Timagwiritsa ntchito makeke kuti tikulitse zomwe mumakumana nazo.Mukapitiliza kuyang'ana webusayiti iyi, mukuvomera kugwiritsa ntchito makeke.Zambiri.
Chofunikira kwambiri mumowa ndi ma hops.M'makoma amowa ambiri, umapangitsa kuti chimera chikhale choyenera.Amathandizanso kutulutsa mapuloteni ndi zina zambiri panthawi yowira.Hops imakhalanso ndi mphamvu zotetezera, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mowawo ukhale watsopano komanso wopanda mabakiteriya.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma hop komanso zokometsera zosiyanasiyana zilipo.Popeza kukoma kumachepa pakapita nthawi, hop iyenera kusungidwa mosamala ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ikakhala yatsopano.Choncho, khalidwe la hops liyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti woweta moŵa athe kupanga ndikupereka mankhwala omwe akufuna.
Pali mankhwala ambiri mu ma hop omwe amatha kukhudza kukoma kwake, kotero kuti kununkhira kwa ma hops kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.Zigawo za hops wamba zalembedwa mu Table 1, ndipo Table 2 imatchula zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri za fungo.
Njira yachikhalidwe yowunika momwe ma hops alili ndi kulola woweta moŵa wodziwa bwino kuphwanya hop ndi zala zake, ndiyeno amanunkhiza fungo lotuluka kuti awunike ma hop kuchokera ku mphamvu.Izi ndi zomveka koma sizolinga, ndipo zilibe chidziwitso chokwanira chofuna kupanga chisankho choyenera pakugwiritsa ntchito hop.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kachitidwe kamene kamatha kuyesa kuwunika kwamankhwala kununkhira kwa hop pogwiritsa ntchito gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, komanso kupatsa ogwiritsa ntchito njira yowonera kununkhira kwa gawo lililonse lomwe limachotsedwa pagawo la chromatographic.
Static headpace (HS) sampling ndi yabwino kwambiri pochotsa fungo la ma hop.Monga tawonera m'chithunzi 1, ikani ma hops (tinthu ting'onoting'ono kapena masamba) mu botolo lagalasi ndikusindikiza.
Chithunzi 1. Hops akudikirira kusanthula mu botolo lachitsanzo cha headspace.Gwero lachithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Kenako, vial ndi usavutike mtima mu uvuni pa yokhazikika kutentha kwa yokhazikika nthawi.Dongosolo la zitsanzo zapamutu amachotsa mpweya wina mu vial ndikuwuyika mugawo la GC kuti apatulidwe ndikuwunika.
Izi ndizothandiza kwambiri, koma jakisoni wokhazikika wapamutu amangopereka gawo la nthunzi yapamutu pagawo la GC, kotero ndilabwino kwambiri pamapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri.
Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kuti pakuwunika kwa zitsanzo zovuta, zomwe zili pansi pazigawo zina ndizofunikira kwambiri kununkhira kwachitsanzo.
Dongosolo la msampha wapamutu limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo zomwe zalowetsedwa mugawo la GC.Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu, mpweya wambiri wapamutu umadutsa mumsampha wa adsorption kuti utole ndi kuyika VOC.Msampha umatenthedwa mofulumira, ndipo zigawo zowonongeka zimasamutsidwa ku gawo la GC.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, kuchuluka kwa nthunzi komwe kumalowa mugawo la GC kumatha kuonjezedwa mpaka nthawi 100.Ndizoyenera kwambiri pakuwunika kununkhira kwa hop.
Zithunzi 2 mpaka 4 ndizowonetserako zosavuta za ntchito ya HS trap-ma valve ena ndi mapaipi amafunikanso kuti atsimikizire kuti nthunzi ikufika kumene iyenera kukhala.
Chithunzi 2. Chojambula chojambula cha HS trap system, chosonyeza kuti vial yoyenera ikukakamizidwa ndi mpweya wonyamulira.Gwero lachithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Chithunzi 3. Chithunzi chojambula cha msampha wa H2S wosonyeza kumasulidwa kwa mutu woponderezedwa kuchokera ku vial kupita ku msampha wa adsorption.Gwero lachithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Chithunzi 4. Chithunzi chojambula cha HS trap system, chosonyeza kuti VOC yosonkhanitsidwa mumsampha wa adsorption ndi thermally desorbed ndipo imalowetsedwa mu chigawo cha GC.Gwero lachithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Mfundoyi ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi mutu wapamwamba wa static kwenikweni, koma pambuyo pa kuponderezedwa kwa nthunzi, kumapeto kwa sitepe ya vial equilibration, imachotsedwa kwathunthu kudzera mumsampha wa adsorption.
Kuti muthe kutulutsa mpweya wonse wapamutu kudzera mumsampha wa adsorption, njirayi ikhoza kubwerezedwa.Msampha ukangodzazidwa, umatenthedwa mwachangu ndipo VOC yosungidwa imasamutsidwa kugawo la GC.
Clarus® 680 GC yogwira ntchito ndiyothandizirana ndi dongosolo lonselo.Popeza chromatography sivuta, njira zosavuta zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.Ndikofunikira kukhala ndi nthawi yokwanira pakati pa nsonga zoyandikana zowunikira kuti wogwiritsa ntchito azisiyanitsa wina ndi mnzake.
Kuyika zitsanzo zambiri momwe zingathere mugawo la chromatographic popanda kudzaza kumathandizanso kupatsa mphuno ya wogwiritsa ntchito mwayi wabwino kwambiri wozizindikira.Pachifukwa ichi, mzati wautali wokhala ndi gawo lokhazikika lokhazikika umagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Gwiritsani ntchito gawo lokhazikika la Carbowax® popatukana, chifukwa zigawo zambiri (maketoni, ma asidi, ester, ndi zina zotero) mu ma hop ndi polar kwambiri.
Popeza madzi osefukira a mzati ayenera kupereka MS ndi doko lonunkhiritsa, mtundu wina wa ziboda umafunika.Izi siziyenera kukhudza kukhulupirika kwa chromatogram mwanjira iliyonse.Chifukwa chake, iyenera kukhala yolimba kwambiri komanso kukhala ndi geometry yamkati yocheperako.
Gwiritsani ntchito gasi wodzipangira mu splitter kuti mukhazikike ndikuwongolera kuthamanga kwagawidwe.S-Swafer TM ndi chipangizo chabwino kwambiri chogwira ntchito chowonetseratu chomwe chili choyenera kwambiri pachifukwa ichi.
S-Swafer imakonzedwa kuti igawanitse madzi amadzimadzi pakati pa chowunikira cha MS ndi doko la SNFR, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 6. Kugawanika pakati pa chowunikira ndi doko la olfactory kumatanthawuza MS ndi SNFR posankha chubu choletsa cholumikizidwa pakati pa chosinthira chosinthira ndi doko la olfactory.
Chithunzi 6. S-Swafer yokonzedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi Clarus SQ 8 GC / MS ndi SNFR.Gwero lachithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Pulogalamu ya Swafer utility yophatikizidwa ndi Swafer system ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwerengera chiŵerengero chogawanika ichi.Chithunzi 7 chikuwonetsa momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito chowerengera ichi kuti mudziwe momwe S-Swafer imagwirira ntchito pa pulogalamuyi.
Chithunzi 7. The Swafer utility mapulogalamu amasonyeza zoikamo ntchito kadumphidwe fungo khalidwe ntchito.Gwero lachithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Mass spectrometer ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mawonekedwe afungo.Ndikofunika osati kuzindikira ndi kufotokoza kununkhira kwa zigawo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachokera ku gawo la GC, komanso kudziwa kuti zigawozi ndi ziti komanso kuchuluka kwake komwe kungakhale mu hops.
Pachifukwa ichi, Clarus SQ 8 quadrupole mass spectrometer ndi chisankho chabwino.Izindikira mwachangu ndikuwerengera magawo pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe akale mu laibulale ya NIST yoperekedwa.Pulogalamuyi imathanso kuyanjana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa pambuyo pake mu kafukufukuyu.
Chithunzi cha chophatikizira cha SNFR chikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 8. Imalumikizidwa ku GC kudzera munjira yosinthira kutentha yosinthira.Madzi amadzimadzi ogawanika amayenda kudzera mu chubu chosakanikirana cha silika kupita ku mphuno yagalasi.
Wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kujambula mawu ofotokozera kudzera pa maikolofoni yomangidwira, ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwa fungo la fungo lochokera pagawo la GC posintha chokokeracho.
Chithunzi 9 chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ion chromatogram (TIC) ya ma hop anayi ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana.Gawo la Hallertau ku Germany likuwonetsedwa ndikukulitsidwa mu Chithunzi 10.
Chithunzi 9. Chitsanzo cha TIC chromatogram ya chitsanzo cha four-hop.Gwero lachithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Monga tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 11, mawonekedwe amphamvu a MS amalola kuti nsonga zapadera zidziwike kuchokera kumagulu awo ambiri pofufuza laibulale ya NIST yophatikizidwa ndi dongosolo la Clarus SQ 8.
Chithunzi 11. Kuchuluka kwa chiwongoladzanja chowonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 10. Chithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Chithunzi 12 chikuwonetsa zotsatira zakusaka uku.Akuwonetsa mwamphamvu kuti chiwongola dzanja cha mphindi 36.72 ndi 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, chomwe chimatchedwanso linalool.
Chithunzi 12. Zotsatira zofufuzira laibulale yayikulu zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 11. Gwero la zithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety and Quality
Linalool ndi fungo lofunikira lomwe limatha kupereka fungo labwino lamaluwa ku mowa.Poyesa GC/MS ndi chisakanizo chokhazikika chapawiriyi, kuchuluka kwa linalool (kapena china chilichonse chodziwika) chitha kuwerengedwa.
Mapu ogawa a mawonekedwe a hop amatha kukhazikitsidwa pozindikiranso nsonga za chromatographic.Chithunzi 13 chikuwonetsa nsonga zinanso zomwe zadziwika mu chromatogram ya Hallertau yaku Germany yomwe yawonetsedwa pachithunzi 9 koyambirira.
Chithunzi 13. Chromatogram ya TIC yachitsanzo cha ma hop anayi.Gwero lachithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Nsonga zodziwika bwino zimakhala ndi mafuta acids, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma hops mu zitsanzo izi.Nsonga yolemera ya myrcene ndi yaying'ono kuposa momwe amayembekezera.
Izi zikuwonetsa kuti chitsanzochi ndi chakale kwambiri (izi ndi zoona-ichi ndi chitsanzo chakale chomwe sichinasungidwe bwino).Ma chromatogram a zitsanzo zina zinayi za hop akuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 14.
Chithunzi 14. Chromatogram ya TIC ya zitsanzo zina za hop zinayi.Gwero lachithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Chithunzi 15 chikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha kudumpha kwa chromatogram, pomwe mafotokozedwe amawu ndi kulimba mtima amajambulidwa mowoneka bwino.Nkhani zomvera zimasungidwa mumtundu wa fayilo wa WAV wokhazikika ndipo zitha kuseweredwanso kwa woyendetsa kuchokera pazenerali nthawi iliyonse mu chromatogram yowonetsedwa ndikudina kosavuta.
Chithunzi 15. Chitsanzo cha hop chromatogram yowonedwa mu pulogalamu ya TurboMass™, yokhala ndi mawu ofotokozera komanso kununkhira kwake kowoneka bwino.Gwero lachithunzi: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality
Mafayilo ofotokozera a WAV amathanso kuseweredwa kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri zama media, kuphatikiza Microsoft® Media Player, yomwe imaphatikizidwa ndi Windows® opaleshoni.Mukajambula, zomvera zimatha kulembedwa m'mawu.
Ntchitoyi imachitidwa ndi pulogalamu ya Nuance® Dragon® Mwachilengedwe yolankhula yophatikizidwa muzinthu za SNFR.
Lipoti la kusanthula kwa hop likuwonetsa nkhani yolembedwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito komanso kununkhira kwa fungo lojambulidwa ndi joystick, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Gulu 9. Mtundu wa lipotilo ndi fayilo yosiyana ndi koma (CSV), yoyenera kulowetsa mwachindunji ku Microsoft®. Excel® kapena mapulogalamu ena ogwiritsira ntchito.
Tebulo 9. Lipoti lachidziwitso chodziwika bwino likuwonetsa mawu olembedwa kuchokera pamawu omvera komanso kuchuluka kwa fungo lofananira.Gwero: PerkinElmer Food Safety ndi Quality