Muna amfani da kukis don haɓaka ƙwarewar ku.Ta ci gaba da bincika wannan gidan yanar gizon, kun yarda da amfani da kukis.Karin bayani.
Mahimmin sashi a cikin giya shine hops.A cikin dandano na giya da yawa, suna ba da ma'auni mai mahimmanci ga malt.Suna kuma taimakawa wajen fitar da sunadaran da sauransu yayin tafasa.Har ila yau, Hops yana da abubuwan adanawa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye giyan sabo kuma daga kwayoyin cuta.
Akwai nau'ikan hops da yawa kuma ana samun nau'ikan dandano iri-iri.Tun da dandano zai ragu a kan lokaci, dole ne a adana hops a hankali kuma a yi amfani da su lokacin da suke sabo.Don haka, ana buƙatar siffanta ingancin hops ta yadda mai shayarwa zai iya haɓaka da isar da samfuran da ake so.
Akwai mahadi masu yawa a cikin hops waɗanda zasu iya rinjayar dandano, don haka yanayin ƙanshi na hops yana da rikitarwa sosai.Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na al'ada hops an jera su a cikin Tebur na 1, kuma Table 2 ya lissafa wasu maɓalli na ƙamshi.
Hanyar gargajiya ta tantance ingancin hops shine a bar gogaggen mashaya ya murkushe wasu hops da yatsunsa, sannan ya kamshi kamshin da aka saki don tantance hops daga hayyacinsa.Wannan yana da inganci amma ba haƙiƙa ba, kuma ba shi da adadin bayanan da ake buƙata don yanke shawarar da ta dace kan yadda ake amfani da hops.
Wannan binciken ya zayyana tsarin da zai iya yin nazarin sinadarai na haƙiƙa game da ƙamshi na hop ta hanyar amfani da iskar gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, yayin da kuma samar wa masu amfani da hanyar da za su lura da jin daɗin ƙanshi na kowane ɓangaren da ya ɓace daga fasalin shafi na chromatographic.
Samfurin sararin samaniya (HS) ya dace sosai don fitar da mahaɗan ƙamshi daga hops.Kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 1, sanya hops masu awo (barbashi ko ganye) a cikin gilashin gilashi kuma a rufe shi.
Hoto 1. Hops jiran bincike a cikin kwalban samfurin kai tsaye.Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci
Bayan haka, ana ƙona vial a cikin tanda a ƙayyadadden zafin jiki na ƙayyadadden lokaci.Tsarin samfurin saman sararin sama yana fitar da wani tururi daga vial kuma ya gabatar da shi cikin ginshiƙin GC don rabuwa da bincike.
Wannan ya dace sosai, amma alluran sararin kai tsaye kawai yana ba da wani yanki na tururin kai zuwa ginshiƙin GC, don haka ya fi dacewa ga mahadi masu yawa.
An gano sau da yawa cewa a cikin nazarin samfurori masu rikitarwa, ƙananan abubuwan da ke cikin wasu abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci suna da mahimmanci ga ƙanshin samfurin.
Ana amfani da tsarin tarko na kai don ƙara yawan samfurin da aka gabatar a cikin ginshiƙin GC.Yin amfani da wannan fasaha, yawancin ko ma gabaɗayan tururin sararin samaniya suna wucewa ta tarkon talla don tattarawa da tattara VOC.Sa'an nan kuma tarkon yana zafi da sauri, kuma an canza abubuwan da aka lalata zuwa ginshiƙin GC.
Yin amfani da wannan hanyar, adadin tururin samfurin da ke shiga ginshiƙin GC na iya ƙarawa har sau 100.Ya dace sosai don nazarin ƙanshin hop.
Hoto na 2 zuwa 4 suna wakiltar sauƙaƙe na aikin HS trap-sauran bawuloli da bututu kuma ana buƙatar don tabbatar da cewa tururin samfurin ya kai inda ya kamata.
Hoto 2. Tsarin tsari na tsarin tarko na HS, yana nuna ma'aunin ma'auni da ake matsawa tare da iskar gas.Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci
Hoto 3. Zane-zane na tsarin tarkon H2S yana nuna sakin matsi na kai tsaye daga vial zuwa tarkon adsorption.Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci
Hoto 4. Tsarin tsari na tsarin tarkon HS, yana nuna cewa VOC da aka tattara a cikin tarkon adsorption an lalatar da shi ta thermally kuma an shigar da shi a cikin ginshiƙi na GC.Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci
Ka'idar ta yi kama da yanayin sararin samaniya na yau da kullun a zahiri, amma bayan matsawar tururi, a ƙarshen matakin daidaitawar vial, an share shi gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tarkon talla.
Domin a fitar da duk tururin sararin sama yadda ya kamata ta hanyar tarkon talla, ana iya maimaita tsarin.Da zarar an ɗora tarkon, ana yin zafi da sauri kuma ana canja wurin VOC da aka lalatar zuwa ginshiƙin GC.
Dokin aiki Clarus® 680 GC shine madaidaicin madaidaici ga sauran tsarin.Tun da chromatography ba mai buƙata ba ne, ana iya amfani da dabaru masu sauƙi.Yana da mahimmanci a sami isasshen lokaci tsakanin kololuwar da ke kusa don sa ido kan ƙamshi ta yadda mai amfani zai iya bambanta su da juna.
Load da samfura da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu a cikin ginshiƙi na chromatographic ba tare da yin lodi ba kuma yana taimakawa wajen samar da hancin mai amfani da mafi kyawun damar gano su.Saboda wannan dalili, ana amfani da dogon ginshiƙi tare da lokacin tsayawa mai kauri.
Yi amfani da lokaci mai tsayi na Carbowax® mai ƙarfi don rabuwa, saboda yawancin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa (ketones, acid, esters, da sauransu) a cikin hops suna da iyakacin iyaka.
Tun da ginshiƙin yana buƙatar samar da MS da tashar olfactory, ana buƙatar wani nau'i na splitter.Wannan bai kamata ya shafi mutuncin chromatogram ta kowace hanya ba.Saboda haka, ya kamata ya zama marar aiki sosai kuma yana da ƙananan juzu'i na ciki.
Yi amfani da iskar gas mai gyarawa a cikin mai raba don ƙara daidaitawa da sarrafa ƙimar tsagawar.S-Swafer TM na'ura ce mai kyau mai aiki wanda ya dace da wannan dalili.
An saita S-Swafer don raba ɓangarorin ginshiƙan tsakanin mai gano MS da tashar olfactory na SNFR, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 6. Rage rabo tsakanin mai ganowa da tashar olfactory yana bayyana MS da SNFR ta zaɓar bututu mai hanawa da aka haɗa tsakanin swap kanti da tashar kamshi.
Hoto 6. S-Swafer da aka saita don amfani tare da Clarus SQ 8 GC/MS da SNFR.Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci
Ana iya amfani da software mai amfani na Swafer da ke haɗe zuwa tsarin Swafer don ƙididdige wannan rabo.Hoto na 7 yana nuna yadda ake amfani da wannan kalkuleta don tantance yanayin aiki na S-Swafer don wannan aikace-aikacen.
Hoto 7. Swafer mai amfani software yana nuna saitunan da aka yi amfani da su don wannan aikin halayyar ƙanshin hop.Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci
Na'urar duban ra'ayi wani maɓalli ne na tsarin ƙirar ƙamshi.Yana da mahimmanci ba kawai don ganowa da bayyana ƙamshi na sassa daban-daban da ke fitowa daga ginshiƙi na GC ba, har ma don sanin menene waɗannan abubuwan da kuma nawa za su iya ƙunshe a cikin hops.
Saboda wannan dalili, Clarus SQ 8 quadrupole mass spectrometer shine kyakkyawan zaɓi.Zai gano da kuma ƙididdige abubuwan da aka haɗa cikin sauri ta amfani da sikirin na gargajiya a cikin ɗakin karatu na NIST da aka tanadar.Hakanan software ɗin na iya yin hulɗa tare da bayanan kamshi da aka kwatanta daga baya a cikin wannan binciken.
Hoton abin da aka makala na SNFR yana nunawa a cikin Hoto 8. An haɗa shi da GC ta hanyar hanyar canja wurin zafi mai sauƙi.Tsagawar ginshiƙin yana gudana ta cikin bututun siliki da aka kashe zuwa matse hancin gilashi.
Mai amfani zai iya ɗaukar labarin muryar ta hanyar ginanniyar makirufo, kuma yana lura da tsananin ƙamshin abubuwan ƙamshin da ke fitowa daga ginshiƙin GC ta hanyar daidaita abin farin ciki.
Hoto na 9 yana kwatanta jimlar ion chromatogram (TIC) na hops huɗu na al'ada daga ƙasashe daban-daban.An haskaka wani yanki na Hallertau a Jamus kuma an faɗaɗa shi a hoto na 10.
Hoto 9. Mahimmancin TIC chromatogram na samfurin hop hudu.Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 11, fasalulluka masu ƙarfi na MS suna ba da damar gano takamaiman kololuwa daga tarin bakan su ta hanyar bincika ɗakin karatu na NIST wanda ya haɗa da tsarin Clarus SQ 8.
Hoto 11. Yawan bakan kololuwar da aka yi alama a cikin Hoto 10. Tushen Hoto: Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci na PerkinElmer
Hoto na 12 yana nuna sakamakon wannan binciken.Suna nuna ƙarfi sosai cewa kololuwar haɓakawa a cikin mintuna 36.72 shine 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, wanda kuma aka sani da linalool.
Hoto 12. Sakamakon binciken babban ɗakin karatu da aka nuna a hoto na 11. Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Linalool wani abu ne mai mahimmanci mai ƙanshi wanda zai iya ba da ƙamshi mai laushi ga giya.Ta hanyar daidaita GC/MS tare da daidaitaccen cakuda wannan fili, ana iya ƙididdige adadin linalool (ko duk wani fili da aka gano).
Za a iya kafa taswirar rarraba halayen hop ta hanyar ƙara gano kololuwar chromatographic.Hoto na 13 yana nuna ƙarin kololuwar da aka gano a cikin Hallertau chromatogram na Jamus wanda aka nuna a hoto na 9 a baya.
Hoto 13. Mahimmancin TIC chromatogram na samfurin hop hudu.Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci
Kololuwar da aka bayyana sun fi yawan fatty acid, suna nuna matakin iskar oxygenation na hops a cikin wannan samfurin musamman.Babban kololuwar myrcene ya yi ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani.
Wadannan abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa wannan samfurin ya tsufa sosai (wannan gaskiya ne - wannan tsohon samfurin ne wanda ba a adana shi ba daidai ba).Ana nuna chromatogram na ƙarin samfuran hop guda huɗu a hoto na 14.
Hoto 14. TIC chromatogram na ƙarin samfurin hop hudu.Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci
Hoto na 15 yana nuna misali na tsalle-tsalle na chromatogram, inda aka fi ƙarfin riwaya mai jiwuwa da rikodi mai ƙarfi.Ana adana labarin mai jiwuwa a daidaitaccen tsarin fayil na WAV kuma ana iya kunna shi ga mai aiki daga wannan allon a kowane wuri a cikin chromatogram da aka nuna tare da danna linzamin kwamfuta mai sauƙi.
Hoto 15. Misalin chromatogram na hop da ake kallo a cikin software na TurboMass™, tare da ba da labari mai jiwuwa da ƙarfin ƙamshi da aka sama a hoto.Tushen hoto: PerkinElmer Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci
Fayilolin WAV kuma ana iya kunna ba da labari daga mafi yawan aikace-aikacen kafofin watsa labarai, gami da Microsoft® Media Player, wanda ke cikin tsarin aiki na Windows®.Lokacin yin rikodi, ana iya rubuta bayanan odiyo zuwa rubutu.
Ana yin wannan aikin ta Nuance® Dragon® software ta dabi'a da aka haɗa a cikin samfurin SNFR.
Rahoton bincike na yau da kullun yana nuna labarin da mai amfani ya rubuta da kuma ƙamshin da aka rubuta ta hanyar joystick, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebu 9. Tsarin rahoton fayil ɗin ƙimar waƙafi ne (CSV), wanda ya dace da shigo da kai kai tsaye cikin Microsoft® Excel® ko wasu software na aikace-aikace.
Tebura 9. Rahoton fitarwa na yau da kullun yana nuna rubutun da aka kwafi daga labarin mai jiwuwa da madaidaicin bayanan ƙamshi.Source: PerkinElmer Amincin Abinci da Inganci