Isu tinoshandisa makuki kuwedzera ruzivo rwako.Nekuramba uchitsvaga webhusaiti ino, unobvuma kushandisa kwedu makuki.Mamwe mashoko.
Chinhu chakakosha mudoro hops.Mukunaka kwedoro zhinji, dzinopa mwero wakakosha kumumera.Vanobatsirawo kunayisa mapuroteni nezvimwewo panguva yekuvira.Hops zvakare ine zvinhu zvekuchengetedza, izvo zvinobatsira kuti doro rirambe riri nyowani uye risina mabhakitiriya.
Kune marudzi akawanda ehops uye zvakasiyana siyana zvinonaka zviripo.Sezvo kunakirwa kuchaderera nekufamba kwenguva, hops dzinofanirwa kuchengetwa zvakanaka uye kushandiswa kana dzave nyowani.Naizvozvo, kunaka kwehops kunoda kuratidzwa kuti mubiki wedoro agone kugadzira uye kuunza chigadzirwa chaanoda.
Kune akawanda makomisheni muhops anogona kukanganisa kunaka, saka kunhuhwirira kwemhando yehops kwakaoma.Izvo zvikamu zveakajairika hops zvakanyorwa muTafura 1, uye Tafura 2 inonyora mamwe makiyi anonhuwirira makomisheni.
Nzira yechinyakare yekuongorora kunaka kwehops ndeyekusiya mubiki wedoro ane ruzivo achipwanya mamwe mahops neminwe yake, uye ozonzwa hwema hunoburitswa kuongorora mahops kubva kumanzwiro.Izvi zvinoshanda asi kwete chinangwa, uye kushaya ruzivo rwehuwandu hunodiwa kuita sarudzo chaiyo yemashandisirwo emahops.
Ichi chidzidzo chinotaridza hurongwa hunogona kuita chinangwa chekuongorora chemakemikari yehop inonhuhwirira nekushandisa gasi chromatography/mass spectrometry, uku ichipawo vashandisi nzira yekutarisa kunhuhwirira kwekunzwa kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe chakaburitswa kubva muchikamu chekromatographic.
Static headspace (HS) sampling yakanyatsokodzera kuburitsa anonhuwirira makomisheni kubva kuhops.Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1, isa mahops akayerwa (zvidimbu kana mashizha) mubhodhoro regirazi uye uiname.
Mufananidzo 1. Hops yakamirira kuongororwa mumusoro wepamusoro sampuli bhodhoro.Mufananidzo kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu
Zvadaro, vial inopisa muchoto pane imwe nzvimbo yakatarwa yekushisa kwenguva yakatarwa yenguva.Iyo headspace sampling system inobvisa imwe mhute kubva mubhodhoro uye inouisa muGC column yekuparadzanisa uye kuongororwa.
Izvi zvakaringana, asi static headspace jekiseni rinongopa chikamu chemusoro wepamhepo mhute kune GC column, saka zvakanakisa kune yakakwira-concentration makomisheni.
Zvinowanzoonekwa kuti mukuongororwa kwemasamples akaoma, izvo zvakaderera zvezvimwe zvikamu zvakakosha kune kunhuhwirira kwese kwemuenzaniso.
Iyo headspace trap system inoshandiswa kuwedzera huwandu hwesample yakaunzwa muGC column.Uchishandisa tekinoroji iyi, yakawanda kana kunyange iyo yese headspace vapor inopfuura nemusungo wekushambadza kuunganidza uye kutarisisa VOC.Musungo unobva wapisa nekukurumidza, uye zvikamu zvakasvibiswa zvinoendeswa kune GC column.
Uchishandisa nzira iyi, huwandu hwemhepo yemuenzaniso inopinda muGC column inogona kuwedzerwa kusvika ku100 times.Yakanyatsokodzera hop kunhuhwirira kuongororwa.
Mifananidzo 2 kusvika ku4 inomiririra yakareruka yekushanda kweHS trap-mamwe mavharuvhu uye pombi inodiwa zvakare kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti sampuli mhute inosvika painofanira kunge iri.
Mufananidzo 2. Schematic diagram yeHS trap system, inoratidza chiyero chevhavha ichimanikidzwa nekutakura gasi.Mufananidzo kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu
Mufananidzo 3. Schematic diagram yeH2S trap system inoratidza kusunungurwa kwemusoro wakamanikidzwa kubva muvharo kusvika kune adsorption trap.Mufananidzo kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu
Mufananidzo 4. Schematic diagram yeHS trap system, inoratidza kuti VOC yakaunganidzwa mumusungo wekushambadza yakasvibiswa ne thermally uye inounzwa muGC column.Mufananidzo kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu
Nheyo yacho yakafanana neiyo classic static headspace mune essence, asi mushure meiyo mhute yekumanikidza, pakupera kweiyo vial equilibration nhanho, inodururwa zvachose kuburikidza ne adsorption trap.
Kuti unyatso pedza iyo yese headspace vapor kuburikidza ne adsorption trap, maitiro anogona kudzokororwa.Kana musungo watakurwa, unokurumidza kupiswa uye iyo desorbed VOC inoendeswa kune iyo GC column.
Iyo workhorse Clarus® 680 GC inoenderana neyakanaka kune yese system.Sezvo chromatography isingade, nzira dzakareruka dzinogona kushandiswa.Zvakakosha kuve nenguva yakakwana pakati pepamusoro pepamusoro pekutarisa kunhuhwirira kuitira kuti mushandisi akwanise kusiyanisa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe.
Kurodha masamples akawanda sezvinobvira mukromatographic column pasina kuwandisa kunobatsirawo kupa mhino yemushandisi mukana wakanakisa wekuzviona.Nechikonzero ichi, koramu refu ine gobvu yakamira chikamu inoshandiswa.
Shandisa Carbowax® yemhando yakamira chikamu chekuparadzanisa, nekuti zvakawanda zvinoumba (ketoni, maasidhi, ester, nezvimwewo) muhops zvakanyanya polar.
Sezvo iyo column effluent ichida kugovera iyo MS neiyo olfactory port, imwe nzira yekuparadzanisa inodiwa.Izvi hazvifanirwe kukanganisa kuvimbika kwechromatogram chero nzira.Naizvozvo, inofanirwa kuve inert yakanyanya uye iine yakaderera-vhoriyamu yemukati geometry.
Shandisa make-up gasi mune splitter kuti uwedzere kudzikamisa uye kudzora kupatsanurwa kuyerera.S-Swafer TM yakanakisa inoshanda spectroscopic mudziyo wakanyatso kuenderana nechinangwa ichi.
Iyo S-Swafer inogadzirirwa kupatsanura mbiru inoyerera pakati peMS detector uye SNFR olfactory port, sezvakaratidzwa muFigure 6. The split ratio pakati pe detector neolfactory port inotsanangura MS neSNFR nekusarudza restrictor chubhu yakabatana pakati pe swap outlet uye chiteshi chekunhuhwirira.
Mufananidzo 6. S-Swafer yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa neClarus SQ 8 GC / MS uye SNFR.Mufananidzo kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu
Iyo Swafer utility software yakasungirirwa kuSwafer system inogona kushandiswa kuverenga iyi kupatsanurwa chiyero.Mufananidzo 7 unoratidza mashandisiro ekarukureta iyi kuona mamiriro ekushanda eS-Swafer pachishandiso ichi.
Mufananidzo 7. Iyo Swafer utility software inoratidza marongero anoshandiswa kune iyi hop inonhuwira characterization basa.Mufananidzo kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu
Iyo mass spectrometer chikamu chakakosha chekunhuhwirira kwemaitiro system.Izvo zvakakosha kwete chete kuona uye kutsanangura kunhuhwirira kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobuda kubva kuGC column, asi zvakare kuona kuti zvikamu izvi ndezvipi uye kuti zvingave zvakadii muhops.
Nechikonzero ichi, iyo Clarus SQ 8 quadrupole mass spectrometer isarudzo yakanaka.Ichakurumidza kuona uye kuenzanisa zvikamu uchishandisa classical spectra muraibhurari yakapihwa NIST.Iyo software inogona zvakare kudyidzana neruzivo rwekunhuhwirira rwunotsanangurwa gare gare mutsvakurudzo iyi.
Mufananidzo wekusungirirwa kweSNFR unoratidzwa muMufananidzo 8. Yakabatanidzwa neGC kuburikidza nemutsara wekupisa unopisa.Iyo yakapatsanurwa column effluent inoyerera kuburikidza neyakadzima yakasanganiswa silica chubhu kuenda kune yegirazi mhino clamp.
Mushandisi anogona kutora rondedzero yezwi kuburikidza neyakavakirwa-mukati maikorofoni, uye kutarisa kunhuhwirira kwakanyanya kwezvinonhuhwirira zvinoburitswa kubva kuGC column nekugadzirisa iyo joystick.
Mufananidzo 9 unoratidza iyo yakazara ion chromatogram (TIC) yemhando ina hops kubva kunyika dzakasiyana.Chimwe chikamu cheHallertau kuGermany chakasimbiswa uye chakawedzerwa muMufananidzo 10.
Mufananidzo 9. Yakajairika TIC chromatogram yechina-hop sample.Mufananidzo kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu
Sezvinoratidzwa muFigure 11, iwo ane simba maficha eMS anobvumira chaiwo mapikisi kuti aonekwe kubva muhukuru hwavo nekutsvaga raibhurari yeNIST inosanganisirwa neClarus SQ 8 system.
Mufananidzo 11. Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwepamusoro-soro hwakasimbiswa muMufananidzo 10. Mufananidzo tsime: PerkinElmer Food Safety uye Quality
Mufananidzo 12 unoratidza mibairo yekutsvaga uku.Ivo vanoratidza zvakasimba kuti iyo peak eluting pa36.72 maminetsi ndeye 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, inozivikanwawo se linalool.
Mufananidzo 12. Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga yeraibhurari yakawanda inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 11. Mufananidzo tsime: PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Linalool chinhu chakakosha chinonhuwira chinogona kupa kunhuwirira kwemaruva kudoro.Nekugadzirisa iyo GC/MS nemusanganiswa wakajairwa weiyi komboni, huwandu hwe linalool (kana chero imwe komisheni yakaonekwa) inogona kuverengerwa.
Iyo mepu yekugovera yehop maitiro inogona kugadzwa nekuwedzera kuzivisa iwo chromatographic peaks.Mufananidzo 13 unoratidza mamwe mapeaks akaonekwa muHallertau chromatogram yekuGermany inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 9 pakutanga.
Mufananidzo 13. Yakajairika TIC chromatogram yechina-hop sample.Mufananidzo kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu
Iwo mapeaks akatsanangurwa akanyanya mafuta acids, zvichiratidza dhigirii reoxidation yehops mune iyi sampuli.Iyo yakapfuma myrcene peak idiki pane yaitarisirwa.
Aya maonero anoratidza kuti iyi sampuli ndeyekare (ichi ichokwadi-iyi sampuli yekare yakachengetwa zvisina kunaka).Iwo machromatogram emamwe mana ekuwedzera hop samples anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 14.
Mufananidzo 14. Iyo TIC chromatogram yeimwezve ina-hop sampuro.Mufananidzo kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu
Mufananidzo 15 unoratidza muenzaniso weku skip chromatogram, uko rondedzero yeodhiyo uye kusimba kurekodha zvinokwidziridzwa zvakanyanya.Rondedzero yeodhiyo inochengetwa mune yakajairwa WAV faira fomati uye inogona kuridzwa ichidzoserwa kumushandisi kubva pane ino skrini chero nguva mune yakaratidzwa chromatogram nekudzvanya mbeva kuri nyore.
Mufananidzo 15. Muenzaniso wehop chromatogram inotariswa muTurboMass™ software, ine rondedzero yeodhiyo uye kunhuhwirira kwakanyanya kwakasimudzwa zvine graphic.Mufananidzo kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu
Narration WAV mafaera anogonawo kuridzwa kubva kuzhinji midhiya maapplication, kusanganisira Microsoft® Media Player, iyo inosanganisirwa muWindows® yekushandisa system.Paunenge uchirekodha, data redhiyo rinogona kunyorerwa kuita zvinyorwa.
Iri basa rinoitwa neNuance® Dragon® Zvagara taura software inosanganisirwa muSNFR chigadzirwa.
Chirevo chekuongorora chehop chinoratidza rondedzero yakanyorwa nemushandisi uye kunhuhwirira kwakanyanya kwakanyorwa nejoystick, sezvinoratidzwa muTebhurari 9. Mamiriro emushumo icomma-separated value (CSV) faira, yakakodzera kupinza zvakananga kuMicrosoft®. Excel® kana imwe software yekushandisa.
Tafura 9. Mushumo wakajairwa wekubuda unoratidza mavara akanyorwa kubva murondedzero yeodhiyo uye inoenderana nearoma intensity data.Kunobva: PerkinElmer Chikafu Chengetedzo uye Hunhu