Sisebenzisa amakhukhi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho.Ngokuqhubeka nokuphequlula le webhusayithi, uyavumelana nokusebenzisa kwethu amakhukhi.Ulwazi olwengeziwe.
Isithako esibalulekile kubhiya ama-hops.Ngokunambitheka kobhiya abaningi, banikeza ibhalansi ebalulekile ye-malt.Ziphinde zisize ekukhipheni amaprotheni njll ngesikhathi sokubilisa.Ama-hops abuye abe nezinto ezivikela umzimba, ezisiza ekugcineni ubhiya usha futhi ungenawo amagciwane.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-hops kanye nama-flavour anhlobonhlobo ayatholakala.Njengoba ukunambitheka kuzokwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-hops kufanele agcinwe ngokucophelela futhi asetshenziswe uma esanda.Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi yama-hops idinga ukubonakaliswa ukuze umshini wokuphuza utshwala athuthuke futhi alethe umkhiqizo awufunayo.
Kunezinhlanganisela eziningi kuma-hops ezingathinta ukunambitheka, ngakho-ke iphunga elimnandi lama-hops liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.Izingxenye zama-hops ajwayelekile zibalwe kuThebula 1, futhi Ithebula lesi-2 libala izinhlanganisela zephunga elimnandi.
Indlela yendabuko yokuhlola ikhwalithi yama-hops ukuvumela umdidiyeli wotshwala onolwazi ukuba aphihlize amahops athile ngeminwe yakhe, bese ehogela iphunga elikhishiwe ukuze ahlole ama-hops ezinzwa.Lokhu kuyiqiniso kodwa akulona inhloso, futhi akunalo ulwazi lobuningi obudingekayo ukuze wenze isinqumo esifanele mayelana nendlela yokusebenzisa ama-hops.
Lolu cwaningo luveza isistimu engakwazi ukuhlola amakhemikhali okuphokophele amaphunga e-hop ngokusebenzisa i-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, kuyilapho iphinde inikeze abasebenzisi indlela yokuqapha ukuzwa okuphunga kwengxenye ngayinye ekhishwe esicini sekholomu ye-chromatographic.
Isampula ye-Static headspace (HS) ifaneleka kakhulu ukukhipha izinhlanganisela zephunga elimnandi kuma-hops.Njengoba kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, faka amahops akaliwe (izinhlayiya noma amaqabunga) ebhodleleni lengilazi bese uyalivala.
Umfanekiso 1. Ama-hops alinde ukuhlaziywa ebhodleleni lesampula le-headspace.Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Okulandelayo, i-vial ishiswa kuhhavini ekushiseni okungaguquki okuhleliwe isikhathi esimisiwe.Isistimu yesampula ye-headspace ikhipha umhwamuko othile ku-vial bese iwungenisa kukholomu ye-GC ukuze ihlukaniswe futhi ihlaziywe.
Lokhu kulula kakhulu, kodwa umjovo we-headspace omile unikeza kuphela ingxenye yomhwamuko we-headspace kukholomu ye-GC, ngakho-ke kungcono kakhulu kumakhompiyutha agxile kakhulu.
Kuvame ukutholakala ukuthi ekuhlaziyweni kwamasampuli ayinkimbinkimbi, okuqukethwe okuphansi kwezingxenye ezithile kubalulekile kuphunga elimnandi lesampula.
Isistimu yesicupho se-headspace isetshenziselwa ukwandisa inani lesampula elethulwe kukholamu ye-GC.Ngokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, umhwamuko omningi noma wonke we-headspace udlula kusicupho se-adsorption ukuze uqoqe futhi ugxilise i-VOC.Isicupho sibe sesishisisa ngokushesha, futhi izingxenye ezisusiwe zidluliselwa kukholamu ye-GC.
Ngokusebenzisa le ndlela, inani lomhwamuko oyisampula ongena kukholomu ye-GC linganyuswa izikhathi ezifika kweziyi-100.Ifaneleka kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni iphunga le-hop.
Izibalo 2 kuya ku-4 ziyizethulo ezenziwe lula zokusebenza kwe-HS trap-amanye ama-valve namapayipi nawo ayadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umhwamuko wesampula ufinyelela lapho kufanele ube khona.
Umfanekiso 2. Umdwebo wohlelo lwesistimu ye-trap ye-HS, ebonisa ibhalansi ye-vial ecindezelwa ngegesi yenkampani yenethiwekhi.Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Umfanekiso 3. Umdwebo we-Schematic wesistimu ye-trap ye-H2S ebonisa ukukhululwa kwe-headspace ecindezelwe ukusuka ku-vial kuya kusicupho se-adsorption.Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Umfanekiso 4. Umdwebo wohlelo lwesistimu yesicupho se-HS, obonisa ukuthi i-VOC eqoqwe ku-adsorption trap i-thermal desorbed futhi yethulwa kukholamu ye-GC.Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Isimiso sifana kakhulu ne-classic static headspace empeleni, kodwa ngemva kokucindezela komhwamuko, ekupheleni kwesinyathelo sokulinganisa i-vial, uyathululwa ngokuphelele ngogibe lwe-adsorption.
Ukuze ukhiphe ngempumelelo wonke umhwamuko we-headspace ngokusebenzisa isicupho se-adsorption, inqubo ingaphinda.Uma isicupho sesilayishiwe, siyashisisa ngokushesha futhi i-VOC esusiwe idluliselwa kukholomu ye-GC.
Ihhashi lomsebenzi i-Clarus® 680 GC ingumphelelisi ofanele kulo lonke uhlelo.Njengoba i-chromatography ingafuneki, izindlela ezilula zingasetshenziswa.Kubalulekile ukuba nesikhathi esanele phakathi kweziqongo eziseduze zokuqapha okunuka kamnandi ukuze umsebenzisi akwazi ukuzihlukanisa kwezinye.
Ukulayisha amasampuli amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka kukholomu ye-chromatographic ngaphandle kokulayisha kakhulu futhi kusiza ukunikeza ikhala lomsebenzisi ithuba elingcono kakhulu lokuwathola.Ngalesi sizathu, kusetshenziswa ikholomu ende enesigaba esimile esiwugqinsi.
Sebenzisa isigaba esimile kakhulu sohlobo lwe-Carbowax® ukuze uhlukanise, ngoba izakhi eziningi (ama-ketone, ama-acids, ama-ester, njll.) kuma-hop amhlophe kakhulu.
Njengoba ukungcola kwekholomu kudinga ukuhlinzeka nge-MS kanye nembobo yokuhogela, uhlobo oluthile lwesihlukanisi luyadingeka.Lokhu akumele kuthinte ubuqotho bechromatogram nganoma iyiphi indlela.Ngakho-ke, kufanele ibe ne-inert ephezulu futhi ibe ne-geometry yangaphakathi yevolumu ephansi.
Sebenzisa igesi yokwakheka kusihlukanisi ukuze uqhubeke uzinze futhi ulawule izinga lokugeleza lokuhlukana.I-S-Swafer TM iyithuluzi elihle kakhulu elisebenzayo le-spectroscopic elifaneleka kakhulu le njongo.
I-S-Swafer ilungiselelwe ukuhlukanisa ukungcola kwekholomu phakathi komtshina we-MS kanye nembobo yokunuka ye-SNFR, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 6. Isilinganiso sokuhlukaniswa phakathi komtshina kanye nembobo yokuhogela ichaza i-MS ne-SNFR ngokukhetha ishubhu lokuvimbela elixhunywe phakathi i-swap outlet kanye ne-olfactory port.
Umfanekiso 6. I-S-Swafer ilungiselelwe ukusetshenziswa ne-Clarus SQ 8 GC/MS kanye ne-SNFR.Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Isofthiwe yensiza ye-Swafer exhunywe ohlelweni lwe-Swafer ingasetshenziswa ukubala lesi silinganiso sokuhlukaniswa.Umfanekiso wesi-7 ukhombisa indlela yokusebenzisa lesi sibali ukuthola izimo zokusebenza ze-S-Swafer zalolu hlelo lokusebenza.
Umfanekiso 7. Isofthiwe yensiza ye-Swafer ibonisa izilungiselelo ezisetshenziselwa lo msebenzi wokwenza izinhlamvu zephunga elimnandi.Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
I-mass spectrometer iyingxenye eyinhloko yesistimu yokuhlukanisa iphunga.Kubalulekile hhayi nje kuphela ukuthola nokuchaza iphunga lezingxenye ezihlukahlukene eziphuma kukholamu ye-GC, kodwa futhi nokunquma ukuthi lezi zingxenye ziyini nokuthi zingase ziqukethe malini kuma-hops.
Ngalesi sizathu, i-Clarus SQ 8 quadrupole mass spectrometer iyisinqumo esihle.Izohlonza ngokushesha futhi ilinganise izingxenye isebenzisa i-spectra yakudala kulabhulali ye-NIST enikeziwe.Isofthiwe ingaphinda ihlanganyele nolwazi lwephunga oluchazwe kamuva kulolu cwaningo.
Isithombe sokunamathiselwe kwe-SNFR sikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 8. Sixhunywe ku-GC ngomugqa wokudlulisa ukushisa oguquguqukayo.Amanzi angcolile ekholomu ehlukanisiwe ageleza eshubhuni ye-silica engasasebenzi eya endaweni yokuqinisa ekhaleni lengilazi.
Umsebenzisi angakwazi ukuthwebula ukulandiswa kwezwi ngemakrofoni eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, futhi aqaphe ukushuba kwephunga elimnandi elikhishwe kukholamu ye-GC ngokulungisa induku yokudlala.
Umfanekiso 9 ubonisa ingqikithi ye-ion chromatogram (TIC) yamahops amane ajwayelekile avela emazweni ahlukene.Ingxenye ye-Hallertau eJalimane igqanyisiwe futhi yandiswa kuMfanekiso 10.
Umfanekiso 9. Ichromatogram ye-TIC evamile yesampula ye-four-hop.Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 11, izici ezinamandla ze-MS zivumela iziqongo ezithile ukuthi zikhonjwe ku-spectra yazo enkulu ngokusesha umtapo wezincwadi we-NIST ofakwe nohlelo lwe-Clarus SQ 8.
Umfanekiso 11. I-spectrum enkulu yenani eliphakeme eliqokonyiswe kuMfanekiso 10. Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Umfanekiso 12 ubonisa imiphumela yalolu sesho.Zikhombisa ngokuqinile ukuthi inani eliphakeme elifika emaminithini angama-36.72 yi-3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-linalool.
Umfanekiso 12. Imiphumela yosesho yelabhulali eningi ekhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 11. Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
I-Linalool iyinhlanganisela yephunga elimnandi enganikeza iphunga elimnandi lezimbali kubhiya.Ngokulinganisa i-GC/MS ngengxube evamile yale nhlanganisela, inani le-linalool (noma enye into ehlanganisiwe ekhonjiwe) lingabalwa.
Imephu yokusabalalisa yezimpawu ze-hop ingasungulwa ngokuqhubeka nokukhomba iziqongo zechromatographic.Umfanekiso 13 ubonisa iziqongo ezengeziwe ezikhonjwe ku-chromatogram yase-Hallertau yaseJalimane eboniswe kuMfanekiso 9 ngaphambili.
Umfanekiso 13. Ichromatogram ye-TIC evamile yesampula ye-four-hop.Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Iziqongo ezichasisiwe ikakhulukazi ama-acids anamafutha, okubonisa izinga le-oxidation lama-hops kule sampuli ethile.I-myrcene peak ecebile incane kunokulindelekile.
Lokhu kubuka kubonisa ukuthi leli sampuli lidala kakhulu (lokhu kuyiqiniso-lena isampula endala egcinwe ngendlela engafanele).Ama-chromatogram amasampula amane e-hop angeziwe aboniswa kuMfanekiso 14.
Umfanekiso 14. Ichromatogram ye-TIC yesampula ye-four-hop eyengeziwe.Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Umfanekiso 15 ubonisa isibonelo sokweqa i-chromatogram, lapho ukulandisa komsindo nokuqoshwa kokuqina kubekwe phezulu kakhulu.Ukulandisa okulalelwayo kugcinwa kufomethi yefayela le-WAV evamile futhi ingadlalwa ku-opharetha kusukela kulesi sikrini nganoma yisiphi isikhathi kuchromatogram ebonisiwe ngokuchofoza igundane okulula.
Umfanekiso 15. Isibonelo se-hop chromatogram ebukwa kusofthiwe ye-TurboMass™, enokulandisa okulalelwayo nokuqina kwephunga elibekwe ngaphezu kwesithombe.Umthombo wesithombe: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Amafayela e-WAV okulandisa angadlalwa futhi ezinhlelweni eziningi zemidiya, okuhlanganisa iMicrosoft® Media Player, efakwe ohlelweni lokusebenza lwe-Windows®.Lapho urekhoda, idatha yomsindo ingalotshwa ibe umbhalo.
Lo msebenzi wenziwa isofthiwe ye-Nuance® Dragon® Naturally speak efakwe emkhiqizweni we-SNFR.
Umbiko ojwayelekile wokuhlaziya i-hop ubonisa ukulandisa okulotshwe umsebenzisi kanye nokuqina kwephunga elirekhodiwe yi-joystick, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 9. Ifomethi yombiko iyifayela lenani elihlukaniswe ngokhefana (CSV), elifanele ukungeniswa ngokuqondile ku-Microsoft®. I-Excel® noma enye isoftware yohlelo lokusebenza.
Ithebula 9. Umbiko ophumayo ojwayelekile ubonisa umbhalo obhalwe kusukela ekulandiseni komsindo kanye nedatha yephunga elimnandi elihambisanayo.Umthombo: I-PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality