobulongwe obugcinwe emachwebeni avulekile.Akukhona ukuhlinzwa kobuchopho, kodwa kukhona ijika lokufunda, kanye nemibono yabasebenzi.Umbono uyathuthukiswa manje, kodwa usekude nentsha.

AmaShayina azibandakanye nokugaya i-methane kusukela cishe ngo-1960, futhi ngeminyaka yawo-1970s asakaza into efana nezigidi eziyisithupha zokugaya ukudla kubalimi.Njengamanje, ama-home digesters avamile eNdiya, ePakistan, eNepal nasezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Afrika.Ngesilinganiso esikhulu, iJalimane ingumkhiqizi we-biogas ohamba phambili eYurophu, enezitshalo eziphehla ugesi we-biogas ezingaba ngu-6,000.I-Germany nayo inezikhuthazo kanye noxhaso lwabalimi nabanye ukuze basebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokugaya ukudla.

I-Cryo Pur, inkampani yaseFrance ezinze e-Palaiseau, ngaphandle kwaseParis, isanda kwenza indlela eyisinyathelo esisodwa yokususa i-CO2 nokunye ukungcola ku-biogas isebenzisa i-cryogenics.Ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu, i-biogas iyancibilika kule nqubo, okuvumela ukuthi ithunyelwe ngokuphepha kakhulu.

I-Cornell Cooperative Extension izobamba iworkshop ejulile ye-biogas yamapulazi amancane kulobu busika.Ikilasi lizophindwa ngezinsuku ezintathu ezihlukene e-Cornell Cooperative Extension Learning Farm, 2043 State Highway 68, Canton.Yize iqondiswe emapulazini amancane obisi, abakhiqizi bemfuyo kanye ne-horticulture, kanye nalabo abanentshisekelo yokukhiqiza amandla ahlukile bamukelekile.Ababambiqhaza bangakhetha eyodwa yalezi zinsuku ezintathu: ULwesithathu, Disemba 5, 2018 10:00 AM - 2:00 PM, ngoLwesine, February 7, 2019 , 10:00 AM - 2:00 PM, noma ngoLwesithathu, March 6, 2019, 6:00 PM - 9:00 PM.

Amakilasi amahhala futhi afaka imali encane yokudla kanye nokudla.Ukubhalisa kuyadingeka.Ukuze ubhalise noma uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, shayela i-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County ku-(315) 379-9192.

Ungafunda konke mayelana nama-methane digester amancane, kodwa ngokwazi kwami awekho ongawasebenzisela umuntu siqu.Uma udle i-sauerkraut eningi kakhulu kuzodingeka uvumele ukugayeka kokudla kuqhubeke.Ngicela, kude nabanye.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Umkami oyi-francophone uvamise ukuhleka njengoba ngiqala ukufunda ukufunda, njengangesikhathi ngithi connard lapho ngiqonde canard.Kwabakhuluma isiNgisi abakhuluma isiNgisi ngolimi olulodwa, i-canard isho idada, kuyilapho okulingana kabi ne-connard kuyigama elinemilolozelo ngokuthi “spithead,” futhi ongafuni ukuthi izingane zakho zilisho.Kodwa lapho ama-mallards namanye ama-puddle-dada ekhathazekile, lezi zibili zihlobene.I-drake (owesilisa) ingaba i-connard ngokuphelele ngezinye izikhathi.

Umgomo kaDarwin othi “survival of the fittest” awusho njalo ukuthi ubani onqoba impi ye-antler noma umqhudelwano wokubambana ngezingalo.Ukufaneleka kusho ukufanela indawo okuzungezile ukuze umuntu aphile isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba azale futhi kanjalo adlulisele i-DNA yomuntu.Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kusho ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.

I-mallard, mhlawumbe idada elaziwa kakhulu eNyakatho Melika kanye nodrake onekhanda elicwebezelayo eliluhlaza okotshani, ibhilidi eliwolintshi elikhanyayo kanye nokhololo olumhlophe qhwa, kungase kube uhlobo olunamandla kunawo wonke.Eqinisweni, isazi sebhayoloji saseNyuvesi yase-Alberta u-Lee Foote uye wawabiza ngokuthi “i-Chevy Impala yamadada.”Kulabo abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-30, i-Impala eyake yatholakala yonke indawo yayiyi-sedan eyenza yonke inhloso, icishe ingangenwa izinhlamvu.

Itholakala eNyakatho neMelika Ephakathi, Eurasia naseNyakatho Afrika, i-mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) yethulwe eNingizimu Melika, e-Australia, eNew Zealand naseNingizimu Afrika.Ingase isebenze kakhulu kune-Impala.I-International Union for Conservation of Nature, iqembu elizinikele ekusimameni kwemithombo yemvelo, ikubeka ohlwini (idada, hhayi imoto) “njengezinhlobo ezinganaki kangako.”Lokhu kubizwa kuzwakala kuwukunganaki, kodwa kunokukhathazeka ezindaweni ezinjengaseNingizimu Afrika naseNew Zealand, lapho ama-mallard esedlangile khona.

Ngokungafani nezimoto, lapho ama-hybrids elungile kodwa engavamile ukuba mahhala, ama-mallard hybrids avame kakhulu kangangokuthi amanye amadada angase anyamalale njengezinhlobo ezihlukile.Imvamisa, isici esichazayo sohlobo oluthile ukuthi alukwazi ukuwela nezinye izinhlobo ukuze lukhiqize inzalo, noma okungenani aluvundile.UMallards, ngokusobala, akazifundi izincwadi.Ngiyakuzonda uma imvelo yenza lokho.

Ama-mallards avame ukuhlangana namadada amnyama aseMelika, kodwa futhi azalanisa okungenani nezinye izinhlobo eziyishumi nambili, kwezinye izimo okuholela ekulahlekeni noma ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane.Ngokusho kwe-Global Invasive Species Database (GISD), "Ngenxa yalokho [ukuzalanisa kwe-mallard], idada laseMexico alisabhekwa njengohlobo lwezilwane futhi kusele angaphansi kuka-5% amadada ampunga aseNew Zealand angaxutshiwe."

Amadada athile aye kokunye okweqisayo, edlala ocansini olulinganiselwe ngo-X, olunodlame.Amaduna amadada angaba namalungu amade kunemizimba yawo, okuyinto ebeka izinto ngendlela yethu thina bafana.Futhi, inani lama-mallard drake ahlangana nesikhukhukazi ngasinye, kwesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuholela ekulimaleni noma (akuvamile) ukufa kwensikazi.

Lokhu kubonakala kuyindlela embi yokuphatha uhlobo oluthile, ngamadrake abulala izinkukhu.Kodwa kukhona umqondo ngakho.Abesifazane baye babonwa beqoqa amadada angabafana abonakala sengathi akukho okungcono angakwenza.Isizathu sokuthi isikhukhukazi se-mallard singadla ama-hangouts ukuze sisenze basilandele sihlobene nempilo.Ngokungafani nehansi laseCanada, elaziwa ngokuphila iminyaka eyi-10 kuya kwengama-25 emvelweni, ama-mallards asendle anesilinganiso sokuphila seminyaka engu-3-5.Lokhu kusho ukuthi iningi lezinsikazi, eziqala ukuzala zineminyaka emi-2, zizokhwelana kanye kuphela empilweni yazo.Ukuhlanganiswa okuningi kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi amaqanda esikhukhukazi azovunda.

Futhi amadada amantombazane anesu eliyimfihlo—uma isikhukhukazi sithola ukunaka kwabafana, singakhetha ubaba wedada.Uma owesilisa engahambisani naye, uzoqondisa isitho sangasese sowesifazane ohluliwe esithweni sangasese sangasese esifile kuze kube yilapho eseqedile, i-copulation fake-out.Udrake onenhlanhla uzovunyelwa ukuthi ahambe amayadi ayisishiyagalolunye wonke.Ngakho ukukhuluma—ngiyangabaza ukuthi yinde kangako.

Ngokusobala, ama-mallards awadingi usizo lwethu ekutholeni ukudla.Ezimweni eziningi akuwona umqondo omuhle (futhi imithetho kamasipala ingase ikunqabele) ukuphakela izinyoni zasemanzini, okungase kwenyuse ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nezifo, ngisho ezinye ezingathinta abantu.Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukulunywa kwababhukudi,” okuyisinambuzane samadada esingahlasela abantu abasolwandle, sincane kakhulu kuzo.I-GISD ithi “…ama-mallards ayiwona magciwane ahamba ibanga elide e-H5N1 [umkhuhlane wezinyoni] njengoba ekhipha inani eliphakeme kakhulu legciwane kunamanye amadada kuyilapho ebonakala engavikelekile emiphumeleni yawo… inikeza isixhumanisi ezinyonini zasemanzini zasendle, izilwane ezifuywayo, kanye nabantu, okuyenza ibe igciwane elibulalayo eliphelele.”

Ukuphila okufushane kwama-mallards kwenze lezi zilwane zakha amasu ahlanganisa ukuziphatha okunokhahlo.Thina bantu asinazo izaba ezinjalo.Kungaba yidada uma singavuma ukuthi singalokothi senze njenge-connard, kodwa lokho akulona iqiniso ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi.Mhlawumbe singazama okungenani ukukhuluma izilimi ezimbili.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Uma isihloko sobuhlakani bezilwane sivela, singase siphikisane ngokuthi ingabe igwababa noma upholi uhlakaniphe kakhulu, noma amahlengethwa ahlakaniphe kakhulu kunama-manatee.Akuvamile ukuthi sinikeze ubuhlakani ezintweni eziphilayo ezifana nezinambuzane, izitshalo noma isikhunta.Futhi akuvamile ngempela ukuthi singabaza ukubaluleka kwethu kobuhlakani phakathi kwezilwane.Kuyiqiniso ukuthi azikho ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezingakhomba impumelelo enkulu njengeColosseum, imvula eneasidi, igesi yezinzwa namabhomu e-athomu.Kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zinobuchopho bezinyoni.Ukukhuluma ngokomfanekiso.

Kunengqondo ukuthi izindlovu nemikhomo yi-whiz-kids, uma kubhekwa ubukhulu bamakhanda abo.Ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ubuchopho bomkhomo bunesisindo esiphakathi kuka-12 no-18 kg (5.4-8 kg.), kanti i-cranium ka-Dumbo ingafinyelela esikalini cishe ngamakhilogremu angu-11.(5.1 kg).Uma kuqhathaniswa nawo, ubuchopho bethu obungamakhilogremu angu-1,3 bumazambane amancane.Okwenza ubuchopho bezilwane ezincelisayo buhluke kwezinye izigaba zezilwane i-neocortex, indawo engaphandle yobuchopho enesibopho semisebenzi ephakeme njengolimi nokucabanga okungaqondakali.

Kodwa ubukhulu akuwona kuphela into ebalulekile.Ama-neocortices ethu, ngokungafani nalawo ezilwane eziningi, ahlangene kakhulu, okusho ukuthi senza yonke into ibe nzima kakhulu kunalokho okudingekayo.Empeleni, ukuguquguquka kunikeza ubuchopho bethu indawo ethengiswayo kakhulu ngevolumu-njengokungathi i-Texas iwuthango futhi yahlungwa yafinyelela kusayizi we-Vermont.Amahektare amaningi angangena endaweni encane ukube bekungelutho ngaphandle kwezigodi nezintaba.Le ndawo enkulu ilingana namandla okucubungula amaningi kunobuchopho obugoqeke kancane njengobomkhomo.

Ikhono lokwenza nokusebenzisa amathuluzi, nokuwathwala ukuze asetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo, kungenye yezinkomba ezamukelwa kabanzi zobuhlakani.Esikhathini esidlule, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi abantu kuphela nezihlobo zethu eziseduze zezinkawu ezisebenzisa amathuluzi.Amanye ama-gorilla e-Borneo asebenzisa izinti ukuze agwaze i-catfish, futhi ama-gorilla asemathafeni asentshonalanga aye abonwa esebenzisa induku ukuze alinganise ukujula kwamanzi.Okungenani esimweni esisodwa, i-gorilla yasebenzisa ugodo ukwenza ibhuloho ukuze liwele umfudlana.Ngicabanga ukuthi uma beqala ukukhokhisa imali, sizobahlonipha kakhulu.

Muva nje ubuhlakani bama-cephalopod afana ne-cuttlefish, i-squid nama-octopodes sebubhalwe phansi.Ama-octopode abonwe edla amagobolondo kakhukhunathi alahliwe futhi ewasebenzisa ukwakha izinqaba zasolwandle zezinhlobo zokucasha kuzo.Uma ikhono labo ngamathuluzi lithuthuka, ngibheja ukuthi bangakwazi ukuluka ijezi elimangalisayo ngokushesha.

Izinyoni nazo zisebenzisa amathuluzi—amagwababa, isibonelo, azosebenzisa induku ukuze ahlohle izimbungulu angeke akwazi ukuzifinyelela ngenye indlela.Uma isinambuzane siluma induku, igwababa likhipha induku bese lidla isinambuzane.Abantu babehlale becabanga ukuthi izinyoni azihlakaniphile kakhulu ngoba ubuchopho babo bunesisindo esingamagremu ambalwa, futhi busukela kusayizi wephizi kuye mhlawumbe obulingana nowondo.Hhayi-ke, kuye kwadingeka sidle igwababa, ngoba ubuchopho bezinyoni buminyene kakhulu kunobuchopho bezilwane ezincelisayo.Kufana nokuthi besiqhathanisa ubuchopho bezinyoni obuncane obuncane nobuchopho bomuntu obuyishubhu enkulu engenalutho kanye nokuklolodela, kuyilapho empeleni izinyoni eziningi zihlola ngokulingana nezinkawu ukuze zithole ukuhlakanipha.

Siyazi ukuthi izinyosi zisebenzisa uhlobo lomdanso wezinyosi ochazayo ukuze zixhumane zodwa ngendawo yezimbali nabathwebuli bezithombe.Izinyosi zethu zomdabu zibonakala zinento eyodwa kuzo.Ngo-2016, abacwaningi baseQueen Mary University yaseLondon bathola ukuthi ama-bumblebees afunda emizuzwini embalwa ukuthi angagingqa kanjani ibhola elincane embotsheni encane ukuze athole umvuzo wamanzi ashukela.Ngicabanga ukuthi abacwaningi manje bamatasa nemiqhudelwano yegalofu ye-bumblebee.

Ngisho nemifino ingafunda amaqhinga amasha.Ukuhlola kubonise izimpendulo ze-Pavlovian lapho ukukhanya nezinye izisusa zethulwa ndawonye ngama-engeli ahlukahlukene.Izitshalo vele zizokhula zibheke ekukhanyeni.Kodwa lapho ukukhanya kucishwa, izitshalo zatshekela kwesinye isisusa, njengoba nje izinja zikaPavlov zaziconsa amathe lapho zizwa izinsimbi.Ngicabanga ukuthi isikhathi samaholidi asebusika sasikhungathekisa lawo ma-drool pooches.

Abantu, izinkawu, ama-squid, izinyoni, izimbungulu, nezitshalo—akukho lapho abangaya khona ngaphandle kokwehla.Faka isikhunta se-plasmodial slime, into ephilayo eneseli elilodwa ehamba kancane engahlola indawo, ithole ukudla okungcono kakhulu, futhi ikugwinye, ikhula ibe nkulu kakhulu.Iyeza maduze ethiyetha eduze nawe.Kuzwakala njengefilimu ye-sci-fi, futhi i-blob yesikhunta se-slime ebomvana, esiphuzi noma esimhlophe, okungenzeka siyiyadi eliyisikwele endaweni, sibukeka singavamile.Ngokuvamile bahlala ezindaweni zasehlathini ezinomthunzi, kodwa bangabonakala embhedeni wakho wezimbali, futhi umngane wake wathumela isithombe sesikhunta se-slime esasidle ubhiya wakhe ongenalutho owawushiywe ngobusuku bonke.

Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi isikhunta se-plasmodial slime sisebenzisa ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi ukwenza izinqumo-ezinengqondo, kuvela ukuthi - mayelana nokuthi iyiphi inkomba okufanele iqhubeke njengoba i-slime inqamula indawo.Omunye wabacwaningi abaphambili ocwaningweni lwango-2015 uSimon Garnier, umsizi kaProfessor weBiology e-New Jersey Institute of Technology.Uthe “[ukufunda ngokubumba kwe-slime] kubekela inselele imibono yethu esesiyicabangele ye-hardware encane yebhayoloji edingekayo ekuziphatheni okuyinkimbinkimbi."

Mhlawumbe sekuyisikhathi sokuthi sinake kakhulu izihlobo zethu ezingezona abantu.Ngibheja kuningi abangasifundisa kona.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ukufiphala okuphelele kwenyanga cishe kuvame kakhulu kunokususwa ngokushesha kwesitshalo esisha esihlaselayo, kodwa iminwe idluliselwa ukuthi into enjalo yenzeke e-St. Lawrence County kuleli hlobo.Ukuqedwa kwezitshalo, ngisho ukuthi—sonke siyazi ngomcimbi wasezulwini kulo Julayi odlule, ukufiphala kwenyanga kokuqala okumaphakathi kusukela ngoJuni 2011. Sibonga amehlo abukhali kaDkt. Tony Beane, Uprofesa Wesayensi Yezilwane e-SUNY Canton isazi semvelo esishisekayo, umvini wangaphandle okwazi ukushunqisa amasimu namahlathi ususiwe kungakapheli amasonto ukuqinisekiswa kwawo endaweni yase-Ogdensburg.

Ijikijolo elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-porcelain berry (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata), akukho lutho elithi “brev” mayelana negama lesiLatini, noma umkhuba wokukhula, walo mvini wokhuni olunolaka ongamboza ngokushesha izimila eduze kwemifudlana nasemaphethelweni ehlathi, ubulale izitshalo zendabuko futhi unqande ukuhluma.Ivinjelwe ezifundazweni eziningi, futhi isohlwini “Njengezinhlobo Ezivinjelwe” nguMnyango Wezokongiwa Kwemvelo waseNew York State (NYSDEC), okusho ukuthi “ayikwazi ukuba nomuntu ngenhloso yokuthengisa, ukungenisa, ukuthenga, ukuthutha noma ukwethula. ”Ngokudabukisayo, ukusesha kwewebhu kusaveza inqwaba yezikhangiso ukuze kuthengwe lo mvini, ngisho noma “okuhlaselayo” kwengezwa kumapharamitha okusesha.

Ukutholakala kwejikijolo lobumba enyakatho ye-NY kwadluliselwa ku-St. Lawrence-Eastern Lake Ontario Partnership for Regional Invasive Species Management (SLELO PRISM), iqembu lamaqembu okulondoloza imvelo, ama-land trust, nama-ejensi kahulumeni emazingeni ahlukahlukene inhloso yawo kuwukukhawulela. umonakalo wezomnotho nemvelo owenziwa izitshalo ezihlaselayo, izinambuzane, nezinto eziphila emanzini.Ezithendeni zikaDkt.Umbiko kaBeane, Ithimba Le-Early Detection le-SLELO PRISM livakashele indawo, futhi izitshalo sezicekeleke phansi.Iqembu lihlela ukwenza ukuvakasha kokulandelela kumasizini ambalwa alandelayo ukuze libheke ukukhula kabusha.

Itholakala eJapane nasezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho yeChina, i-porcelain berry yalethwa okokuqala e-US cishe ngo-1870 njengokuhlobisa.Ihlobene namagilebhisi ethu omdabu asendle, okungadideka ngawo kalula.Ngokungafani nesihlahla somvini, esinamagxolo aminyene, acwebezelayo kanye ne-pith ensundu, umvini we-porcelain berry unamagxolo abushelelezi, anamagxolo (amabi uma emdala kodwa angaphumi), kanye ne-pith emhlophe.Amajikijolo aqinile, anemibala eminingi ebizwa ngawo ngokuthi athuthuka ukusuka ku-lavender ukuya kokuluhlaza kuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokugqamile njengoba evuthwa, futhi awalengi njengamagilebhisi, kodwa abambeke aqonde.Amaqabunga e-porcelain berry avame ukujula ngama-5-lobed uma kuqhathaniswa namaqabunga amagilebhisi, ngokuvamile anama-lobed angu-3 futhi awasikiwe ngokujulile, kodwa lokhu kuyahluka kakhulu futhi kuyisici esibi sokuxilonga.

Nakuba ukuqedwa okungenzeka kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo ezingakaze zibonwe eNyakatho Yezwe kukhuthaza, abantu bayanxuswa ukuba baqaphe amajikijolo obumba.Izithelo zayo zidliwa izinyoni, futhi imbewu yalesi sizwe esisodwa esaziwayo ibingayiswa kalula kwezinye izindawo enyakatho ye-NYS.Uma ucabanga ukuthi usitholile lesi sitshalo, sicela usibikele e-Cornell Cooperative Extension noma ihhovisi le-NYSDEC eliseduze nawe.Uhlu oluphelele Lwezilwane Ezilawulwayo Nezinqatshelwe ze-NYSDEC zingatholakala kokuthi dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/isprohibitedplants2.pdf.Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokulawula izinto ezihlaselayo esifundeni sase-St. Lawrence-Eastern Lake Ontario, vakashela ku-sleloinvasives.org

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ukutshala isihlahla akuyona isayensi ye-rocket, okuyinto enhle.Ukube bekuyinkimbinkimbi kangako, bengizobheja ukuthi sizoba nezihlahla ezimbalwa ezikleliswe emigwaqweni yethu.Kungase kungathathi usosayensi ukutshala isihlahla ngendlela efanele, kodwa kuchithwa imali eningi unyaka nonyaka ukuthenga nokutshala izihlahla ezingase ziqashwe, ngoba zizophila ingxenye encane nje yesikhathi esingase siphile.

Lapho izihlahla ziwohloka futhi zifa ngemva kweminyaka engu-15, 20, noma ngisho engu-30, into yokugcina okungenzeka siyisola ukutshala ngendlela engafanele.Nakuba izihlahla ze-landscape ezifana ne-mountain-ash kanye ne-birch zinezimpilo ezimfushane ngokwemvelo, i-maple ushukela noma i-oki ebomvu kufanele ihlale kalula iminyaka eyikhulu noma ngaphezulu.Nokho ngokuvamile, uhlobo oluphila isikhathi eside luzophelelwa yisikhathi lapho luneminyaka engamashumi amabili ngoba lwatshalwa “ngokushesha futhi lungcolile.”Ungathola izibonelo zezihlahla eziwohlokayo njengezinga lobudala ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlu, futhi ikakhulukazi emizileni emikhulu lapho osonkontileka beshintsha izihlahla ezigawuliwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe imigwaqo.Umuntu angase acabangele ukuqashwa kwezihlahla ezinjalo, hhayi ukuthenga.

Ukutshala okujulile kubeka isisekelo sesihlahla esigulayo, ngokuvamile esibheke esiphethweni esingakafiki.Isihlahla ngasinye siza “negeji yokujula” ebizwa ngokuthi i-trunk flare, okufanele ibonakale ngaphezu kwebanga lokuqala lenhlabathi.Ukutshala kujule kakhulu kuholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zempilo zesikhathi esizayo.Okwesihlahla, ngokuyinhloko.Nali ihlaya lama-arborist: Uwubiza ngani umgodi wokutshala ongamafidi amathathu ukujula wesihlahla?Ithuna layo.

Uma kubhekwa ama-druthers azo, izimpande zesihlahla zinwebeka izikhathi ezi-2-3 ubude begatsha, noma umugqa wokuconsa, kodwa u-90% wazo uzoba yi-top 10” yomhlabathi.Ukuze ubonise leli qiniso, imbobo yokutshala kufanele ibe yi-saucer futhi izikhathi ezingu-2-3 ububanzi besistimu yezimpande, kodwa hhayi ukujula-naphakade.Ngaphandle kwalokho Amaphoyisa Okutshala azokuthikithi.KULUNGILE lokho kuyinganekwane, kodwa uma kwenzeka kufika umuntu otshala izitshalo, angase ashwaqe kabi.

Uma isihlahla simbiwa enkulisa, izimpande zaso eziningi zinqunywa yi-spade yesihlahla esetshenziswa ukusimba.Igama elithi ukwethuka kokufakelwa libhekisela kulokhu kulahlekelwa okuyinhlekelele kwezimpande.Ngokusobala, izihlahla zingasinda lapho zitshalwa kabusha, kodwa kudingeka zibe nezimo ezifanele zokuphinde zikhule izimpande.Kubalulekile ukuthi izimpande zokufakelwa zikwazi ukungena enhlabathini ezungezile, njengoba noma isiphi isithiyo esincane singabayenga ukuba bajike befuna ukuvuleka.Umhlabathi ocinene—ovamile emigwaqweni—kanye nobumba oluqinile kuyizibonelo.

Ngisho ne-burlap ezungeze ibhola lempande kukhonjiswe ukuthi ibangele izimpande ukuba zizungeze ngaphakathi kwendwangu.Amakheji ocingo azungeze i-burlap angahlala amashumi eminyaka, futhi ngokuvamile aholela ezinkingeni ezengeziwe njengoba izimpande zikhula.Uma isihlahla sesisekujuleni kwesokudla emgodini, susa yonke i-burlap kanye nekheji yocingo ezihlahleni zebhola ne-burlap.Izimpande zezihlahla ezitshalwe ezitsheni zidinga ukugconwa ngokuqondile.Uma kunesidingo, banqume ukwenza lokhu.Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimpande ezizungezayo ziyanda ngobubanzi futhi zibambene.Ezinye zigcina seziba yizimpande ezibophayo eziklinya isiqu, ingxenye noma ngokuphelele, ngaphansi komugqa wenhlabathi, futhi kuvela izimpawu zengcindezi njengombala wokuwa kwasekuqaleni kanye nokushona kwegatsha.

Ukukhetha kubalulekile.Njengezingane, izihlahla zibukeka zizinhle uma uziletha ekhaya usuka enkulisa, kodwa zingakhula ngokushesha futhi zithathe isikhala esiningi kunalokho obukulindele.Uma isayithi lingaphansi kwezintambo noma linesikhala esilinganiselwe samagatsha, udinga ukukhetha uhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo ezingakhula zibe ngosayizi ogcwele ngaphandle kokubangela ukungqubuzana.Khetha isihlahla esiqinile endaweni—ezinye izitolo zingase zithwale izihlahla ezingasifanelanga kahle isimo sezulu lapho uhlala khona.Futhi akuzona zonke izihlahla ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo.I-maple ingama umthunzi kancane, kodwa i-crabapple enomthunzi ingase ibe ne-crabby.Okokugcina, izihlahla ezifana ne-hawthorn, i-hackberry kanye ne-coffeetree yaseKentucky zinesithakazelo sobuhle ku-dormancy, okucatshangelwa ngokucabangela ubusika bethu obude.

Ngenhlabathi enesihlabathi noma esindayo sobumba, inani elilinganiselwe lezinto eziphilayo zingathuthukisa ukugcwaliswa kwangemuva.Kodwa ngaphezu kuka-30% ngevolumu kungabangela "umphumela we-teacup," okuholela ekuminyanisweni kwezimpande.Umanyolo ucindezela ezihlahleni ezintsha, ngakho-ke linda okungenani unyaka kulokho.Emhlabathini onempilo, izihlahla zingase zingawudingi umanyolo othengiswayo.

Nisela amanzi njengoba ugcwalisa emuva, upheqa inhlabathi ngodondolo noma isibambo sefosholo ukuze ukhiphe amaphakethe omoya amakhulu.Ngaphandle uma indawo inomoya ovunguzayo kungcono ungagawuli izihlahla—zidinga ukunyakaza ukuze iziqu eziqinile zikhule.Ukumboza nge-mulching 2-4 amayintshi ukujula phezu kwendawo yokutshala (hhayi ukuthinti isiqu) kuzosiza ukulondoloza umswakama nokucindezela ukhula.

Ngenani elifanayo lezindleko nomzamo, kuyenzeka ukutshala isifanekiso isizukulwane sabazukulu bethu abangasikhomba ngokuziqhenya.Noma, singatshala isihlahla esifanayo esiphuphumayo ngaphambi kokuba sithathe umhlalaphansi.Kuyindaba nje yomsebenzi omncane wesikole, nokunaka imininingwane embalwa.Ayikho isayensi ye-rocket, ngenhlanhla.

Uma ungathanda ukufunda ukutshala izihlahla abazukulu bakho abangazikhomba ngokuziqhenya, sicela ujoyine i-St. Lawrence County Soil and Water Conservation District kanye ne-Cornell Cooperative Extension ngoMgqibelo, Okthoba 13 kusukela ngo-9 ekuseni kuze kube semini e-Canton's Bend-In- I-The-River Park eku-90 Lincoln Street yomhlangano wokusebenzela wokutshala nokunakekela izihlahla.Ikilasi limahhala futhi livulekele umphakathi, kodwa ukubhalisa ngaphambilini kuyacelwa.Ukuze ubhalise noma uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, shayela u-Aaron Barrigar e-St. Lawrence County Soil and Water Conservation District ku-(315) 386-3582.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Ama-nightshade amaningi aphephile futhi amnandi, futhi ahamba kahle kumasemishi namasoso.Abambalwa bayabulala, badliwa ikakhulukazi yizigebengu, kodwa iningi lihlala endaweni empunga phakathi kwalezi zimo ezimbili ezeqisayo.Emhlabeni jikelele, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-2,700 emndenini we-nightshade, owaziwa ngokuthi i-solanaceae kuya kuma-Latin geeks.Iqembu lihlanganisa izitshalo ezihlwabusayo ezifana notamatisi, amazambane, isitshalo seqanda, upelepele, kanye ne-tomatillos.Iphinde yakhiwe ngokwengxenye abalingiswa abanomthunzi njenge-jimsonweed kanye ne-nightshade ebulalayo abaye badala umonakalo nokufa, kokubili ngengozi nangenhloso, kuwo wonke umlando.

Ama-Nightshades akhona kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, nakuba i-Australia neNingizimu Melika zinokuhlukahluka okukhulu, kanye nenani eliphelele lezinhlobo zezilwane.Ugwayi ungenye ye-nightshades ebaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho, kuyilapho amanye amalungu omndeni, isibonelo ama-petunias namalambu aseShayina, enza izinongo emagcekeni ethu.Iningi lama-nightshades yizinhlobo zasendle, ezinye zazo ezisetshenziswe njengemithombo yokwelapha iminyaka eyinkulungwane.

Kubonakala sengathi igama elithi “sumac” landulelwa “ushevu” ezingqondweni zabantu abaningi, okudabukisayo ngoba wonke ama-sumac esiwabona emigwaqweni nasezintangweni azinangozi ngokuphelele.I-Poison sumac, edinga amanzi amile, iyisihlahla esicwebezelayo esinamajikijolo amhlophe alengayo.Kungabangela ukuqubuka kwe-ivy enobuthi, kodwa kuwuhlobo olungajwayelekile.Ngokwezinga elikhulu nakakhulu, wonke umuntu uthatha igama elithi "nightshade" njalo livela ngemuva kwegama elithi "ebulalayo."

Ngokusobala, ingxenye yenkinga ingeyokumaketha.I-nightshade ebulalayo "yangempela" (Atropa belladonna) ifanelwe igama layo.Ijikijolo elilodwa lingabulala ingane, futhi amajikijolo angu-8-10 noma iqabunga elilodwa nje lanele ukubulala umuntu omdala.Ubuthi bengozi bungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi amajikijolo ansomi anezimbobo ezijulile anambitheka kamnandi, futhi angase adliwe yizingane noma abantu abadala.Lesi sitshalo siphinde sasetshenziswa ngamabomu njengendlela yokubulala izitha zezombangazwe nabalingane abangathembekile.Okungenani esimweni esisodwa, ibutho lonke lamasosha laqedwa iwayini elimnandi elifakwe i-A. belladonna berry extract (iseluleko esiwusizo: ungazamukeli iziphuzo ezivela emakhosini ayizitha noma abanye abantu ongabazi kahle).

Kodwa-ke, i-nightshade ebulalayo ikhetha isimo sezulu esipholile noma esishisayo, futhi akwaziwa ukuthi yenzeka enyakatho ye-NY.Esivame ukukubiza ngokuthi "i-nightshade ebulalayo" i-nightshade yendabuko ebabayo, i-Solanum dulcamara, imbewu yayo enobuthi obuncane kakhulu.Kodwa sine-nightshade eyingozi, i-jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) eyaziwa nangokuthi i-devil-apula noma i-mad-apple.Zonke izingxenye zesitshalo zinobuthi, kodwa ikakhulukazi imbewu.Njengoba ludabuka eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, lolu khula olumahhadla lwaminyaka yonke lunezimbali ezinde kakhulu ezimhlophe, ezimise okwefaneneli kanye nama-spiny pods abukeka ngendlela exakile, futhi zingatholakala zigcwele amadlelo nezingodo.

Wonke ama-nightshades aqukethe inani elithile le-atropine, i-scopolamine, nezinye izinhlanganisela okuthi ngamanani amancane asetshenziswe kwezokwelashwa, kodwa ayingozi kakhulu ngemithamo emikhulu.Ngaphakathi kwemingcele emincane kakhulu, lawa makhemikhali nawo asetshenziselwe ukuzijabulisa.Ngokudabukisayo, okunye ukudla okunobuthi kuwumphumela wabantu abasebenzisa i-A. belladonna, D. stramonium, namanye ama-nightshade anezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lamakhemikhali anjalo ngenkolelo eyiphutha yokuthi angakhuphuka.Isitshalo esisendaweni eyodwa singaba nobuthi ngokuphindwe kaningi njengohlobo olufanayo olukhula endaweni ehlukile, futhi ayikho indlela engaphandle kokuhlaziywa kwelebhu yokusho.

Isikhumba samazambane esichayeke ekukhanyeni sizoshintsha sibe luhlaza, okubonisa ukuthi ezinye izimiso ezinobuthi seziqoqiwe.Ingozi incane, kodwa ukuze ube ohlangothini oluphephile lezi kufanele zilahlwe.Amakhemikhali angangena enyameni, futhi ukususa izingxenye eziluhlaza akwanele ukuqeda ngokuphelele ingozi ezinganeni noma kubantu asebekhulile.Ngokufanayo, incane ingozi yokusebenzisa utamatisi noma iqabunga lamazambane, kodwa lapho izingane zithinteka, dlulisela yonke imibuzo esikhungweni sokulawula ubuthi.Jabulela ama-nightshade akho emifino, kodwa gwema lawo anomthunzi.

U-Paul Hetzler unguchwepheshe wamahlathi kanye nothisha wezolimo nezinsiza zemvelo one-Cornell Cooperative Extension yase-St. Lawrence County.

Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-27-2020